Orange Plantation Research Articles

Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized With Fungi Isolated From Cocoa and Orange Plantation Soils

Green synthesis of nanoparticles with various metals is being interested among researchers globally attention for due to their safety, environmental friendliness and non-toxicity in contrast to chemical synthesis. Here, fungi were isolated from rhizosphere of cocoa and orange obtained from Federal University of Technology, Akure using standard mycological techniques with the aim of synthesizing silver nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles synthesized by these fungal isolates were characterized using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) and Fourier Transmission Infra- Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. Seven fungi isolated from the soil samples viz. Nigrospora sphaerica, Penicillium discolor, P. digitatum, Neurospora crassa, Alternarium infectoria, Trichophyton verrucosum and Mucor mucedo. The colour transformation from yellow to brown indicated the formation of silver nanoparticles. All the isolates showed an intense peak in the wavelength range of 410-440 nm. The FTIR analysis of silver nanoparticles synthesized by N. sphaerica, P. discolor, P. digitatum, N. crassa, A. infectoria, T. verrucosum and M. mucedo revealed the existence of a band at different stretches of bonds at different peaks of 3314.36 cm-1, 3310.47 cm-1, 2412.22 cm-1, 3912.33 cm-1 3614.52 cm-1, 3852.11 cm-1 and 2112.11 cm-1, respectively. The silver nanoparticles synthesized could have the potential application in agricultural, pharmaceutical and food industries as well as petrochemical industries for the clean - up of crude oil contaminated soils. J. Bio-Sci. 32(2): 31-44, 2024

Community Service at the "Tabanan Lestari" Farmers Group in Banjar Bugbugan Sari, Senganan Village, Penebel District, Tabanan Regency, Bali

The solutions offered to overcome the problems faced by the partners are carried out through a community partnership program through farmer assistance, counseling, training, technology transfer, techniques for making biological fertilizer from citrus fruit waste, as well as strengthening group institutions. This Community Service Program is implemented in this farmer group. The method used to achieve this goal is through counseling, training and application of technology with direct practice in the field. The implementation of Community Service has gone well according to plan and the participation and response of all members have been very enthusiastic in its implementation. The output targets are a technology package for managing orange plantation waste into good quality biofertilizer, and strengthening the institutions of integrated agrotourism groups in Senganan village and publishing them in scientific journals.

Checkpoint ergonomics as a health and safety effort at work among women farmers

PT X is a company that works in the plantation sector, one of which is an orange plantation. In the process of harvesting lime leaves, there are 3 workstations and 4 work activities. Most of the work is done manually with a high workload and repetitive movements, causing musculoskeletal complaints. Workers complain of musculoskeletal disorders while working. During initial observation, there were complaints of pain in the neck, shoulders, arms, waist, thighs, and knees. Based on these problems, this study aims to analyze the factors that cause musculoskeletal disorders in the orange harvesting process. The method used to solve problems with partners is by using an ergonomic checklist and the PATH method to analyze three physical risk factors in the workplace. Based on the results of data processing using the PATH method, it was found that the biggest risk factors for injury were 45.53% soil hoeing, 42.39% harvesting and 12.08% grass cutting. The proposed improvements given after being analyzed using ergonomic checkpoints are: (1) reducing bending or squatting postures; and (2) providing protectors and covers for lawn mowers and handcarts and handles for tools for harvesting oranges. This proposed improvement is in accordance with Sustainable Development Goals number 3, namely Good Health and Wellbeing for all.

Collaborative Governance in PT Trans-Pacific Petrochemical Indotama CSR Program “BANG JALI (Lemons Agropolitan Development)”

BANG JALI Program (Lemons Agropolitan Development) is a corporate social responsibility (CSR) program from PT Trans-Pacific Petrochemical Indotama. This background program is based on Tasikharjo Village's imbalanced economy in the Jenu district. The existence of an orange plantation managed properly by a group through Gapoktan Sumber Rejeki was able to increase economic matters from society, build a cooperation culture, and encourage local development. The implementation of this program involves cooperation from various stakeholders, such as government, private actors, and non-governmental institutions. This paper examines collaboration between stakeholders in program implementation with collaborative governance concepts. This research was done used a qualitative approach to obtain phenomena experienced by the research object to be explained with analysis descriptive techniques. The collaborative concept results show that the cooperation between stakeholders on the BANG JALI (Lemons Agropolitan Development) implementation program can be categorized as a collaborative process.

Assessment of Fungi Species Associated with a Multicultural Orchard and Cultivated Land in Bingham University Landscape, Karu Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Assessment of fungal species associated with a multicultural orchard and cultivated land in Bingham University landscape was carried out, with the ultimate aim of identifying the fungi species present in soil under different agricultural practices. A total of 30 soil samples were collected and the composite from each land use pattern was analyzed in the laboratory using standard methods. Soil type, percentage Soil Moisture (SM), percentage Organic Carbon (OC) and percentage Organic Matter (OM) were measured using standard methods; fungi species were isolated and identified on the basis of mycelia and spore characteristics, after staining with lactophenol-in-cotton blue. The results showed that, four types of soil exist in the sites including sandy, clayey, silt and loamy. SM ranges between 3.6% -5.7%, and OC in the sandy soil was the highest 1.01% in the orange plantation (Op5) followed closely by loamy soil on cultivated site C with 0.97% OM and 0.56% OC and least in clay soil with 0.72% OM and 0.42% OC. The results of colony forming unit per gram (cfu/g)in relation to land use type, Cultivated Site C (CC1-CC5) had the highest (262 cfu/ g) and mango plantation (Mp1-Mp5) had the least with 156 cfu/g. Pictorial representation of isolated fungal species are indicative of suspected presence of Aspergillus Spp, Mucor Spp, Cladosporium Spp, Fusarium Spp, Aspergillus Spp etc. This qualitative study concluded that fungal species population in the soil depends on the management practice in place and the moisture content of the soil.

Feasibility study of orange plantation initiatives on state-owned enterprise in Central Java, Indonesia

The problem for the company is that its production volume has fallen short of market demand, necessitating the creation of a business scale. Along with scale growth, the market's ability to absorb the product must still be considered. As a result, the study's objectives are to 1) understand the level of investment feasibility of orange farming initiatives, and 2) understand the degree to which that level is sensitive to changes in costs. Using financial feasibility analysis, we assessed the company's ability to generate income as well as the number of costs incurred. With a 16 percent discount rate, the findings demonstrated that the state-owned firm in Brebes District's orange farming was financially viable to implement. The orange financial analysis results per hectare for all land groups show a positive NPV value, an IRR of more than 26 percent, NBC of one, and a BEP of one rupiah less than the actual value. According to the results of the sensitivity analysis using eleven change scenarios and a discount rate of 16 percent, orange farming on a one-hectare plot was possible for all change scenarios. Financial feasibility, oranges, and a state-owned firm are all.

PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT MELALUI KELOMPOK TANI JERUK KALAMANSI

This study aims to systematically obtain information related to community empowerment through kalamansi citrus farmer groups. The method used is the focus group discussion by getting the results that community empowerment through the kalamansi citrus farmer group was established in 2008, has 27 members, the natural lemongrass farmer group gets certificate of appreciation from the Governor of Bengkulu as an Independent Kalamansi Citrus Farm Farmer / Success in the Context of the 50th Anniversary of Bengkulu Province, on 18 November 2018. As time goes by, Kalamansi oranges have produced many fruits, the empowerment of sustainable natural lemongrass farmer groups in Padang lemongrass village is one of a form of community empowerment. The community usually sells it in the form of fresh fruit to market traders in the city of Bengkulu. With the empowerment of this sustainable natural fresh farmer group, the community can use their land as a kalamansi orange plantation where the products they plant will be traded in the market or to Mr. Amti who needing the raw material for kalamansi syrup, the community can increase their family's economic income by planting kalamansi and oranges the community also conserves kalamsi citrus fruit in the city of Bengkulu. Keywords: Empowerment, farmer groups, kalamansi oranges.

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF PHOSPHATE SOLUBILISING BACTERIA FROM RHIZOSPHERIC SOIL OF ORANGE TREES OF DARJEELING HILLS, INDIA

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) influence the plant growth by improvement in the nutrient mobilisation, solubilisation and production of plant growth promoting substances. The Rhizospheric soil samples of orange (Citrus reticulata Blanco) trees growing in Mangwa Busty, Darjeeling district was screened for the presence of solubilisation of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) in Pikovskaya’s (PKV) agar and two bacterial isolates showing clearing zone around their colonies were selected and subjected to characterisation. The isolates were designated as GCM1 and GCM2. They were further analysed for their capacity to solubilise tricalcium phosphate (TCP) in PKV broth. Phosphate solubilisation was accompanied with a reduction in the pH of the medium from 7.2 to 5.22 (GCM1) after 7 days of incubation. Furthermore these isolates were capable of producing plant growth promoting substance, indole acetic acid (IAA). These isolates (GCM1 & GCM2) were further grown at different glucose concentrations of 5g/l, 10g/l, 15g/l and 20g/l. It was observed that higher concentration of glucose yielded the higher amount of soluble phosphate in the medium. Isolate GCM2 solubilised 200.18 ppm phosphate at 20g/l glucose concentration and pH was reduced to 4.94. Further their survivality were tested at different pH of 5, 7 and 9 and it was found that they could survive well at acidic pH of 5 upto 7 days of incubation. These two isolates GCM1 and GCM2 were identified as Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. at IMTECH (MTCC), Chandigarh, India. Both the isolates were found to increase the growth of orange seedlings in greenhouse condition. These isolates may be used as field inoculants in the orange plantation and other agricultural systems preceded by detailed agronomical evaluation.

NRF24L01 Distance and Error Link when Operated on Orange Plant Garden

The environmental conditions of the plantation area significantly affect the quantity and quality of fruit. Not only that, but the survival of plants will also be supported by the support of environmental conditions. Nowadays, wireless technology is proliferating. Wi-fi, remote control, cell phones are wireless technology products. Wireless technology was developed on the use of electromagnetic waves as a career for the data transmission. Electromagnetic waves are strongly influenced by the medium in its propagation but do not need a medium to propagate. Data will not be received/sent if electromagnetic waves are obstructed. Buildings, metal plates, leaves, trees will provide different attenuation of the electromagnetic waves. Wireless technology is beneficial if applied in plantation areas. In this study, research has been conducted on data errors due to the environment and distances that are out of reach. The primary device as a sender and receiver of data is the nRF24L01 module, which works at 2.4 GHz frequency. Data cannot be sent/received at close range because it is blocked by a building, and can reach one kilometer when used on the outskirts of the Malang Balitjestro orange plantation.

INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL ECONOMIC FACTORS AND AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION TOWARD ORANGE CROP PRODUCTIVITY

The purpose of this study was to find out and analyze the socio-economic influence of farmers on the level of technological application in orange plantation. The research method used descriptive analysis, while to determine the relationship between variables was done by using a simple non-linear regression test and multiple linear regression test. A survey method was conducted on socio-economic factual description of farmers, the application of agricultural technology, especially orange plantation and its productivity. The unit of analysis is a farmer who was cultivation in 2009 until 2020. The sampling technique was done by two-stage random sampling and obtained a sample of 90 farmers as respondents. The collected data were analyzed analytically descriptive according to the results of hypothesis testing. The result of the research showed that: The application of agricultural technology influenced by socio-economic factors, namely the area of arable land and social media exposure.

Speciation and migration of heavy metals in sediment cores of urban wetland: bioavailability and risks.

To examine the status and risk of heavy metal pollution in an urban wetland in China, the distribution and speciation of chromium (Cr) and other metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) were examined. We investigated the impact of three major land uses (residential and industrial (RI), orange plantation (OP), and mixed OP and RI (OPRI)) on the heavy metal characteristics using sediment cores (0-60cm below water/sediment interface) collected in Sanyang Wetland, China. It was found that all the metals (Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) had lower concentrations in the top layers but higher contents in the bottom layers of sediments. Species of metals in sediments were dominated by their secondary phase (i.e., exchangeable and carbonate bound, Fe-Mn bound and organic bound) with relatively low contents of primary phase (i.e., residual form), except for Cr in RI affected river sediments that had a relatively high content of primary phase (20.97-36.07%). The ratio of secondary phase to primary phase (RSP) and risk assessment code (RAC) methods were applied to assess environmental risk. The results implied that the metal mobility and bioavailability could significantly cause urban wetland environmental quality decline, and thus enhanced strategies should be required to target the capture and removal of metals.

Mapping of business potentials of Maha orange plantation using the Business Model Canvas and BCG matrix

This study aims to find out the business model that has been used by Maha Plantation and the business model that will be used to be able to implement strategies using what aspects need to be addressed by the internal business of Maha Plantation. The type of research used by researchers in this study is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The results of the identification of Business Model Canvas can provide the best strategy implementation according to respondents for business in each element contained in BMC. Based on the results of interviews with internal respondents and the overall respondents, the BMC that has been determined by the researchers to establish a strategy is quite good, but improvements are still needed in the future.

Redevelopment strategy of Sambas orange

This research aimed to investigate the best redevelopment strategy of Sambas Orange. The fruit was the icon of Sambas Regency. The damaged Sambas orange plants were caused by some factors such as its trade system. There are many farmers who are growing the orange. They are expecting that the fruit become the icon of the place so that it can increase their welfare. This research was conducted in 2018 in Tebas District, Sambas Regency, the center of Siam orange plantation. The sampling was through two stages. The first stage was determining the sample of village through purposive sampling; Segarau Parit was chosen for its large area and high production number. The second stage was determining the sample of farmers through random sampling. SWOT analysis was implemented. The result of research revealed that the required strategy was aggressive Growth-Oriented Strategy.

Penurunan Jumlah Lahan Dan Perubahan Budidaya Tanaman Kopi Bali Kintamani Mengancam Destinasi Wisata Kopi Di Kintamani


 
 
 This research is conducted in Catur Village, Kintamani District, Bangli Regency. The purpose of this research is to identify the decreasing number of coffee land of Kintamani Bali Coffee plantation and its causes. The data used in this research are qualitative and quantitative, while the data of this research consists of of primary and secondary data. The data is collected through observation, depth interviews, and documentation. The informants are determined through purposive sampling procedure, and they are I Ketut Jati (Head of Masyarakat Perlindungan Indikasi Geografis Kintamani) and Kocong Neca (Local Coffee Farmer). Afterward, the data that has been found is analyzed by descriptive qualitative method.
 The results of this research show that the decreasing number of coffee land of Kintamani Bali Coffee plantation on has reach its dangerous point and threaten tourism in Kintamani. In the last two years, the number of coffee land of Kintamani Bali Coffee had decreased significantly from 6.335 Ha to 4.772 Ha and automatically causing the total production of Kintamani Bali Coffee beans dropped from 2.314 Ton to 2.046 Ton. The biggest reason of the decreasing number of coffee land came from land conversion. The difference of income between coffee plantation with orange plantation also made farmers in Desa Catur to shift to grow more orange than coffee. In a 0,5 Ha field, orange plantation could gain profits approximately for Rp 114.945.000, while coffee plantation only gain profits for Rp 63.530.000. Moreover, plant-paracitic nematodes are damaging the coffee plantation. Therefore, the number of lands to grow coffee are decreasing.
 The recomendation from this research addressed to government service of Agriculture, Plantation and Forestry Bangli to keep oversee Kintamani Bali Coffee plantation and give an aid towards the Nematoda Parasite Diseases problem. Furthermore, farmers required to improve their human resource’s skill, so they can use management system on their plantation.
 Keywords: Land Degradation of Plantation, Change of Plant Cultivation, Kintamani Bali Coffee, Coffee Tourist Destination, Kintamani District
 
 

Indirect approach on human-wildlife conflict mitigation: potential local landscape based ecotourism in Margahayu, Labuhan Ratu VII

Human-wildlife conflict in Way Kambas National Park is still going on with some social and economic lost. Indirect conflict mitigation through the building local landscape based ecotourism was studied in Margahayu, Labuhan Ratu VII, East Lampung. Its local people awareness play important role in supporting its local economy empowerment. Besides Rumah Konservasi, potential natural track showing plant diversity, entrance point for wild elephant to the settlement, orange plantation and natural swamp was chosen for further works. Name boards were assigned.

SHADOW DETECTION IN HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGES ACQUIRED BY UAV

Abstract. Shadows are common in any kind of remote sensing images. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle – UAV with a light camera attached can acquire images illuminated either by direct sunlight or by diffuse light under clouds. Indeed, areas with pixels shaded by clouds must be detected and labelled in order to use this additional information for image analysis. Classification of health and diseased plants in permanent culture as the orange plantation field can present some errors due to tree cast shadow. So, hyperspectral or multispectral image classification can be improved by previous shadow detection. Some FPI hyperspectral camera, designed for agricultural applications is limited in the spectral range between 500 to 900 nm. Wavelengths in the region of blue light and in the SWIR spectral region have physical properties that enable the enhancement of shaded regions in the images. In this work some combinations of different spectral bands were evaluated in order to specify those suitable to detect shadows in agricultural field images. In this sense, considering that vegetation and soil are the two main kind of coverage in an agricultural field, we hypothesized that wavelengths near blue light and the longest near infrared available in the camera range are good choices. In both spectral regions soil and vegetation targets have small spectral differences which contribute to enhance the differences between shaded and illuminated regions in the image. Hyperspectral images acquired with a FPI hyperspectral camera onboard a UAV over a plantation of oranges were used to evaluate these spectral bands. The results showed that the wavelengths of aproximatelly 510 nm and 840 nm available in the FPI camera are the best to detect any type of shadows in the agricultural fields.

Impact of Farmland Abandonment on Water Resources and Soil Conservation in Citrus Plantations in Eastern Spain

Due to the reduction in the prices of oranges on the market and social changes such as the ageing of the population, traditional orange plantation abandonment in the Mediterranean is taking place. Previous research on land abandonment impact on soil and water resources has focused on rainfed agriculture abandonment, but there is no research on irrigated land abandonment. In the Valencia Region—the largest producer of oranges in Europe—abandonment is resulting in a quick vegetation recovery and changes in soil properties, and then in water erosion. Therefore, we performed rainfall simulation experiments (0.28 m2; 38.8 mm h−1) to determine the soil losses in naveline orange plantations with different ages of abandonment (1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 years of abandonment) which will allow for an understanding of the temporal changes in soil and water losses after abandonment. Moreover, these results were also compared with an active plantation (0). The results show that the soils of the active orange plantations have higher runoff discharges and higher erosion rates due to the use of herbicides than the plots after abandonment. Once the soil is abandoned for one year, the plant recovery reaches 33% of the cover and the erosion rate drops one order of magnitude. This is related to the delay in the runoff generation and the increase in infiltration rates. After 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 years, the soil reduced bulk density, increase in organic matter, plant cover, and soil erosion rates were found negligible. We conclude that the abandonment of orange plantations reduces soil and water losses and can serve as a nature-based solution to restore the soil services, goods, and resources. The reduction in the soil losses was exponential (from 607.4 g m−2 in the active plot to 7.1 g m−2 in the 10-year abandoned one) but the water losses were linear (from 77.2 in active plantations till 12.8% in the 10-year abandoned ones).

Polyphosphate recovery by a native Bacillus cereus strain as a direct effect of glyphosate uptake

Seven bacterial strains isolated from a glyphosate-exposed orange plantation site were exposed to 1 mM N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine supplied as a phosphorus source. While some exhibited good biodegradation profiles, the strain 6 P, identified as Bacillus cereus, was the only strain capable of releasing inorganic phosphate to the culture supernatant, while accumulating polyphosphate intracellularly along the experimentation time. The composition and purity of the intracellular polyphosphate accumulated by the strain 6 P were confirmed by FTIR analysis. To date, the biological conversion of glyphosate into polyphosphate has not been reported. However, given the importance of this biopolymer in the survival of microorganisms, it can be expected that this process could represent an important ecological advantage for the adaptation of this strain to an ecological niche exposed to this herbicide. The polyphosphate production yield was calculated as 4 mg l−1, while the glyphosate biodegradation kinetic constant was calculated on 0.003 h−1 using the modified Hockey–Stick first-order kinetic model, with a half-life of 279 h. Our results suggest that B. cereus 6 P is a potential candidate for the generation of an innovative biotechnological process to produce polyphosphate through the biodegradation of the herbicide glyphosate.

ANALYSIS OF THE RADIOMETRIC RESPONSE OF ORANGE TREE CROWN IN HYPERSPECTRAL UAV IMAGES

Abstract. High spatial resolution remote sensing images acquired by drones are highly relevant data source in many applications. However, strong variations of radiometric values are difficult to correct in hyperspectral images. Honkavaara et al. (2013) presented a radiometric block adjustment method in which hyperspectral images taken from remotely piloted aerial systems – RPAS were processed both geometrically and radiometrically to produce a georeferenced mosaic in which the standard Reflectance Factor for the nadir is represented. The plants crowns in permanent cultivation show complex variations since the density of shadows and the irradiance of the surface vary due to the geometry of illumination and the geometry of the arrangement of branches and leaves. An evaluation of the radiometric quality of the mosaic of an orange plantation produced using images captured by a hyperspectral imager based on a tunable Fabry-Pérot interferometer and applying the radiometric block adjustment method, was performed. A high-resolution UAV based hyperspectral survey was carried out in an orange-producing farm located in Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, state of São Paulo, Brazil. A set of 25 narrow spectral bands with 2.5 cm of GSD images were acquired. Trend analysis was applied to the values of a sample of transects extracted from plants appearing in the mosaic. The results of these trend analysis on the pixels distributed along transects on orange tree crown showed the reflectance factor presented a slightly trend, but the coefficients of the polynomials are very small, so the quality of mosaic is good enough for many applications.

Exploring Antagonistic Candidate Fungi for Controling Pathogenic Fungi (Colletotricum gloeosporioides) Causing Anthracnose Disease in Kintamani Siam Orange Plants (Citrus Nobillis Lour Var. Hass)

Orange plantation center in Bali are located in Bangli Regency, Kintamani District. Kintamani orange plantations cultivated three types of oranges: tangerine, selayer, and mandarin oranges. The famous orange in Bali today is Kintamani orange, tangerine type. The typical flavor and aroma of Kintamani tangerine make it is favored by consumers from various regions. Based on the information from Bangli District Agriculture Office and the results of field surveys in the last two years (in 2013 and 2014), cultivation of orange in Kintamani has been infected with anthracnose disease. The disease is characterized by symptoms whereby brown twigs spread to the leaves and fruit, and the fruits which are about to be harvested rot simultaneously and eventually fall due to decay. This condition causes farmers to suffer significant losses. The cause of anthracnose on Kintamani orange is Colletotrichum gloeosporioides . The Control of these diseases has been carried out by farmers with various synthetic fungicides but the disease is still widespread. It is feared that the uncontrolled use of synthetic pesticides can harm the environment, cause resistance to C. gloeosporioides fungi, and kill non-target beneficial micro-organism. It is necessary to conduct research that aims to control anthracnose biologically to maintain the ecological balance and environmental safety. Based on the results of this research by exploring the fungi on healthy plants around orange trees infected with anthracnose diseases, nine isolates of antagonist candidate fungus were obtained based on colony color of fungal hyphae (IS1, IS2, IS3, IS4, IS5. IS6, IS7, IS8, IS9). Based on the test results of the in vitro dual culture, two candidates of antagonistic fungal isolates were selected, the isolates IS4 and IS7. It was because on day 7 after the second dual culture, these two isolates had the highest percentage of inhibition, 89.22% and 85.11 % respectively. Based on the conventional and molecular identifications, it is known that the two candidate isolates of antagonistic fungus (IS4 and IS7) belong to one species of the Aspergillus aculeatus.