Orange-brown Color Research Articles

CROSSLANDIA DAEDALI POORMAN & MULLINER, 1981 (NUDIBRANCHIA, DENDRONOTOIDEA, SCYLLAEIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH BROWN ALGAE IN THE COASTAL ZONE FROM THE STATE OF PARAÍBA, NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL

Nudibranchs are marine gastropods with no shell and usually have a beautiful color pattern. The aim of this work was to record the scyllaeid Crosslandia daedali Poorman & Mulliner 1981 associated with brown algae in the coastal zone from the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. One individual of this species was collected in November 2019 at about 0.5 meters in depth in the subtidal zone of Cabo Branco Beach in the city of João Pessoa. Immediately after collection, the scyllaeid was transferred to a container with seawater, photographed still alive and then fixed in 70% alcohol. The individual measured about 15 mm in length, presented a typical orange-brown color pattern and was associated with brown algae of the genus Padina (Class Phaeophyceae). A large gap in knowledge remains on the richness of nudibranchs in coastal ecosystems of northeastern Brazil associated with algae and reef ecosystems, including the state of Paraíba, which needs to be studied due to the degradation of tropical coastal ecosystems.

Investigation of the characteristics of Zn-Al layered double hydroxides, intercalated with natural dyes from spices, as a cosmetic pigments

Pigments are the main components of cosmetics, which determine both toxicity and consumer color characteristics. Zn-Al layered double hydroxides intercalated with anionic food dyes are promising pigments. The best sources of dyes for intercalation are natural ones. The most promising are spices. Natural dyes from spices are often biologically active substances. The parameters of samples of Zn-Al (Zn:Al=3:1) hydroxides intercalated with natural food dyes, synthesized in the medium of aqueous tinctures of saffron and safflower, were studied. The crystal structure of the samples was studied by X-ray phase analysis; color characteristics were studied by spectroscopy and calculation of parameters in the CIE L*a*b system. The possibility of synthesizing Zn-Al colored layered double hydroxides intercalated with natural dyes in the medium of saffron and safflower tinctures was shown. X-ray phase analysis showed that both pigment samples were layered double hydroxides with the α-Zn(OH)2 structure. For the pigment intercalated with saffron dye, the phenomenon of partial decomposition of Zn-Al LDH to ZnO during synthesis was revealed. The color characteristics of the samples were studied. Zn-Al LDH pigment synthesized in a saffron tincture had a bright yellow color determined by intercalated saffron carotenoids (crocin and crocetin). It was suggested that safflower dye flavonoids were partially hydrolyzed (red ones - cartamine and cartamidine, and yellow - Safflor Yellow A), which led to the formation of a dark orange-brown color of the sample. The prospects of using Zn-Al LDH intercalated with saffron food dyes as a cosmetic pigment were shown

Smartphone-based colorimetric determination of triclosan in aqueous samples after ultrasound assisted-dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction under optimized response surface method conditions

In the present study, a simple and low cost methodology based on ultrasonic assisted-dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (UA-DLLME) followed by smartphone-based colorimetric measurement was introduced for the separation and determination of Triclosan (TCS) from contaminated waters. This method is based on the formation of an azo compound from the alkaline reaction of TCS with a diazonium ion, resulting from the reaction of sodium nitrite and p-sulfanilic acid in an acidic medium. The orange-brown color product was extracted into a low volume of organic phase by UA-DLLME method and RGB values were recorded with free Android app Color Grab. The effective parameters in this procedure, namely solution pH, p-sulfanilic acid and nitrite concentration, reaction time and volume of the extraction solvent were investigated and optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box-Behnken design (BBD) model. Under optimum conditions, the calibration graph was linear in the range of 3.0 and 200 μg L-1 of TCS. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.8 and 2.7 μg L-1, respectively. The proposed method was successfullyused for the analyses of triclosan in several water and wastewater samples and satisfactory results were obtained.

Community water supply project in Ikuru Town, Andoni, Rivers State: performance and challenges

The paper aims at evaluating the performances and challenges of a community water supply project in Ikulu town. At the outset of 2021, as the decade of action to deliver the sustainable development goals (SDG) by 2030 gets underway, Ikuru Town is not on track to achieve Goals 6 (clean water and sanitation). Assessment of the Ikuru water supply project involved two ways: visitation to the treatment plant to observe the condition of the facility and use of the unstructured interview. Water samples were collected after treatment from the user point. Sampling was repeated three times on three different days. Physicochemical and microbial qualities of water samples were analyzed, using the standard for examination of water and wastewater by APHA. Results showed that total coliform bacteria were present in the water sample. Iron concentration was above the WHO limit. The concentration of manganese was above the recommended level and Iron bacteria were also present after treatment. In conclusion, the water is not potable and palatable due to its objectionable taste and orange brown colour. Therefore, there is needs for drastic treatment of Ikulu community water project at the point source, using shock chlorination as a recommended method to improve its performance level. Moreover, supportive intervention is required from governmental institutions to overcome the challenges of this water project for sustainability.

Active Double-Layered Films Enriched with AgNPs in Great Water Dock Root and Pu-Erh Extracts.

A novel, eco-friendly, and biocompatible method was applied to form silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in great water dock (Lapathi radix) (KB) and pu-erh (Camellia sinensis) (PE) extracts. The surface plasma resonance peak of green synthesized AgNPs at 451.8 nm for AgNPs+KB and 440.8 nm for AgNPs+PE was observed via spectral analysis of UV absorbance. In this study, double-layered biopolymer films (FUR/CHIT+HGEL) with AgNPs incorporated in KB solution (AgNPs+KB) and AgNPs in PE solution (AgNPs+PE), were successfully prepared using the casting method. The SEM, XRD, zeta potential and size analyses confirmed the presence of AgNP in the films. The addition of AgNPs in plant extracts improved antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and thermal stability, whereas WVTR experienced a decrease. The nanocomposite films’ orange-brown colour may aid in the protection of food products against UV rays. The composite films demonstrated antibacterial activity against food-borne pathogens and may offer potential in food packaging applications.

Isolation and Characterization of Nocardiae Associated with Foaming Coastal Marine Waters.

Nocardiosis is an infectious disease caused by Nocardia species that occurs worldwide, albeit more prevalently in tropical/subtropical regions. It can appear as either acute, subacute or as a chronic infection mostly with those with a compromised/weakened immune system. Inhalation of spores and or mycelium fragments is the main transmission route for developing pulmonary nocardiosis. In contrast, cutaneous nocardiosis usually occurs via direct contact. In the subtropical region of the Sunshine Coast in Australia foaming events with thick and persistent and orange-brown color foam have been observed during summer seasons in the near shore marine environments. This study reports the existence of nocardiae in these near shore marine environments by the use of a novel isolation method which used the gas requirements of nocardiae as a selective battery. A total of 32 nocardiae were isolated with the use of this novel method and subsequently conducted molecular identification methods confirmed that the isolates belonged to the genus Nocardia. Twenty-one isolates out of the 32 were closely related to N. nova strains MGA115 and one was related to CBU 09/875, in addition when compared with human pathogenic nocardiae twenty of the isolates were found to be related to N. nova strain JCM 6044. Isolates displayed varied resistance against some of the antibiotics tested when interpretation threshold recommended the Comite de L’Antibiogramme de la Societe Francaise de Microbiologie were used. The highest level of resistance against cefotaxime (n = 27) and ceftriaxone (n = 24). Some of the isolates (n = 6) that displayed resistance to selected antibiotics also possessed potential human pathogenic characteristics such as adherence and translocation through human long epithelial cells as well as displaying phage resistance (n = 26). They might thus present a potential public health risk if frequently encountered through exposure to aerosols generated by the foam as well as direct contact through a wound. Preventative measures to control the growth of nocardiae in such environments such as the control of pollutants, might prevent potential infections that might be caused by these bacteria in humans as well as in marine animals.

Tyrosinase Nanoparticles: Understanding the Melanogenesis Pathway by Isolating the Products of Tyrosinase Enzymatic Reaction.

Human Tyrosinase (Tyr) is the rate-limiting enzyme of the melanogenesis pathway. Tyr catalyzes the oxidation of the substrate L-DOPA into dopachrome and melanin. Currently, the characterization of dopachrome-related products is difficult due to the absence of a simple way to partition dopachrome from protein fraction. Here, we immobilize catalytically pure recombinant human Tyr domain (residues 19–469) containing 6xHis tag to Ni-loaded magnetic beads (MB). Transmission electron microscopy revealed Tyr-MB were within limits of 168.2 ± 24.4 nm while the dark-brown melanin images showed single and polymerized melanin with a diameter of 121.4 ± 18.1 nm. Using Hill kinetics, we show that Tyr-MB has a catalytic activity similar to that of intact Tyr. The diphenol oxidase reactions of L-DOPA show an increase of dopachrome formation with the number of MB and with temperature. At 50 °C, Tyr-MB shows some residual catalytic activity suggesting that the immobilized Tyr has increased protein stability. In contrast, under 37 °C, the dopachrome product, which is isolated from Tyr-MB particles, shows that dopachrome has an orange-brown color that is different from the color of the mixture of L-DOPA, Tyr, and dopachrome. In the future, Tyr-MB could be used for large-scale productions of dopachrome and melanin-related products and finding a treatment for oculocutaneous albinism-inherited diseases.

Lagerstroemia speciosa fruit-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its application as filler in agar based nanocomposite films for antimicrobial food packaging

Abstract Agar based nanocomposite films were developed by incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as filler. The AgNPs were synthesized using aqueous fruit extract of Lagerstroemia speciosa, an abundantly available medicinal plant in North-Eastern part of India. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. TEM results showed that most of the particles were hexagonal in shape with size range of 32–62 nm. Incorporation of AgNPs improved the antimicrobial property, thermal stability, elongation at break and appearance of the composite films, whereas tensile strength (TS) decreased. The FTIR analysis of the films showed that the AgNPs had good compatibility with agar matrix. The orange-brown colour of the composite films may help to protect wrapped (packed) food products from UV rays. The composite films showed good antibacterial activity against Gram-negative foodborne pathogen Aeromonas hydrophilla, and may have potential for food packaging applications.

Facile and Accelerated Method for Detection of Adulteration in Commercially Available Lime Juice Products in Iranian Marke

Background: The present study was aimed to introduce a rapid, simple and cost-effective method to detect adulterated lime juice products commercially available in the Iranian market. Methods: Twelve different brands of marketed lime juice products were randomly purchased from the local stores in Tabriz, Iran. Fresh lime juice, as a control, was prepared by squeezing lime fruits using a plain hand juicer. Ehrlich’s reagent was used for a colorimetric analysis; solid phase extraction-thin layer chromatography (SPE-TLC) technique was utilized for fingerprinting of methanol/water fractions of samples on the silica gel plates at two wavelengths of 366 and 254 nm, before and after spraying aluminum chloride reagent; and attenuated total reflectance-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) was used for further studies. Results: The obtained results from colorimetric analysis indicated appearance of orange-brown color indicating presence of limonoids in fresh lime juice and only five commercially available products. Regarding SPE-TLC fingerprinting, except for five products with identical or comparable TLC patterns to the fresh lime juice, other samples represented completely different TLC patterns, suggesting the presence of adulterants in these products. Therefore, the developed colorimetric and SPE-TLC techniques revealed some extents of adulteration in half of the studied products (58.3%). However, in the case of ATR-IR analysis, the obtained spectra were not illustrating enough to be applied for the detection of adulterated samples. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the described colorimetric method in combination with the developed SPE-TLC technique could be utilized for the preliminary screening of adulterated lime juice products.

A new species of the genus Apollophanes O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 (Araneae: Philodromidae) with the first record to the Atlantic rainforest.

Apollophanes has a wide distribution, with some species in Asia and most of the species recorded from North and Central America (World Spider Catalog 2016). New species described from the Galapagos Islands by Baert (2013) have extended the genus range to South America. According to Dondale and Redner (1975) and Dondale and Redner (1978), the species of Apollophanes have a moderately low prosoma, usually of yellow to orange-brown color and with black or brown spots on the lateral margins. The posterior eyes distances are equally spaced and the legs are long, slender and speckled with dark spots, with leg I usually being longer than IV (characteristic observed only in the male exemplar of the new species). The opisthosoma has a conspicuous heart mark, dark longitudinal spots on the lateral margins and a pale ventral region with purple spots. According to Dondale and Redner (1975) and Logunov (1996), Apollophanes shares some features with species of Cleocnemis, Thanatus and Tibellus, e.g. the shape and coloration patterns of the dorsal shield of the prosoma, as well as the slender legs with dark spots. Apollophanes can be distinguished from Cleocnemis by the presence of two tibial apophyses (ventral and retrolateral) and by the size of the copulatory ducts openings that are long slits that reach the posterior margin of epigastric furrow in Apollophanes, while in Cleocnemis the openings are shorter and situated in central region of the median septum (Dondale & Redner 1975). Apollophanes differs from Thanatus by the presence of macrosetae on the prolateral region of the metatarsus, and differs from Tibellus by the size of leg IV, that is longer than leg I (Dondale & Redner 1975).

Gossan Hill, Victoria Island, Northwest Territories: An analogue for mine waste reactions within permafrost and implication for the subsurface mineralogy of Mars

Gossan Hill is located within the Minto Inlier in central Victoria Island, Northwest Territories (N 71.36697°, W 114.95155°). A study of the mineralogical associations and geological setting of this deposit indicates that it is an arrested hydrothermal system frozen in permafrost. From above, the hill stands out because of the topographic relief of 75 m and the orange-brown color of the surficial material. The surface of the hill is marked by areas of concentric color zonation up to 3 m across, with light gray centers surrounded by a yellow–orange ring that is surrounded by an orange–brown color that covers the rest of the surface of the hill. Trenches dug into these areas reveal that the central zone contains quartz and pyrite +/− native sulfur in a loose aggregate of sand-sized grains. This central area is surrounded by a zone dominated by gypsum and quartz with some jarosite. Beyond this, the surrounding surface consists of quartz, hematite, and amorphous iron oxides. The radial arrangement of the mineral assemblage indicates an increase in oxidation of sulfur from the center outward. Analysis of isotopic composition of the sulfur indicates the source of sulfur could be the underlying strata. The hill is underlain by inter-bedded carbonate and sulfate-evaporite sedimentary rocks of the Kilian formation in the upper part of the Neoproterozoic Shaler Super group. The sedimentary rocks were intruded by diabase sills of the 720 Ma Franklin igneous event, which crop out 2 km to the south of Gossan Hill. The soft friable nature of the deposit and the topographic relief of the hill indicate a post-glacial (Pleistocene) age of formation. Permafrost has maintained the disequilibrium mineral assemblage since the cessation of fluid flow. Extraction of the permafrost ice from the central zone yields a liquid with a pH of 2.3. The observed long-term persistence of pyrite encased within the acidic permafrost indicates that oxidation and dissolution reactions common in mine waste are slowed, if not stopped, in such an environment. The predicted rise of Arctic temperatures will cause the active layer to move deeper and result in the release of the acidic solutions frozen in the permafrost. Water ice or frozen CO2 just below the Martian surface would also preserve such mineral disequilibrium for very long periods of time. No region exists on Earth where ice has existed continuously for millions of years, but the Gossan Hill deposit is an excellent terrestrial analogue. On Mars, the subsurface ice may be very old. Ancient reactive Martian mineral assemblages and the fluids associated with them will reflect conditions that existed in the past.

Exploring the power of homeopathy: how it helped avoid a renal transplant

Gossan Hill is located within the Minto Inlier in central Victoria Island, Northwest Territories (N 71.36697°, W 114.95155°). A study of the mineralogical associations and geological setting of this deposit indicates that it is an arrested hydrothermal system frozen in permafrost. From above, the hill stands out because of the topographic relief of 75 m and the orange-brown color of the surficial material. The surface of the hill is marked by areas of concentric color zonation up to 3 m across, with light gray centers surrounded by a yellow–orange ring that is surrounded by an orange–brown color that covers the rest of the surface of the hill. Trenches dug into these areas reveal that the central zone contains quartz and pyrite +/− native sulfur in a loose aggregate of sand-sized grains. This central area is surrounded by a zone dominated by gypsum and quartz with some jarosite. Beyond this, the surrounding surface consists of quartz, hematite, and amorphous iron oxides. The radial arrangement of the mineral assemblage indicates an increase in oxidation of sulfur from the center outward. Analysis of isotopic composition of the sulfur indicates the source of sulfur could be the underlying strata. The hill is underlain by inter-bedded carbonate and sulfate-evaporite sedimentary rocks of the Kilian formation in the upper part of the Neoproterozoic Shaler Super group. The sedimentary rocks were intruded by diabase sills of the 720 Ma Franklin igneous event, which crop out 2 km to the south of Gossan Hill. The soft friable nature of the deposit and the topographic relief of the hill indicate a post-glacial (Pleistocene) age of formation. Permafrost has maintained the disequilibrium mineral assemblage since the cessation of fluid flow. Extraction of the permafrost ice from the central zone yields a liquid with a pH of 2.3. The observed long-term persistence of pyrite encased within the acidic permafrost indicates that oxidation and dissolution reactions common in mine waste are slowed, if not stopped, in such an environment. The predicted rise of Arctic temperatures will cause the active layer to move deeper and result in the release of the acidic solutions frozen in the permafrost. Water ice or frozen CO2 just below the Martian surface would also preserve such mineral disequilibrium for very long periods of time. No region exists on Earth where ice has existed continuously for millions of years, but the Gossan Hill deposit is an excellent terrestrial analogue. On Mars, the subsurface ice may be very old. Ancient reactive Martian mineral assemblages and the fluids associated with them will reflect conditions that existed in the past.

Ecology, morphology and physiology of Chroothece richteriana (Rhodophyta, Stylonematophyceae) in the highly calcareous Río Chícamo, south-east Spain

The ecology of Chroothece was studied in the highly calcareous Río Chícamo, south-east Spain, in order to explain its success there, but rarity elsewhere. The river, which originates mainly from an underground aquifer, has water with high conductivity, sulphate and nitrate but low phosphate concentrations, the latter mainly organic. Chroothece occurs in mats and in lobed colonies reaching 4 cm in the broadest dimension. The colony surface consists of one layer of cells, each of which is attached to a stalk, which dichotomizes when the cell divides; stalks often extend to the colony base. The central region of many mat cells and almost all colony cells has a yellow to orange-brown colour, associated with the numerous lipid droplets densely covering the surface of the pyrenoid and arms of the star-shaped chloroplast. Field material and laboratory isolates indicate that stalk formation occurs under moderate P limitation and both stalks and cell sheath show high phosphatase activities. This also occurred in a culture collection strain maintained for 30 years in a very P-rich medium, but then transferred to a moderately P-limiting medium (c. 0.9 mg l−1). We suggest that colony formation is initiated by aggregation of motile cells following P pulses in the water. Comparisons are made with Rivularia, a competitor in this nitrate-rich river, in spite of being a N2-fixer. One difference is that Chroothece cells lie at the periphery of the colonies and are therefore exposed to maximum sunlight, whereas Rivularia trichomes grow inside colonies with photoprotection by scytonemin. However, the ability to withstand heavy grazing pressure may be an especially important factor favouring Rivularia here.

Preparation and characterization of visible light sensitive Fe- and Ta-codoped TiO2 photocatalyst

Titania (TiO2) was modified by codoping of Fe3+ and Ta5+ to absorb visible light. The codoped titania [(Fe,Ta)xTi1–xO2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1] were prepared by a solid state reaction or by the polymer complex method. With increased codoping, the optical absorption spectra are red-shifted and the color ranges from white to brown via yellow. Also, the codoped titania (0 < x ≤ 0.05) possesses photocatalytic activity for organic decomposition under visible light irradiation. The codoped titania (x = 0.01) with yellow color shows the highest activity among the codoped titania (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) and a higher activity than the 1% Fe3+-doped TiO2 with orange brown color.

Isolation and identification of Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi causing bleeding canker of horse chestnut in the UK

Since 2003 the incidence of stem bleeding on horse chestnut ( Aesculus hippocastanum ) has risen markedly in the UK. Symptoms include rusty-brown, or black, gummy liquid seeping from bark, and necrotic phloem with a mottled orange-brown colour. Some bleeding cankers have been so extensive that infected tissue encircled branches or trunks, causing dieback or tree mortality in 3–4 years. Previous episodes of horse chestnut bleeding canker were caused by Phytophthora spp., but considered uncommon and only recorded in southern England (Strouts & Winter, 2000). However, reports made to Forest Research Disease Diagnostic Advisory Service indicate the disorder is now present in England, Scotland and Wales, with a similar upsurge in bleeding canker also recorded in the Netherlands, Belgium and France. Culturing from the margins of the necrotic phloem on to various selective media rarely yielded Phytophthora spp. Instead a Gram-negative bacterium was isolated consistently. Ten isolates were characterized and were fluorescent on King’s medium B, produced levan on sucrose nutrient agar, were negative for oxidase and arginine dihydrolase, non-pectolytic and induced a hypersensitive response in tobacco (LOPAT+ — +). Fatty acid analysis and sequencing of the gyrase B ( gyrB ) gene (Sarkar & Guttman, 2004) indicated a single strain of P. syringae . The gyrB sequence was identical to that of P. syringae pv. aesculi (NCPPB3681) isolated from foliage of A. indica in India (Durgapal & Singh, 1980) and to a P. syringae strain isolated from leaf-spot symptoms on A. indica in Surrey in 2005. REP PCR analysis (Schaad et al ., 2001) showed all UK isolates shared identical profiles. Of the 25 amplicons identified using BOX-, ERICand REP PCR, 20 were common to NCPPB3681, indicating that all the strains were closely related. Suspensions of four UK isolates (1 × 10 7 CFU mL − 1 ) were inoculated through stem cuts into 5-year-old A. hippocastanum saplings. After 4 months, necrotic bark lesions (3–7 cm 2 ) formed around the inoculation points with some bleeding; no necrosis occurred with the water controls. Re-isolation and identification confirmed Koch’s postulates. This is the first report of P. syringae pv. aesculi outside India, and the impact of the bacterium on A. hippocastanum in the UK appears to be widespread and damaging.

Benzidine oxidation on cationic clay surfaces in aqueous suspension monitored by in situ resonance Raman spectroscopy

In situ resonance Raman spectroscopy was employed to correlate the blue, yellow, purple, and orange-brown colors with the organic species that appear in aqueous suspensions of benzidine and montmorillonite clay (BZ–MMT system) at several pHs. From pH 3 to 9, the radical cation of BZ ( BZ + ), which is responsible for the blue suspension color ( λ max ∼ 600 nm), is the predominant species. At pH lower than 3, the dication species BZ 2+ (yellow color, λ max ∼ 440 nm) is the main compound. When the blue BZ–MMT slurry is dehydrated, giving a yellow color, the resonance Raman technique indicates the presence of BZ + and BZ 2+ species. At pHs higher than 9, the orange-brown color is identified, for the first time, as poly(benzidine) (PBZ). A purple color developed after standing the blue BZ–MMT aqueous suspension for 3 weeks (so far not identified) comes from a mixture of BZ + and BZ 2+ species together with PBZ. The BZ oxidation on the synthetic Syn1 and pillared MMT clays in aqueous suspensions at different pHs was also investigated. In these acidic clays, BZ 2+ species was not identified maybe due to the predominance of the less reactive protonated BZ + on clay surfaces. At pHs above 9, these clay suspensions seem play a role of catalyst in the benzidine polymerization through the reaction between unprotonated BZ + radical cations.

Reduction of chlorine concentrations by using a greenbelt

Abstract This paper presents the experimental results of using a greenbelt to mitigate accidental releases of chlorine from a small storage installation. During the field tests carried out with the shrub Thuya orientalis , Linnaeus (oriental thuya), the ability of such a barrier of vegetation to mitigate accidental releases by reducing the chlorine downstream concentrations was investigated. Visible injuries to the shrubs exposed to chlorine have been noticed, since the damaged areas exhibited typical symptoms with needles necrosis and a burnt orange-brown color. Early defoliation was observed in the vegetation areas directly exposed to the gas plume. It was shown that in the presence of the greenbelt, the chlorine concentrations were lessened by a factor of 4 at a distance of 5 m downstream from the source. This dilution ability vanished swiftly with the distance downstream from the greenbelt.

Sobre o "ronca", doença de etiologia obscura em bovinos, caracterizada por respiração ruidosa

São apresentados os resultados de estudos realizados sobre uma doença de evolução crônica em bovinos, de etiologia obscura, cuja caraterística principal é uma respiração ruidosa. Esta doença é conhecida nos Estados do Piauí, Rio de Janeiro e Mato Grosso do Sul, onde a sua ocorrência foi verificada, pelos nomes populares de "ronca", "roncadeira" ou "ronqueira". Os dados mais importantes da doença, baseados nos históricos, em observações próprias, exames clínicos, necropsias de 12 bovinos, complementadas por exames histopatológicos e analises químicas de amostras de fígado para microelementos, são a respiração ruidosa na inspiração, que aparece ou se intensifica a medida que se lida com os animais, irritabilidade, emagrecimento progressivo e morte após alguns meses até dois anos. Exames de sangue, realizados nos estudos no Piauí, revelaram uma condição normo-cítica hipocrômica; esfregaços de sangue não revelaram nada digno de nota. À necropsia se constatou às vezes coloração alaranjada do fígado e coloração alaranjada/marrom dos linfonodos do hilo do fígado. Exames da cavidade nasal, especialmente dos cornetos, e da laringe, não revelaram nenhuma alteração. Os exames histopatológicos evidenciaram como lesão principal hemossiderose acentuada do fígado, sempre presente, bem como do baço e de linfonodos. Análises de amostras de fígado revelaram em todos os animais afetados pela doença, nas três regiões, valores muito baixos de cobre e muito elevados de ferro. Dois bovinos afetados pela doença, transferidos para região indene, continuaram com a respiração ruidosa durante mais de um ano. À necropsia destes animais não foram encontradas lesões, além de alguns achados não relacionáveis com a doença. Nos exames histopatológicos foi constatada hemosside-rose no fígado, baço e em linfonodos, porém menos acentuada que nos casos de "ronca" examinados no local de sua procedência. As análises de amostras de fígado revelaram valores normais para cobre e de ferro ainda altos, mas menos acentuados que nos bovinos com "ronca" no local de sua procedência. Os estudos realizados não permitiram desvendar a razão da respiração ruidosa. É levantada a suspeita, que a deficiência de cobre tenha influência na patogênese do "ronca", em que, porém, devem estar envolvidos ainda outros fatores para a formação do quadro.

Using Spatial Information Technologies to Map Chinese Tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis) Infestations

This paper describes the application of airborne video data with global positioning system and geographic information system technologies for detecting and mapping Chinese tamarisk infestations in the southwestern United States. Study areas were along the Colorado River in southwestern Arizona, the Rio Grande River in extreme west Texas, and the Pecos River in west-central Texas. Chinese tamarisk could be readily distinguished on conventional color video imagery in late November when its foliage turned a yellow-orange to orange-brown color prior to leaf drop. The integration of the global positioning system with the video imagery permitted latitude/longitude coordinates of Chinese tamarisk infestations to be recorded on each image. The global positioning system latitude/longitude coordinates were entered into a geographic information system to map Chinese tamarisk populations along the three river systems.

An endoevaporitic microbial mat within a gypsum crust:zonation of phototrophs, photopigments, and light penetration

MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 128:151-159 (1995) - doi:10.3354/meps128151 An endoevaporitic microbial mat within a gypsum crust: zonation of phototrophs, photopigments, and light penetration Oren A, Kühl M, Karsten U We characterized a layered community of cyanobacteria and purple bacteria that developed within a gypsum crust on the bottom of a hypersaline saltern pond (salinity 280 to 290 g l-1) in Eilat, Israel. The upper 1 to 2 cm of the 4 to 5 cm thick gypsum crust is inhabited by carotenoid-rich unicellular cyanobacteria (Aphanothece sp. and others), imparting an orange-brown color to the gypsum. Under the brown layer, a green layer dominated by unicellular cyanobacteria of the genus Synechococcus is found, with filamentous Phormidium-type cyanobacteria as a minor component. Below these layers of oxygenic phototrophs is a red layer of purple bacteria. We studied the optical properties of the gypsum crust, both by characterization of the pigments present in the different layers and by measuring spectral scalar irradiance at different depths in the crust, using fiber-optic microprobes. In the upper 2 mm of the crust, a maximum of scalar irradiance of up to 200% of incident light was measured. Light in the blue range of the spectrum (400 to 500 nm) was effectively absorbed by the protective carotenoids (myxoxanthophyll, echinenone, and others) in the upper brown layer. However, significant amounts of light in the red part of the spectrum penetrated down to the green layer to enable photosynthesis: about 1% of the incident irradiance at 620 and 675 nm reached the green layer at a depth of 15 mm, and &GT1% of the incident light in the infrared part of the spectrum reached the purple bacteria located at a depth of 20 to 23 mm. Cyanobacteria . Purple bacteria . Gypsum . Endoevaporitic microbial mat . Carotenoids . Scalar irradiance Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 128. Publication date: November 23, 1995 Print ISSN:0171-8630; Online ISSN:1616-1599 Copyright © 1995 Inter-Research.