Orange Juice Residue Research Articles

Production, characteristics and use of magnetic biochar nanocomposites as sorbents

Magnetic biochar nanocomposites were obtained by in-situ co-precipitation of magnetite nanoparticles into carbon-based matrixes prepared by three different procedures: i) pyrolysis of sunflower husk (MBCSFH); ii) hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of sunflower husk (MHCSFH) and iii) HTC of orange juice residue (MHCOR). Besides, two magnetic carbon nanocomposites were obtained in the same way using commercial activated carbon (MAC) and charcoal (MCC). All the materials were widely characterized by elemental analysis, N2 isotherms, FTIR, and Z potential and used in the sorption of malachite green (MG) from water. Kinetic fitting was done using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, where it was found that experimental data fitted well with the second-order kinetic model. MHCSFH and MHCOR exhibited the maximum removal efficiencies (77.00% and 82.18%) compared to their corresponding carbon precursors (63.32% and 34.29%). The post-sorption characterization of MHCOR indicates electrostatic interactions, electron sharing, and п-п interactions and pore filling are the principal interactions between sorbent and MG. In addition to the synthesis and characterization of magnetic biochar nanocomposites, this research demonstrated the capacity of sorbents materials for pollutants removal.

Studies on the Removal of Sr(II) Ions from Water Using Carbonized Orange Juice Residue

The adsorbent for Sr(II) ion removal was prepared from orange juice residue (OJR) after carbonization at 800°C. An energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopic analysis showed the existence of trace amounts of P, Na, K, and Fe together with C and Ca in the examined sample of COJR. The adsorption parameters such as effect of pH, contact time, initial Sr(II) concentration and adsorbent dosage were studied. COJR selectively adsorbed Sr(II) from the mixed solution containing Sr(II) and Cs(I). Experimental data obtained for the adsorption of Sr(II) were analyzed by using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, and the data were well fitted with both the models with R2 higher than 0.98. Adsorption equilibrium was achieved within one hour by using a 24.3 mg/L Sr(II) solution at a solid-liquid ratio of 1g/L. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) and adsorption equilibrium constant (b) of COJR for Sr(II) ion were found to be 322.58 mmol/kg and 1.93 L/mmol, respectively. The concentration of Sr(II) was successfully lowered down to the EPA standard (4 mg/L) by using COJR dosage higher than 4 g/L. The adsorbed Sr(II) could be successfully desorbed using a dilute (0.5M) solution of hydrochloric acid. These results indicated that COJR investigated in this study showed a high affinity for Sr(II) ion thus it is expected to be employed as a promising adsorbent for the removal of Sr(II) ions from polluted water.

A new magnetic composite with potential application in boron adsorption: Development, characterization, and removal tests

In this work, a new magnetic composite, with good performance in the adsorption of boron from aqueous solutions, is proposed. The composite was prepared from CoFe2O4 and MgO precursors, which were produced by the sol-gel method using orange juice residues. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, and magnetization measurements have indicated that the ferrimagnetic CoFe2O4 nanocrystalline phase is immersed in the MgO matrix. The magnetic composite was applied to boron compounds removal from synthetic effluents (with boron concentrations up to 20 mg L−1), showing up to 92% removal capacity. After the boron adsorption process on the MgO surface, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy results have shown the formation of crystalline Mg(OH)2 (with needle-like structures), and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy has indicated that the fraction of Fe+3 ions in the nanograin surfaces was changed in comparison with the pristine adsorbents. Three possible boron adsorption mechanisms are suggested: adsorption at the Mg(OH)2 crystallite surface, adsorption through the formation of Fe–O–B bonds, and adsorption by an amorphous Mg(OH)2 gel. The pseudo-first order model was successfully used to fit the kinetic adsorption curves, whereas the Freundlich model has described the isotherms, thus indicating a heterogeneous distribution of adsorption heat and affinities. The composite was found to adsorb about 6% more boron than pure MgO and can be recoverable with a permanent magnet.

Recovery of Potassium from Incineration Ash of Chicken Dropping (IACD) by Sulphuric Acid Leaching Followed by Adsorption Using Orange Waste Gel

Two types of leaching solution namely; aqua-regia and 1MH2SO4 were investigated for the leaching of K(I) from incineration ash of chicken dropping (IACD), in this study. SOJR and Na(I)-SOJR adsorbents were prepared from orange juice residue for the adsorption of K(I) from IACD leached liquor, which was compared with READF-(PG) and 200CT resin. The characterization of IACD leaching was done in EDX and FTIR spectroscopic techniques. Aqua-regia solution completely dissolved IACD and all the adsorbents. One molar sulphuric acid (1MH2SO4) solution was optimized for effective leaching of K(I) from the IACD sample. SOJR, Na(I)-SOJR, and 200CT adsorbed K(I) from leached liquor whereas K(I) was insignificantly adsorbed onto READF-(PG). The desorption of adsorbed K(I) could be successfully done by H2SO4 solution for recovery and adsorbent regeneration for further usage. From comparisons, Na(I)-SOJR investigated in this study was found to be equally effective with a commercially available cation exchanger (200CT resin). Therefore, a new method of H2SO4 leaching of IACD followed by adsorption using Na(I)-SOJR investigated in this work can be an economic, environmentally benign, and promising technique for the recovery of K(I) ion from leach liquor of IACD.

Two-stage anaerobic digestion of orange peel without pre-treatment: Experimental evaluation and application to São Paulo state

Abstract Orange juice production is an important industry worldwide, specifically in Brazil, which is the leading producer. Nevertheless, approximately 50 % of the feed used for industrial production of orange juice is wasted, primarily as peels, a promising raw material for being used in the different biotechnological processes. This study evaluated the potential of two-stage anaerobic digestion (reactor of 4.3 L total volume) to valorize orange juice residues. The system replaced the use of other pretreatments and increased methane concentration (approximately 60 % compared with about 50 %) and volume (by 13 %) relative to one-stage anaerobic digestion. The accumulated biogas yield was 0.79 L/g SVT and 0.49 L/g SVT for the methanogenic and control reactors, respectively. Also, the anaerobic reactors were able to start-up with high solids feed, which could be applied to the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactors currently in operation in the citrus juice industry. The potential electric power generated was estimated as 97.5 × 103 MWh/year, which might be used on-site or sold back to the energy grid where it represents 0.2 % of the total energy used by Sao Paulo State. The potential greenhouse gas mitigation from the substitution of electric energy from the Brazilian energy grid to a more renewable one from biogas burning was estimated to be 9.05 × 103 tCO2eq/year. The results demonstrated that two-stage anaerobic digestion is a promising technology for the disposal of orange peel waste while producing a useful bioenergy product.

Strategy for the Design of Waste to Energy Processes Based on Physicochemical Characterisation

Energy recovery from wastes is needed for cost-effective and sustainable management. For a given waste, the definition of suitable thermochemical conversion process schemes relies on devising a strategy based on several variables among which feedstock characterization is crucial. Depending on the properties of the fuel, the available waste resource may not be suitable for a specific application, for technical and sometimes for environmental reasons (Virmond et al. in Braz J Chem Eng 30:197–230, 2013). Within this framework, agro-industrial wastes (grape stem, beer bagasse and orange juice residues) were characterized and the results are used to design a strategy for their effective integration in waste-to-energy processes. Energy content, proximate and ultimate analysis, composition, ash fusibility and thermal behaviour were determined. For the physicochemical analysis UNE standard methods were used. Characterization results showed that the three wastes have good quality for thermochemical conversion with energy contents between 19 MJ/kg (beer bagasse) and 16 MJ/kg (orange juice residue) and ash contents below 10% in all cases. However, some drawbacks were found: high moisture (76%), nitrogen (3.5%) and sulphur (0.2%) content for beer bagasse; elevated nitrogen (1.1%) and sulphur (0.15%) concentration for grape stem and nitrogen (1%) content for orange juice residue. All this information has been used to design a smart strategy for selecting a sustainable and environmental friendly waste to energy processes as part of a circular economy approach.

ADSORPTIVE REMOVAL OF TRACE CONCENTRATION OF FLUORIDE FROM WATER USING CERIUM LOADED DRIED ORANGE JUICE RESIDUE

Two adsorbents for fluoride ion removal were developed from dried orange juice residue (DOJR) after loading Ce(III) and Ce(IV) in this study. The characterization of adsorbents was done by an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, electron microscopy and chemical analysis. The experimental results indicated that the fluoride removal efficiency of both the adsorbents was influenced significantly by pH and the optimum operating pH was found to be 4. The equilibrium data were well fitted with Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum adsorption capacity of Ce(III)-DOJR and Ce(IV)-DOJR for fluoride were evaluated to be 0.67 and 1.22 mmol/g, respectively. Leakage of cerium from Ce(IV)-DOJR was negligible for trace concentration of fluoride but it was significant for high concentration of fluoride at pH below 3 resulting fluoride precipitation. Therefore, cerium-loaded DOJR investigated in this study can be considered as an efficient, environmentally benign and promising alternative for the treatment of fluoride contaminated with trace amount of fluoride ion.

Adsorptive Removal of Phosphorus using Metal-Loaded Biosorbents from Aquatic Environment

Adsorption gel for metal ions was prepared from orange juice residue in a simple manner by interacting with calcium hydroxide. Heavy metal ions such as lead(II), iron(III) and copper(II) were selectively adsorbed over other metal ions such as zinc(II), cadmium(II) and manganese(II) at low pH. Loading this gel with high valent metal ions such as lanthanum(III), cerium(III) and zirconium(IV) resulted in effective and selective adsorption of phosphate from water containing excess concentrations of other anionic species such as sulfate, carbonate and chloride. Zirconium(IV) was the most effective among the metal ions. Among the phosphorus compounds, phosphate was more strongly adsorbed on zirconium(IV)-loaded gel than phosphite and hypophosphite. The adsorption capacity for phosphate on the zirconium(IV)-loaded gel was the highest among adsorbents that have been reported in literature, including other zirconium(IV)-containing adsorbents. The effectiveness of this gel was verified by applying it to actual wastewater samples containing trace concentrations of phosphorus.

Environmentally Benign Adsorption Materials for Removing Arsenic from Aquatic Environment

Adsorptive removal of arsenic using adsorption gels prepared from orange and apple juice residues was reviewed by summarizing the authors’ previous papers. Orange and apple juice residues contain a large amount of pectin, partly methyl-esterified pectic acid, which exhibits high affinity for high-valent metal ions such as iron(III), rare earths(III) and zirconium(IV). Anionic species of arsenic(III, V) are effectively and selectively adsorbed on pectic acid gel via loading these high-valent metal ions. Raw orange juice residue was saponified using calcium hydroxide to improve the loading capacity for these metal ions. It was found that zirconium(IV) exhibits the most suitable adsorption behaviors for arsenic(III, V). Similar result was obtained also for apple juice residue. An actual sample of acid mine drainage from the Horobetsu mine which contained a high concentration of iron and low concentration of arsenic, was tested using the adsorption gel prepared from orange juice residue and the results were compared with those from the current treatment process based on coprecipitation with iron hydroxide. The new process using the above- mentioned adsorption gel was proposed for treatment of such acid mine drainage.

Biosorbents for Removing Hazardous Metals and Metalloids.

Biosorbents for remediating aquatic environmental media polluted with hazardous heavy metals and metalloids such as Pb(II), Cr(VI), Sb(III and V), and As(III and V) were prepared from lignin waste, orange and apple juice residues, seaweed and persimmon and grape wastes using simple and cheap methods. A lignophenol gel such as lignocatechol gel was prepared by immobilizing the catechol functional groups onto lignin from sawdust, while lignosulfonate gel was prepared directly from waste liquor generated during pulp production. These gels effectively removed Pb(II). Orange and apple juice residues, which are rich in pectic acid, were easily converted using alkali (e.g., calcium hydroxide) into biosorbents that effectively removed Pb(II). These materials also effectively removed Sb(III and V) and As(III and V) when these were preloaded with multi-valent metal ions such as Zr(IV) and Fe(III). Similar biosorbents were prepared from seaweed waste, which is rich in alginic acid. Other biosorbents, which effectively removed Cr(VI), were prepared by simply treating persimmon and grape wastes with concentrated sulfuric acid.

Adsorptive Removal of Trace Concentration of Fluoride Using Orange Waste Treated Using Concentrated Sulfuric Acid

Novel adsorption gel was prepared from orange juice residue by using boiling concentrated sulfuric acid to create a condensation cross-linking reaction. It was then loaded with Zr(IV) ion to create adsorption sites for fluoride ions. This prepared gel was characterized by IR, EDX, XRD, SEM and chemical analysis. Fluoride adsorption was strongly pH dependent and maximum adsorption occurred at pH 3-4. The maximum adsorption capacity was drastically improved by loading Zr(IV) from 0.21 mmol/g up to 0.71mmol/g at 303 K. The thermodynamic parameters evaluated from adsorption isotherms at varying temperature suggested that adsorption of fluoride onto the present adsorbent is spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The adsorbed fluoride was successfully desorbed using dilute alkaline solution. Trace concentrations of fluoride contained in the actual waste plating solution was completely removed by adding small amounts of this adsorbent.

Qualidade microbiológica e composição de farinhas de resíduos da produção de suco de frutas em diferentes granulometrias

Resumo Os resíduos gerados na indústria de sucos têm sido subaproveitados, desperdiçando um produto que pode apresentar potencial para ser incluído na alimentação humana. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi realizar análise microbiológica e da composição nutricional das farinhas do resíduo de suco de uva, maçã, laranja e acerola, com diferentes granulometrias. Os resíduos da produção de suco foram obtidos através de doação de uma indústria do município de Bento Gonçalves-RS, sendo então secos e moídos para obter a farinha em diferentes granulometrias (>0,600 mm; 0,600 mm; 0,425 mm; 0,300 mm; ≤0,250 mm). As amostras de farinha foram submetidas à análise de composição centesimal, acidez, pH, Brix e polifenóis totais. As análises microbiológicas incluíram contagem de coliformes termotolerantes e pesquisa de Salmonella spp. Os resultados indicaram qualidade microbiológica satisfatória. Quanto à composição centesimal, os resultados mostraram que a granulometria influenciou o valor nutricional das farinhas e que os valores energéticos das farinhas do resíduo de acerola, laranja e uva foram inversamente proporcionais ao tamanho da partícula. Todas as farinhas analisadas podem ser consideradas ricas em fibras, cujos valores variaram de 11,2% a 54,5%. As farinhas de uva e acerola apresentaram maiores teores de proteínas, 8,2% a 15,6% e 8,3% a 12,1%, respectivamente. As farinhas do resíduo de laranja e uva apresentaram elevados teores de polifenóis totais. Portanto, o uso destes resíduos na alimentação humana pode ser recomendado, melhorando o valor nutricional de preparações.

Development of Low Cost Adsorbents from Agricultural Waste Biomass for the Removal of Sr(II) and Cs(I) from Water

For the purpose of remediating aquatic environment polluted by radioactive elements such as Cs(I) and Sr(II), two types of adsorption gels were developed using biomass wastes as feed materials: a Ca-type pectin based cation exchanger for the removal of Sr(II) prepared from orange waste and a polyphenol enriched bio-sorbent for Cs(I) prepared from tea leaves. The former was prepared by means of saponification of the methyl ester portion of orange pectin in orange juice residue using lime water. Due to the chemical similarity of Ca(II) and Sr(II), the Ca(II) ions in the saponified orange juice residue (SOJR) are easily replaced by Sr(II) during adsorption. The latter was synthesized by means of cross-linking condensation reaction with concentrated H2SO4. The adsorption of Sr(II) and Cs(I) increased with increasing pH of the solution, suggesting that these metal ions were adsorbed onto active sites of these bio-sorbents through a cation exchange mechanism. These modified biomass adsorbents were found to exhibit high adsorption capacities and fast adsorption rates for the tested metal ions. That is, the adsorption capacity of SOJR for Sr(II) was evaluated as 0.83 mmol/g whereas that obtained for the cross linked tea leaves (CTL) gel with regards to Cs was 1.22 mmol/g. In comparison to the adsorption capacities of other adsorbents, it was concluded that the SOJR and CTL displayed excellent potential for the adsorption of Sr(II) and Cs(I), respectively. Thus, the combined uses of SOJR and CTL gels can be expected to work as a promising alternative to remove radioactive Sr(II) and Cs(I) from polluted water.

Adsorptive Removal of Strontium from Water by using Chemically Modified Orange Juice Residue

Adsorbent for strontium (Sr2+) ion removal was prepared from orange waste generated in an orange juice factory. The orange juice residue (OJR) was treated with lime water to prepare saponified orange juice residue (SOJR). The energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopic analysis revealed that substitution of Ca2+ ions in SOJR by Sr2+ ions takes place during the adsorption process. The adsorption of Sr2+ ions onto SOJR was fast and strongly pH dependent. Maximum adsorption occurred at pH higher than 5. The adsorption isotherm study showed maximum adsorption capacity of SOJR for Sr2+ ion was 833.4 mmol/kg. Equimolar amount of Ca2+ was found to be released from SOJR during Sr2+ adsorption also indicating that adsorption of Sr2+ on SOJR takes place according to the Ca2+ substitution reaction by cation exchange mechanism. Thus, the adsorption gel prepared in this study can be a promising adsorbent to remove Sr2+ from aqueous solution.

Adsorptive recovery of vanadium(V) from chromium(VI)-containing effluent by Zr(IV)-loaded orange juice residue

• Zr(VI)-SOW is a promising biomass adsorbent for the adsorption of V(V). • The adsorption mechanism is anion exchange between OH − and metal oxo-anions. • Adsorption efficiency was found to be strongly dependent on pH. • β V/Cr of Zr(IV)-SOW is much higher than the commercial resin D201. • Column adsorption can realize the higher enrichment factors for V than Cr. Dried orange juice residue marketed as cattle food was converted into an economical and environmentally benign sorbent through chemical loading with zirconium(IV). Its adsorption properties for vanadium(V) and chromium(VI) from synthetic and actual waste water were investigated. The adsorption of V(V) is strongly dependent on solution pH, and the maximum separation coefficient ( β V/Cr = 45) between V(V) and Cr(VI) takes place at pH 2.85. The anion exchange or nucleophilic substitution reaction between OH − and metal oxo-anions was proposed as the main adsorption mechanism. Langmuir adsorption and pseudo-second-order rate equations can describe well the adsorption of V(V) onto the gel. The maximum adsorption capacities for V(V) and Cr(VI) were estimated as 1.003 and 0.288 mmol/g, respectively. The adsorbed vanadium was effectively desorbed using a diluted NaOH solution. The negligible interference of coexisting anions, such as nitrates and chlorides, durability, reproducibility of the gel, and the column adsorption test through the mixture of V(V) and Cr(VI) followed by elution make the Zr(IV)-SOW a promising sorbent for the recovery of a small quantity of vanadium from chromium(VI)-containing effluent. Finally, a preliminary attempt to selectively enrich V(V) from the real dilute industrial effluent that contains Cr(VI) using the present gel has been carried out, and it was confirmed to be successfully achieved.

Functionalization of orange waste with phosphoric group for Anion separation

A novel adsorbent, Phosphorylated Orange Juice Residue, POJR, has been investigated. The extent of phosphorylation was measured with the aid of fluorescence X-ray crystallography, which indicates that the degree of phosphorylation is 1.2. The POJR has very high binding affinity for ferric ion. Also bound ferric ions selectively adsorb anions like arsenite, arsenate, selenite, selenate, antimonate and phosphate.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v29i0.9275Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 29, 2012 Page: 110-112 Uploaded date: 12/6/2013

Adsorptive removal of fluoride from aqueous medium using a fixed bed column packed with Zr(IV) loaded dried orange juice residue

The potential of the adsorbent prepared from DOJR marketed as cattle food in Japan was identified as an efficient and low cost adsorbent for fluoride using fixed bed column. DOJR was loaded with Zr(IV) ions to develop active adsorption sites for fluoride. Fluoride adsorption performance of column packed with Zr(IV) loaded DOJR was assessed under variable operating conditions such as Zr(IV) loading temperature, initial fluoride concentration, bed depth, initial pH, and flow rate. Breakthrough curve modeling showed that Thomas and bed depth service time (BDST) models were in good agreement with the experimental data. Application of adsorbent investigated in this study to the treatment of actual waste plating solution containing fluoride ion showed successful removal below acceptable standard in Japan using a fixed bed column, hence, Zr(IV)-DOJR can be expected to be a promising candidate for the treatment waste water containing trace amount of fluoride ion in fixed bed column.

Adsorptive removal of trace concentration of fluoride ion from water by using dried orange juice residue

Dried orange juice residue (DOJR) marketed as cattle food in Japan was converted into a promising adsorbent for fluoride as a result of chemical loading with Zr(IV), Ce(IV) and Al(III). The effectiveness of the metal loaded DOJR in adsorbing trace fluoride concentrations from synthetic and actual waste water were investigated. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and infra red (IR) spectroscopic analysis confirmed the effective adsorption of Zr(IV) ions on DOJR in addition to fluoride ion on Zr(IV)-loaded DOJR. The amount of Zr(IV), Ce(IV) and Al(III) loaded on the DOJR were evaluated as 0.90, 0.85 and 0.97mmol/g, respectively, while the maximum adsorption capacity of fluoride on the Zr(IV), Ce(IV) and Al(III) loaded DOJR were evaluated as 1.43, 1.22 and 0.67mmol/g, respectively. Application of Zr(IV) loaded DOJR using actual waste plating solutions exhibited effective removal of trace concentration of fluoride to acceptable level. The negligible interference of coexisting anions such as nitrates, carbonates and chlorides makes the Zr(IV) loaded DOJR a promising sorbent for waste water treatment. The adsorbed fluoride was effectively desorbed using an alkali (NaOH) solution for its regeneration. Thus, this work shed light on the potential application of metal loaded DOJR to remediate aquatic environment polluted with fluoride.

Effective Removal of Fluoride onto Metal Ions Loaded Orange Waste

Removal of fluoride is investigated onto several metal ions loaded phosphorylated orange juice residue and commercially available alumina. The experimental results revealed that cerium (IV) loaded phosphorylated orange waste indicated excellent fluoride removal efficiency at acidic pH range and while that lanthanum loaded at neutral pH range. Both the metal loaded adsorbents are found superior to the commercially available activated alumina.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v27i1.6660 J. Nepal Chem. Soc., Vol. 27, 2011 61-66

Phosphorus Recovery as Potassium-Magnesium-Phosphate from Effluent of Piggery Wastewater Using Zr(IV)-Loaded Saponified Orange Juice Residue

This study investigates the feasibility of zirconium loaded onto orange waste, a cheap and available agricultural waste material, utilization for phosphorus recovery from secondary effluent of piggery wastewater. Phosphorus removal using zirconium-loaded saponified orange juice residue (Zr-SOJR) gel increased with increasing solid/liquid ratio. Phosphate adsorption was found to be very efficient at pH of 2–6. The secondary effluent was treated in a column packed with Zr-SOJR gel, which attained a dynamic adsorption capacity of 1.06 mol-P/kg. The phosphorus adsorbed on the column was successfully eluted as pre-concentrated phosphorus with a small amount of 0.2 M NaOH. Throughout the elution process, zirconium was not leaked from the adsorption gel. The solution obtained after elution had high concentrations of potassium and phosphorus, which was precipitated as potassium–magnesium–phosphate with the addition of magnesium.