Oral Stereognostic Ability Research Articles

ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ СТЕРЕОГНОСТИЧЕСКОЙ СПОСОБНОСТИ ЯЗЫКА В АДАПТАЦИИ ПАЦИЕНТОВ К ПОЛНЫМ СЪЁМНЫМ ПРОТЕЗАМ

Assessing a patient's ability to adapt to new dentures is still a challenge in orthopedic dentistry. The term oral stereognosy refers to the ability of a person to adequately assess the shape and geometric dimensions of solid objects using tactile receptors of different oral tissues. Oral stereognostic ability assesses human oral function and also determines patient response to various orthopedic treatments. This is achieved by the association of more than one group of mechanoreceptors distributed simultaneously across multiple oral structures. At the same time, sensory abilities vary greatly in different structures of the oral cavity depending on the concentration of sensory afferent nerve endings in each of these tissues. In the tongue, the anterior part and tip are more sensitive than the posterior part, similarly, the middle part shows greater tactile sensitivity than the lateral parts. Surface mechanoreceptors usually adapt rapidly and are known to play an exceptional role in exteroceptive tactile recognition and, accordingly, in tactile examination of objects in an intraoral manner. At the same time, a number of studies indicate significant deviations of tongue functions that form in conditions of complete absence of teeth, the most demonstrative of which is the violation of stereognosy. In this regard, the topic of oral stereognosis is closely related to the general state of the human oral cavity, to the process of dental orthopedic treatment and adaptation to it - all this requires special study.of dental orthopedic treatment and adaptation to it - all this requires special study.

ORAL STEREOGNOSTIC EFFICIENCY AMONG DENTULOUS AND EDENTULOUS PATIENTS

Aim/ Objective: To evaluate oral stereognostic efciency among dentulous and edentulous patients. Introduction: Stereognosis is the ability of the person to identify shape, size, texture, weight of an object using tactile sensations without looking at them. The study was conducted to examine the difference Methodology: in oral sensory function by testing the subjects with their oral stereognostic ability (OSA) and to determine the effect of wearing complete dentures on OSA. The OSA tests were conducted with various shapes of wax pellets approved by NIDR for stereognosis. A total of 20 dentate and 20 edentulous subjects free from oral symptoms and pathologies participated in this study. Before starting the study, subjects inclusion and exclusion criteria was informed. Results: The answers were recorded using Mc cord and smith three-point scale. ANOVA and paired t-tests were used to examine signicant differences. P-values <0.005 were considered to be statistically signicant. The OSA score in dentate subjects was signicantly higher than in edentate subjects. Oral stereognostic ability decreases with age; however, oral sensory function w Conclusion: as not signicantly different between fully dentate persons and complete denture wearers in the elderly.

Base Metal Denture Bases - Clinical indications

It has been more than eight decades since the introduction of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in prosthetic dentistry. Despite so many advances in material science, the use of PMMA is unabated. Its ability to be molded into desired shape and biocompatibility, are significant for its success. Certain clinical conditions do however contraindicate its uses in prosthesis, and pave way for base metal alloy denture bases. These conditions are so common, yet they are missed clinically by even most astute clinicians. This case series in the form of multiple case reports provides the reader a glance into the clinical indications for metal denture bases in complete denture prosthodontics. Each case has been explained on the basis of its particular indication. The advantages and disadvantages of metal denture bases in such situations has been discussed. A case of menopause, sorption related denture changes, need for improving oral stereognostic ability and cases where poor adaptation of denture base acrylic is inevitable are key description of this article.

Evaluación de la estereognosia oral en pacientes completamente edéntulos con toros palatinos

Background: The corollary is not investigated in the completely edentulous patients with palatal tori. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the oral stereognostic ability in completely edentulous patients with palatal tori. Material and Methods: Thirty-four completely edentulous patients aged 50 to 89 years were allocated to Group 1 (without palatal tori, n=18) and Group 2 (with palatal tori, n=16). The oral stereognostic test was conducted using 6 intraoral test pieces (circle/square/rectangle/triangle/plus/toroid) that were fabricated to standard dimensions using the light cure acrylic resin. Each test piece was placed in the patient’s mouth and was asked to manipulate the test piece between the tongue and the palate. The patients identified the shapes by matching them on a shape chart. Each correct identification was assigned a score of 1. The response time taken to identify each shape was recorded. Statistical computation was done using a chi - square test and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Significant difference was observed in the overall scoring percentages between the 2 groups (p<0.05). Group 2 had lower oral stereognostic scores compared to group 1 (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the mean response time for identifying the shapes among the groups, however group 2 patients had longer response time. Conclusion: Oral stereognostic ability of the completely edentulous patients with torus palatinus was lower when compared to completely edentulous patients without tori.

Effect of complete dentures on oral stereognostic ability in edentulous patients: A systematic review.

Aim:Oral stereognosis is an important sensation for a human being to percept any type of materials that are introduced in the oral cavity. It is defined as the ability of an individual to recognize objects using only tactile sensation without using vision, audition, balance, somatic function, taste, or smell. The primary purpose of this review was to evaluate the effect of complete dentures on oral stereognostic ability in edentulous subjects.Settings and Design:Systematic review based on PRISMA guidelines.Materials and Methods:A systematic search of the electronic databases like PubMed and Web of Science was done using keywords – “stereognosis,” “oral stereognosis,” “complete denture,” and “complete edentulism.” In addition to this, a manual search of references mentioned in the articles and gray literature was done. Data extraction and assessment were done by two independent reviewers.Statistical Analysis Used:Qualitative analysis.Results:The literature search yielded a total of 61 articles. Thirteen duplicate articles were removed and 36 articles were rejected after initial screening of titles and abstracts. A total of 12 articles were selected for full text reading and 5 of them were included for qualitative analysis.Conclusion:All the included studies showed complete denture treatment therapy improved stereognostic ability in terms of correct identification of test pieces and time taken to identify the objects. There is also a direct relationship between the adaptability of dentures and stereognostic ability.

Evaluation of oral stereognosis, masticatory efficiency, and salivary flow rate in complete denture wearers.

Aim:The aim of the present study was to evaluate the improvement in oral stereognostic ability, masticatory efficiency, and difference in salivary flow rate in nonexperienced denture wearers, before, after, and 6 months after rehabilitation with complete dentures.Settings and Design:Invivo – Observational study.Materials and Methods:Seventy edentulous subjects were selected who came for rehabilitation with complete dentures for the first time. The study was conducted in three stages–before denture insertion, after denture insertion, and 6 months after denture insertion. Oral stereognostic ability was evaluated by asking the subjects to identify six heat cured acrylic resin samples by oral manipulation without seeing it. The unstimulated salivary flow rate was estimated by measuring the time taken to collect 5 ml of the whole saliva. Masticatory efficiency of the subjects was assessed with the help of preweighed chewing gums. The chewing gums were desiccated after the chewing strokes and weighed again.Statistical Analyses Used:Data were tabulated and analyzed statistically using pairedt-test, one-way ANOVA test, and the post hoc test.Results:Oral stereognostic ability increased immediately on insertion of complete dentures and was still higher 6 months post insertion of dentures. Comparison of the means of masticatory efficiency after denture insertion and 6 months after denture usage gave highly significant values (p< 0.001). The salivary flow which increased immediately following denture insertion returned to almost normal 6 months after denture insertion.Conclusion:The study support the hypothesis that the presence of dentures improve oral sterognostic ability and masticatory efficiency.

Comparative study of evaluation of the oral stereognostic ability between diabetic and nondiabetic complete denture wearers with and without denture

The diabetic subjects would have impaired oral stereognostic ability (OSA) compared with normal subjects due to diabetic neuropathy and microcirculatory disturbances. This study was conducted to compare the OSA between diabetic and nondiabetic complete denture wearers with and without denture. In this in vivo study the present comparative study comprised of seventy edentulous subjects (36 males and 34 females), aged from 35 to 84 rehabilitated with complete dentures (among them 35 were diabetic and 35 subjects were nondiabetic complete denture wearer). The OSA tests were conducted using acrylic test samples of 12 shaped forms, which were placed in patient's mouth for a given period of time for identification and scored according to three-point scale as OSA score and the identification time was also recorded. The data obtained were analyzed using Chi-square test, t-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient (P < 0.05). In this study, diabetic complete denture wearers got the mean OSA score of 12.43 ± 3.93 without dentures, which was lower than nondiabetic complete denture wearer group (14.82 ± 4.44). There was a significant difference (P = 0.020*) in the identification of test pieces. Within limitations of this study, diabetic complete denture wearers showed decreased OSA than nondiabetic subjects, particularly it was significant while not wearing dentures. Oral stereognosis may be used as one of the clinical aids in predicting patient's performance to a prosthesis. Based on their response, we can educate the patient about the prognosis.

Relationship between oral stereognostic ability and dietary intake in older Japanese adults with complete dentures

PurposeOral stereognostic ability (OSA) is a useful indicator of oral perception to recognize food characteristics during mastication. Previous studies have shown associations between dietary intake and oral health status, such as taste perception. However, the effect of oral sensory ability on dietary intake is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between oral sensory ability and dietary intake in older Japanese complete denture wearers. MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 164 participants aged 69–71 or 79–81years old, wearing both maxillary and mandibular complete dentures. OSA test was used to evaluate oral tactile perception. Diet during the preceding month was assessed using a self-administered diet history questionnaire. Multivariable linear regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between OSA score and food and nutrient intake after adjusting for age, sex, socioeconomic factors, and occlusal force. ResultsThe bivariate analysis showed that OSA score was significantly and positively correlated with intake of green and yellow vegetables and negatively correlated with intake of cereals among examined foods. OSA score was also positively correlated with intake of vitamins A, B2, and C and α-tocopherol (as a substitute for vitamin E) among examined nutrients. After adjusting for age, sex, socioeconomic factors, and occlusal force, OSA score remained significantly associated with intake of green and yellow vegetables and α-tocopherol. ConclusionsOSA was significantly associated with intake of green and yellow vegetables in older complete denture wearers.

Comparative Evaluation of Oral Stereognostic Ability of Dentulous and Edentulous Population

Comparative Evaluation of Oral Stereognostic Ability of Dentulous and Edentulous Population

Impact of cognitive function on oral perception in independently living older people.

Oral tactile perception is important for better mastication, appetite, and enjoyment of food. However, previous investigations have not utilized comprehensible variables thought to have negative effect on oral perception, including aging, denture wearing, and cognitive function. The aim of this study was to elucidate the impact of cognitive function on oral perception in independently living older individuals. The study sample was comprised of 987 participants (466 males, 521 females; age 69-71years). Oral examinations, assessments of cognitive function in preclinical level by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)-J, and determination of oral stereognostic ability as an indicator of oral perception were performed. Related variables were selected by univariate analyses; then, multivariate logistic regression model analysis was conducted. Univariate analyses revealed that number of teeth, removable dentures usage, and cognitive function respectively had a significant relationship with stereognostic score. Next, the subjects were classified into good and poor perception groups (lowest 17.4%) according to oral stereognostic ability. Logistic regression analysis revealed that lower cognitive function was significantly associated with poor oral perception (OR = 0.934, p = 0.017) after controlling for other variables. Cognitive decline even in preclinical stage was associated with reduced oral perception after controlling for gender, tooth number and denture use in independent living older people. This study suggested that preclinical level of change in cognitive function affected oral perception. Dental practitioners and caregivers may need to pay attention to reduced oral perception among older people even if they do not have trouble in daily life.

An investigation of oral stereognostic ability in patients with stroke : A cross-sectional study

목적: 본 연구는 뇌졸중 환자의 일반적 특성에 따른 구강 입체인지지각 능력의 차이를 알아보고 구강 입체인지지각 능력과 인지기능 사이에 상관관계를 조사하였다. 방법: 본 연구에 84명의 뇌졸중 환자가 참여하였다. 구강 입체인지지각 검사(Oral Stereognostic Test; OST)는 입 안에 각기 다른 도형 20개를 넣고 구분하였다. 구강 입체인지지각 검사는 구강 입체인지지각 총점과 검사 동안 응답에 대한 반응속도(Respone Time; RT)를 확인하였다. 간이 정신상태 검사(Mini-Mental State Examination; MMSE)로 인지기능을 확인하였다. 모든 측정은 임상경력 3년 이상의 작업치료사가 수행하였다. 결과: 실험 후, 흡인과 같은 부작용은 발생하지 않았다. 뇌졸중 환자의 성별, 마비측, 뇌졸중 유형에 따른 구강 입체인지지각 총점, 반응시간, 인지기능의 차이는 보이지 않았다. 손상위치에 따른 인지기능은 유의한 차이가 있었다. 천막상 뇌졸중 환자는 천막하 뇌졸중 환자보다 인지기능에서 유의하게 더 낮은 점수를 나타냈다. 구강 입체인지지각 총점과 인지기능은 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 결론: 본 연구의 결과는 구강 입체인지지각과 인지기능이 상관이 있으므로 임상에서 이를 고려한 훈련을 실시해야 함을 의미한다. 또한 뇌졸중 환자의 구강 입체인지지각에 대한 기초자료로 유용하게 쓰일 수 있을 것이다.This study was to investigate the differences in oral stereognosis according to general characteristics of stroke patients and the correlation relationship between oral stereognosis and cognitive function. Eighty four stroke patients have participated in this study. The Oral Stereognostic Test (OST) was to tell between 20 different pieces placed in the mouth. OST test was measured in two ways: One is OST total score and the other is the response time (RT) of the test. MMSE was used to identify the cognitive function. Occupational therapists who had over three years of clinical career conducted all measurements. After the experiment, there was no adverse event such as aspiration. No difference was found in OST, RT, and MMSE by sex, hemiplegia side, and stroke type in stroke patients (p>.05). There was a significant difference in MMSE according to the lesion site; the patients with supratentorial strokes showed significantly lower scores on MMSE than those with infratentorial strokes (p<.05). OST and MMSE showed a significant correlation (p<.05). These results demonstrate that one should consider this when conducting clinical training because oral stereognosis and cognitive function are each correlated. It may also be useful as a neuroanatomical basis for oral stereognosis in stroke patients.

Evaluation of Oral Stereognosis in Relation to Tactile Ability and Patient Satisfaction.

We investigated the oral stereognostic ability (OSA) of dentate individuals, conventional complete denture patients, and maxillary implant-supported denture patients with bar attachments. Stereognosis tests were carried out, and the relationship between OSA and patient satisfaction was assessed with a satisfaction survey: the Turkish version of the oral health impact profile-14 (OHIP-TR-14). To compare differences in oral sensory function among individuals with natural dentition, complete denture wearers, and maxillary implant-supported denture wearers, tactile awareness (thickness perception threshold) and pressure awareness (threshold of lateral loading) were assessed. According to the results, the oral perception level of natural dentate patients was higher than that of the complete denture group and maxillary implant-supported complete denture group at the end of the study. There was no statistically significant difference in OHIP-TR-14 scores between the maxillary implant-supported complete denture group and the complete denture group ( P < .05). The control group perceived the applied lateral and vertical forces statistically earlier than the other groups ( P < .001). There was no statistically significant difference between the complete denture and maxillary implant-supported denture groups in terms of the lateral pressure threshold or thickness tactile threshold ( P > .05). At the end of the study it was concluded that there was no correlation between oral perception levels and satisfaction in patients with complete dentures and patients with maxillary implant-supported complete dentures. The control group, compared with the complete denture and maxillary implant-supported complete denture groups, perceived the lateral and vertical forces statistically earlier than the other groups.

Detection of Decrease in Stereognostic Ability of the Tongue in the Middle-Agers

We previously reported that senior aged people display reduced stereognostic efficiency of the tongue compared to the young adults, and suggested the feasibility of getting over this situation applying the training protocol mentioned by us. The same important issue to the development of therapy for decreased function is study on prevention of aging-dependent functional decline. Early prevention of the oral stereognostic ability decrement might be the better option while investigation of the issues should be considered during the early onset of the conditions in aged patients. This study was conducted to understand the efficiency of tongue’s stereognostic characteristics for middle-aged people with a comparative understanding with young adults. This analysis related to tongue was conducted in 78 young adults (mean age: 24.5 years) and 33 middle-agers (mean age: 50.5 years). The method applied in this study contained 20 varied shaped test pieces in the oral cavity of the subjects. The observations revealed that most of the young adults were able to identify different shaped test pieces compare to the older participants (mean correct number of responses: 16.8 and 15.2, respectively; p<0.001). Depending on the shapes the test pieces were divided into six groups. It was found that misidentification of a piece by the young participants lead to selection of similar piece belonging to the same group. Selection of pieces from other group was almost nil. On the other hand, the older participants (middle-agers) also identified test pieces less often from separate groups. Differences in degree of decrease in the stereognostic ability between middle-agers and seniors whose ability was reported previously were also discussed.

Oral stereognosis pattern in patients with dental prosthesis in the elderly population

Background and Aim: All medical and dental therapies to a large extent depend on patient's compliance for a successful treatment, especially in an organ like oral cavity that contains a complex sensory mechanism. This study is aimed to study the role of aging on sensory perception and the impact of loss of teeth and their prescribed prosthetic replacements on the oral stereognosis. Methods: The study was conducted on 150 subjects who were divided into five groups with 30 subjects belonging to each group. The groups were categorized into dentulous, completely edentulous, edentulous wearing maxillary denture, edentulous wearing mandibular denture, and edentulous wearing both dentures. Subjects were asked to place test specimens of 12 different shapes and the same had to be identified in the oral cavity. Response time was determined as the time interval between placement and first sign of indication. Results: After statistical analysis, results demonstrate that aging of an individual affects both oral stereognostic analysis score and response time. Presence of dentures also had a direct influence on the areas tested. Conclusion: While prescribing complete denture prosthesis or orthodontic fixed appliances, one must take into consideration the state of dentulism and existing dental prosthesis if any, as it can enhance or ameliorate patients oral stereognostic ability.

Evaluation of oral stereognostic ability after rehabilitating patients with complete dentures: in vivo study.

Stereognosis has been defined as the appreciation of the form of objects by palpation. Whilst this definition holds good for the manual exploration of objects, it is possible for the shape of objects to be explored intra orally referred to as oral stereognosis. To better understand patients' relative satisfaction with complete dentures, differences in oral stereognostic perception, based on the identification of 6 edible objects was analyzed in a group of 30 edentulous individuals at 3 stages, namely, just before (pre-treatment), 30min after (30min post-treatment) and 1month after (1month post-treatment) the insertion of new dentures. The time required to identify each object was recorded and the correctness of identification of each object was scored using oral stereognostic score. Descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon signed rank test, Spearman's rank correlation test, Pearson Chi square test was used to statistically analyze the data obtained. OSA scores was significantly increased 1month post-treatment compared to 30min post-treatment (p<0.05). It was found that Oral stereognostic test is reliable for measuring patients' oral stereognostic perception and may be used as one of the clinical aids in appreciating the functional limitations imposed by the prostheses.

The Effect of Oral Submucous Fibrosis on Oral Stereognostic Ability. A Preliminary Study

This study aimed at evaluating the effect of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) on oral stereognostic ability. The study group comprised 14 patients having OSMF with no tongue involvement or any restriction in tongue mobility; the control group comprised 15 patients free from any oral symptoms. All patients in both groups had at least 26 teeth present and were of ages 20 to 40 years. Oral stereognostic ability was evaluated on the basis of correct recognition responses to test pieces of 12 geometric forms made from raw carrot. Of the 12 test pieces, six were large, and six were small. Test pieces were placed on the dorsum of the tongue near the apex. The test was performed three times by each patient in both groups, and no time limit was set for the identification of the test pieces. Responses were recorded using the three-point scale method. Student's t-test was used to calculate significant differences between the means of the two groups. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05. The mean of the total score was comparable between the study group and the control group, with no statistical significant difference observed. Test pieces with corners (mainly triangle) were recognized more correctly than those without corners. The study indicated that the oral stereognostic ability of the study group did not significantly differ from that of the control group.

A study to evaluate the effect of oral stereognosis in acceptance of fixed prosthesis

The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the oral stereognostic ability and satisfaction for fixed prosthesis in human being. The present study was carried out on 40 subjects, the purpose being to investigate the relation of oral perception to diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Two types of cast metal crowns--one had morphology closely resembling original tooth and other one confirmed to ideal contours were constructed on endodontically treated posterior tooth. One cast metal crown was randomly selected from two cast metal crown and fitted on prepared tooth. Oral stereognostic score of subject was determined by correct response to questionnaire based on the recognition ability of subjects. Patient satisfaction level was checked by psychometric parameter Likert scale. Same procedure was repeated with other type of cast metal crown. Data obtained were compared by paired and unpaired two sample t-test. Oral stereognostic score and satisfaction score were found to be higher for cast metal crown with morphology resembling to original tooth due to recognition and discriminatory ability of subjects and recall-memory. Oral stereognostic level was found to be higher in younger than older subjects. The level of satisfaction was found to be higher in older subjects than younger subjects. It was concluded that acceptance of fixed prosthesis is not only based on dentist's routine procedure of treatment and patient's judgment about oral health, function, and esthetics, but also depends upon patient's oral perception and discriminatory skill for external morphology of fixed prosthesis.

Relation between oral stereognosis and masticatory efficiency in complete denture wearers: an in vivo study

Aim: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the possible association between the oral stereognostic ability and masticatory efficiency at the time of denture insertion and after 6 months in complete denture wearers. Methods: Sixty edentulous patients were selected. The study was conducted in two parts. First, on the day of denture fit-in oral stereognostic ability test was conducted, followed by masticatory efficiency was carried out. The patients were recalled for check up after 6 months and the same test was performed again. Data were tabulated and analyzed statistically by paired t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: There was weak correlation between oral stereognosis and masticatory efficiency. Many opinions have been presented in the literature in the past regarding oral stereognosis. The issue whether oral stereognosis also helps in patients’ adaptation towards complete denture prosthesis is still ambiguous. No consensus has been reached. This study is further an attempt to understand the basic physiology of oral stereognosis and whether there is any possible relation between oral stereognosis and masticatory efficiency. Conclusions: Within the limitation of this study, it can be concluded that oral stereognostic ability improves with time, which might be due to adaptation to the denture. As adaptation towards denture improves masticatory efficiency improves as well. This study showed that there might be a weak association between oral stereognosis and masticatory efficiency.

Influence of palatal coverage on oral function

Oral sensorimotor function performs an important role in mastication. This study investigated the influence of wearing experimental palatal plates on masticatory efficiency and oral stereognostic ability (OSA), and the relationship between these two functions. Fifteen young adults with healthy dentitions (mean age, 26.4 years) participated in this study. Masticatory efficiency was determined using a sieving method and OSA test was conducted by 12 shaped forms. These tests were performed in random order under three different conditions: control (without experimental plate), Plate-A (a horseshoe-shaped and 10mm in width from the gingival cuff) and Plate-B (the entire palate was covered). The thickness of experimental plate was 1.5mm. The statistical significance level was set at P<0.05. Masticatory efficiency was significantly reduced with Plate-B, but not with Plate-A, compared with control. OSA scores were not significantly influenced by the presence of either plate. A significant positive correlation existed between masticatory efficiency and OSA score in control and with Plate-A, but not with Plate-B. We suggest that wearing Plate-A had no influence on masticatory efficiency and did not disturb oral sensorimotor control of the masticatory mechanism, while wearing Plate-B reduced masticatory efficiency and might have an effect on the relationship between OSA and mastication in young dentate adults.

Oral Stereognostic Ability during Adaptation to New Dentures in Experienced and Non-experienced Complete Denture Wearers

Oral Stereognostic Ability during Adaptation to New Dentures in Experienced and Non-experienced Complete Denture Wearers