Changes In Oral Mucosa Research Articles

A Comparison of Kawasaki Disease during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.

The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast Kawasaki disease (KD) with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. A retrospective analysis of the medical records of patients diagnosed with KD and MIS-C at a single institution from July 2020 to November 2021 was performed. The study included 39 MIS-C patients (84.6% male) with a median age of 138 months and 17 KD patients (58.8% male) with a median age of 36 months. The MIS-C patients were older (p < 0.001) and had prolonged hospitalizations (p = 0.023), elevated neutrophil counts (p < 0.001), C-reactive protein (p < 0.001), procalcitonin (p < 0.001), interleukin-6 (p < 0.014), ferritin (p < 0.001), fibrinogen (p < 0.001), troponin I (p = 0.001), NT-proBNP (p < 0.001), and D-dimer levels (p < 0.001). There were more cases of hypotension (p = 0.024), decreased left ventricular function (p = 0.023), and a greater need for corticosteroids (p < 0.001), enoxaparin (p = 0.045), and therapeutic plasma exchange (p < 0.001). Kawasaki disease patients had a greater incidence of rash (p < 0.001), changes in oral mucosa (p < 0.001), conjunctival injection (p < 0.001), extremity changes (p < 0.001), and cervical lymphadenopathy (p < 0.001). They had a longer duration of fever (p < 0.001), elevated white blood cell count (p < 0.001), platelet count (p < 0.001), and alanine aminotransferase level (p < 0.001). The two groups were similar regarding the hemoglobin levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, albumin levels, and the frequency of coronary aneurysm, myocarditis, pericarditis, invasive mechanical ventilatory support, and intravenous immunoglobulin treatment. Advanced patient age, a greater presence of gastrointestinal and cardiac findings associated with hypotension, increased NT-proBNP levels, decreased left ventricular function, the use of various treatment modalities, and longer hospital stays suggest MIS-C, whereas prolonged fever and classical clinical features of KD favor KD.

Oral mucosal changes caused by nicotine pouches: case series

Oral nicotine pouches are the latest products in the tobacco industry. They are manufactured by large tobacco companies and entice tobacco or nicotine addicts, although the products are presented as a ‘harmless choice.’ Nevertheless, dentists and oral health specialists worry about oral mucosal changes due to product interactions with the oral mucosa. Unfortunately, there are no case reports of oral mucosal changes from nicotine pouches that are also investigated histopathologically. The aim of the present study was to visually and histopathologically investigate oral mucosal changes in nicotine pouch users. An online retrospective survey regarding medical and dental health, dietary habits, and tobacco consumption habits was conducted (n = 50). Respondents were selected for further intraoral and histopathological investigation based on the inclusion criteria. All five respondents had oral lesions that were histopathologically analyzed. Visually, the lesions varied in form and intensity, but all appeared white at the location where the pouches were placed. Histopathological analyses revealed parakeratosis with acanthotic epithelium, intraepithelial and connective tissue oedema, and chronic inflammatory infiltration with lymphocytes and macrophages. Participants received information about nicotine cessation and oral health recommendations. In conclusion, nicotine pouches significantly impacted oral mucosa with white lesions that revealed important changes at the cellular level.

The effect of derum (bark of Juglans regia tree) extract on oral mucosa: An in vivo study based on epithelial atypia in rabbit model

Background and objectivesDerum, the bark of walnut tree (Juglans regia) has been used as a traditional tooth cleanser and chewed for its ability to bestow purple color to oral mucosa, tongue and lips Studies have shown that derum extract could affect oral epithelium after long term exposure, causing dysplasia. The aim of this in-vivo study was to evaluate the degree of epithelial dysplasia caused by varying durations and frequencies of topical derum application on oral mucosa of rabbits. Materials and MethodsFollowing ethical approval, derum extract was applied to the buccal vestibule of New Zealand white rabbits over three different periods (60 days, 120 days, 180 days) and two different protocols were used (daily application and once every 3 days). Accordingly, the animals were divided into four groups (A – daily derum application/B – derum applied once in 3 days/C – Positive control and acetone applied every alternate day/D – negative control), and three batches (I – 60 days/II – 120 days/III – 180 days). The animals were sacrificed, and oral biopsies prepared and examined under light microscope. The magnitude of epithelial changes was evaluated using epithelial atypia index (EAI) based on Smith and Pindborg histological grading system (1969) for epithelial dysplasia. ResultsMild dysplastic changes were detected in animals treated with derum extract regardless of the period of application. Similar results were noted among positive control group, and highest score was recorded in group A followed by group B with high tendency towards long-term derum application. Moderate changes were encountered only in group A that received derum for 180 days. Statistically, long-term derum application (180 days / Batch III in groups A and B), irrespective of the frequency of application, resulted in significantly higher mean EAI scores than all other groups or batches. ConclusionBased on this study, prolonged and frequent use of derum can induce dysplastic changes in rabbit oral mucosa, ranging from mild to moderate dysplasia. Further studies with extended times of exposure of derum to oral mucosa are recommended to document these adverse effects as an evidence base.

Menopause and Oral Health: Clinical Implications and Preventive Strategies

ABSTRACT Menopause, occurring typically between the ages of 45 and 55 years, marks the end of a woman’s reproductive years and is characterized by the cessation of menstruation and a significant decline in estrogen and progesterone production. These hormonal changes impact various aspects of health, including oral health. This review explores the clinical implications of menopause on oral health and outlines preventive strategies. Hormonal changes during menopause can lead to xerostomia (dry mouth), periodontal disease, burning mouth syndrome (BMS), oral mucosal changes, altered taste sensation, and osteoporosis-related oral health issues. Xerostomia results from decreased salivary flow, increasing the risk of dental caries and oral infections. Periodontal disease is exacerbated by estrogen deficiency, leading to bone loss and increased tooth mobility. BMS, characterized by a chronic burning sensation, and oral mucosal atrophy are linked to hormonal fluctuations. In addition, altered taste perception and osteoporosis further complicate oral health management. Effective prevention and management strategies include regular dental checkups, good oral hygiene practices, and tailored treatments such as fluoride treatments, saliva substitutes, and hormone replacement therapy. Nonpharmacological approaches such as stress management and lifestyle modifications also play a role. This review emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, involving dental and medical professionals, to address the complex oral health challenges faced by menopausal women. Understanding the underlying mechanisms and implementing evidence-based preventive measures can significantly enhance the oral health and overall well-being of menopausal women.

Relationship between Kawasaki disease and abdominal pain

This editorial presents an analysis of an article recently published in the World Journal of Clinical Cases . Kawasaki disease (KD) is a well-known pediatric vasculitis characterized by fever, rash, conjunctivitis, oral mucosal changes, and swelling of the extremities. This editorial aims to delve into the intricate relationship between KD and abdominal pain, drawing insights from recent research findings to provide a comprehensive understanding and potential avenues for future investigation.

Iron Deficiency Anemia and Its Impact on Oral Health-A Literature Review.

Oral disease interventions primarily focus on behavioral changes like dietary improvements and ensuring better oral hygiene. However, recognizing the influence of biological factors, including genetics and early-life nutrition, is crucial. Iron deficiency (ID) and its advanced form, iron deficiency anemia (IDA), affect nearly two billion people globally, especially children and pregnant women. We conducted a comprehensive search using Medline via EndNote and Web of Science, employing keywords related to iron deficiency anemia (IDA), and we identified 36 studies deemed relevant for inclusion in this literature review. IDA prevalence is notably high among pregnant women and young children. Both IDA and early-childhood caries (ECC) disproportionately affect impoverished populations, highlighting the socioeconomic dimension of this issue. IDA presents with various oral mucosal changes and is closely linked to candidiasis. Additionally, IDA can hinder tooth development and weaken the immune response. Multiple population surveys have revealed a significant association between ECC and IDA. While some studies have explored the IDA-periodontal disease link, the current evidence is relatively limited in its robustness. In conclusion, more comprehensive longitudinal studies are essential to deepen our understanding of the IDA-oral disease connection. Investigating the underlying biological mechanisms is critical to developing effective interventions, particularly for vulnerable populations affected by IDA.

Effects of Smokeless Tobacco on Oral Health: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Smokeless tobacco (SLT) consumption poses a significant global public health challenge because of its adverse effects on oral health. Although the detrimental impact of SLT on oral tissues is well-documented, understanding its multifaceted effects is essential for effective prevention and intervention strategies. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the impact of SLT on oral health, focusing on various clinical parameters and their differences between placement and non-placement sites of SLT. A cross-sectional study involving 528 habitual users of SLT was conducted. Clinical parameters included the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), gingival recession (GR), and probing depth (PD). Oral mucosal changes at SLT placement sites have also been reported. Statistical analysis was performed to compare parameters between the placement and non-placement sites. The study involved 528 subjects, mostly male (82%) and aged 21-40 years (mean±SD=31.14±9.10), habitual users of SLT. Prevalent SLT types included tobacco with betel nuts/masala/gutkha (59.9%) and tobacco with lime (54.5%). Significant differences were observed between SLT placement and non-placement sites: higher gingival inflammation (GI) at placement sites (1.54±0.61 vs. 1.45±0.54, p=0.01), lower GBI at placement sites (40.0% vs. 84.3%, p=0.001), and more prevalent GR (65.7% vs. 34.3%, p=0.03) at placement sites. Probing depths ≥ 3 mm were also less frequent at placement sites (2.67±0.72) than non-placement sites (3.37±1.03, p=0.001). These results highlight the detrimental impact of SLT on periodontal health, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions among SLT users. SLT use is associated with adverse effects on oral health, including GI, plaque accumulation, gingival bleeding, GR, and changes in the oral mucosa. Targeted interventions and public health policies are needed to address these issues effectively.

Management of Garbhini Mukhpaka with Kavala Dharana

It is well known that in pregnancy various physiological and pathological changes occurs. Most of which are reversible after delivery. Due to hormonal changes during pregnancy the changes in oral mucosa are also seen. The reasons for these changes are not well known established. Of all the changes the one most well-known is stomatitis. In Pregnancy hormone fluctuation causes changes in saliva making mouth more susceptible to ulcer. Physical and emotional stress of pregnancy aggravates the factor for mouth ulcer. In Ayurveda this condition is known as Mukhpaka, Acharya Sushruta has described under Mukhroga. Among 65 Mukhroga it comes in Sarvasara Roga and these are of three types. In modern science it is treated by maintaining oral hygiene and by using tropical anaesthetics, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs. Many of these drugs are of unknown adverse effect that cannot be frequently used in pregnant women. In Ayurveda it is treated by various methods like Kwatha, Gandusha, etc. In Kashyapa Samhita this Garbhini Vikara is treated with the administration of Kavala of Haridra and Daruharidra. Then Kavala of Sneha/Sugar added water and of Lodhra Kwath Kawal and at the end dusting of Lodhra Choorna is done, and with intake of powder of Manjistha, Ghrashi, Sariva, Mochras, with honey.

Assessment of Cytological Changes of Oral Mucosa in the Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: This study aims to investigate cytological changes of oral mucosa in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 25 patients with GERD and 25 healthy persons underwent buccal mucosa brush biopsy for cytological assessment. The observed cellular changes were categorized(14) as Class I: normal; Class II: atypical; Class III: intermediate; Class IV:suggestive of cancer; Class V: positive for cancer. Results: All 50 participants (mean age 39.9± 11.8, 24 male) completed the study and were included in statistical analysis. Ordinal logistic regression (overall model test p&lt;0.001) showed GERD was a significant predicator for cytological changes of the oral mucosa (p&lt;0.001). Age and gender were not significant predicators (p˃0.05). Conclusion: GERD is associated with cellular alterations in the buccal mucosa, which can be detected by cytology. The most common outcomes were nuclear hyperchromatism and grade II cellular changes.

Effect of different types of smoking on oral health and on cellular changes in oral mucosa

ObjectivesSmoking is known to be a major risk factor for several diseases. Recently, electronic cigarettes have been introduced to the market; however, their effect on oral health has not been well studied yet. We aim to compare the effect of different types of smoking on oral health and to evaluate cytomorphological changes in oral mucosa among different types of smokers. Study designA total of 112 participants were recruited, conventional cigarette smokers (n = 28), electronic cigarettes smokers (n = 26), hookah smokers (n = 29) and non-smokers (n = 29). Oral examination, brush cytology and salivary flow test were performed. Cytological smears were stained and examined for cytomorphological changes. Oral symptoms, type, and frequency of smoking were obtained through questionnaires. SPSS program was used for statistical analysis. ResultsMost of the oral symptoms reported in this study were among conventional and electronic cigarettes smokers. While hookah smokers reported the least oral symptoms. Increase in DMFT and gingival index were observed among all smokers, mainly among conventional cigarettes smokers. Conventional cigarette and hookah smokers were found to have the most significant cellular changes. Electronic cigarette smokers had certain cellular changes as well. ConclusionAll types of smoking adversely affect oral health and can induce cellular changes in the oral mucosa.

Oral mucosal changes in tight junction proteins in patients with oral lichen planus.

This study aimed to investigate the expression of tight junction, its distribution pattern in oral lichen planus samples and its potential association with the severity of oral lichen planus. Cross-sectional study designs were conducted. Transcriptome sequencing was conducted using oral mucosal tissues from 22 patients with oral lichen planus and 11 healthy controls. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription PCR were performed to verify the expression of claudin-1, claudin-4, occludin and zonula occludens-1 in oral mucosal tissues from another 30 patients with oral lichen planus and 26 healthy controls. The relationship between tight junction protein expression and oral lichen planus severity was explored using correlation analysis. 5603 and 2475 differentially expressed genes were upregulated and downregulated respectively, in oral lichen planus tissues. KEGG analysis showed that tight junctions including CLDN1, CLDN4, OCLN and TJP1 were downregulated in oral lichen planus. Claudin-1, claudin-4, occludin and zonula occludens-1 expression was verified to be significantly lower in oral lichen planus. Furthermore, correlation analyses showed that decreased occludin expression was positively related to oral lichen planus severity. Decreased expression of TJ barrier proteins may be associated with the development of oral lichen planus.

Differentiating Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children from Kawasaki Disease During the Pandemic.

We aimed to delineate the distinctive characteristics that aid in distinguishing between Kawasaki disease (KD) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) with KD-like manifestations during the pandemic. We evaluated KD patients and MIS-C patients with KD-like symptoms admitted during the pandemic (between January 2021 and December 2022). Thirty-three MIS-C patients and 15 KD patients were included. Kawasaki disease patients were younger than MIS-C patients (3.4 vs. 7.6 years). Rash (P = .044, 100% vs. 75.7%), oral mucosal changes (P = .044, 100% vs. 75.7%), and cervical lymphadenopathy (P = .001, 93.3% vs. 42.4%) were more common in KD. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: patients had more hypotension (P = .002, 45.4% vs. 0), gastrointestinal (P .001, 72.7% vs. 13.3%), and respiratory symptoms (P = .044, 24.2% vs. 0). Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children patients also had low lymphocyte and thrombocyte counts and elevated levels of d-dimer, ferritin, and cardiac parameters, unlike KD patients. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children patients exhibited a notable reduction in left ventricular systolic function in echocardiography. Another significant difference with regard to management was the anakinra treatment, which was prescribed for MIS-C patients. Although MIS-C patients might display a clinical resemblance to KD, several features could help differentiate between MIS-C and classical KD. Specific clinical (hypotension, gastrointestinal, and respiratory symptoms) and laboratory (low lymphocyte and thrombocyte counts with higher C-reactive protein, ferritin, d-dimer, and cardiac parameters) features are characteristic of MIS-C. In addition, divergence in management strategies is evident between the 2 diseases, as biologic drugs were more prevalently employed in MIS-C patients than in classical KD patients.

Subjective Oral Dryness following Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: A Report from the Orastem Study

Xerostomia, or subjective oral dryness, is a serious complaint after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Xerostomia is rated as one of the most bothersome symptoms by HCT recipients, negatively affecting quality of life. This substudy of the Orastem study, a prospective longitudinal, international, observational, multicenter study, aimed to describe the prevalence and severity of xerostomia following HCT. Furthermore, the effect of the conditioning regimen, type of transplantation, and oral mucosal changes related to chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) in the development of xerostomia were studied. All HCT recipients rated xerostomia on a scale of 0 to 10 before the conditioning regimen, several times early post-HCT, and at 3 months post-HCT, and only allogeneic HCT recipients also rated xerostomia at 6 and 12 months post-HCT. In addition, stimulated whole mouth saliva was collected several times. Linear regression models and longitudinal mixed-effects models were created to investigate the influence of risk indicators on xerostomia. A total of 99 autologous and 163 allogeneic HCT recipients were included from 6 study sites in Sweden, Canada, the Netherlands, and the United States. The prevalence of xerostomia was 40% before the conditioning regimen, 87% early post-HCT, and 64% at 3 months post-HCT. Complaints after autologous HCT were transient in nature, while the severity of xerostomia in allogeneic HCT recipients remained elevated at 12 months post-HCT. Compared to autologous HCT recipients, allogeneic HCT recipients experienced 1.0 point more xerostomia (95% confidence interval [CI], .1 to 2.0) early post-HCT and 1.7 points more (95% CI, .4 to 3.0) at 3 months post-HCT. Allogeneic HCT recipients receiving a high-intensity conditioning regimen experienced more xerostomia compared to those receiving a nonmyeloablative or reduced-intensity conditioning regimen. The difference was 2.0 points (95% CI, 1.1 to 2.9) early post-HCT, 1.8 points (95% CI, .3 to 3.3) after 3 months, and 1.7 points (95% CI, .0 to 3.3) after 12 months. Total body irradiation as part of the conditioning regimen and oral mucosal changes related to cGVHD did not significantly influence the severity of xerostomia. Conditioning regimen intensity was a significant risk indicator in the development of xerostomia, whereas total body irradiation was not. Allogeneic HCT recipients experienced more xerostomia than autologous HCT recipients, a difference that cannot be explained by a reduction in stimulated salivary flow rate or the development of oral mucosal changes related to cGVHD.

Prevalencija lezija oralne mukoze kod institucionalizovanih starijih osoba

Background: The presence of mucosal changes and variations is quite high among institutionalized adults. Aim: The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of oral mucosal changes among the institutionalized elderly. Material and method: The presented data originate from research done in the period from May-July 2018 in "Mother Teresa" nursing home in Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia. The investigation included a total number of 70 subjects older than 65 years and it was focused on the presence of mucosal changes. In describing the changes in oral mucosa we have used two differentiated termslesion or pathological change and variation from normal. Results: During the examination of the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions we have found that all the subjects have at least one oral change in their oral cavity. The average number of oral changes among the examined institutionalized elderly is 2,24 ± 0,69. Total number of diagnosed changes on oral mucosa among all 70 subjects was 157. In the group of normal mucosa, variations dominate status fordyce (35.71 %) and coated tongue (28,57%). In the group of pathological changes, there is a domination of the lesions associated with the wearing of prosthetic devices-ulcerous changes caused by the prosthetic devices (15.71%) and stomatitis protetica (10%). Conclusion: In the investigated population, there is a one hundred percent presence of oral changes. Most of them are variations of the oral mucosa. But more important pathological lesions are those associated with wearing prosthetic devices. Also, it is very important to stress that pathological lesions require constant monitoring.

Study the cytologic changes In Oral Mucosa of Normal and Diabetic patient using H&amp;E, PAP, PAS and PAS-Diastase Stain

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is the fifth most common chronic condition and the sixth most frequent cause of death among elderly. An estimated 100 million people are affected by diabetes mellitus world-wide. It represents an extreme disturbance in glucose metabolism with severe hyperglycemia and insulin deficiency Objective: The objective of this research was to study the effect of diastase enzyme on the glycogen content of the epithelial cells of normal and diabetic patients in oral exfoliative cytology. Materials and Methods: Ten control subjects and ten diabetic patients (study group) were taken, four oral smears for both control and study group from the buccal mucosa were taken and stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain, Papanicolaou (PAP) stain, periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stain and PAS-Diastase (PAS-D) stain. Results: Glycogen is stained magenta with PAS and was absent on PAS(D) stained slide because of glycogen digestion by diastase enzyme. Such detection of glucose can help in the diagnosis of diabetes. Conclusion: The results of our study showed that exfoliative cytology of the oral cavity, when stained with PAS-D, can be used as an effective screening and diagnostic tool for DM patients.

DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS IN ORAL CANCER: CURRENT APPROACHES

Oral cancer is due to over expression of growth of abnormal cells which rapidly multiply and divide. oral cancer is the sixth most common tumour in the world and the highest mortality and morbidity rate amongst all the human malignancies. Betal nut, chewing pan and smokeless tobacco, intake of alcohol and chronic viral infections like human papilloma virus are some of the etiological factors of oral cancer. The pathogenies of oral cancers depend upon the interaction between the genetic, epigenetic and carcinogenetic factors and their association with tumour growth and the progression of cancer. Genetic alteration changes give rise to a multiplex of oral mucosal changes like cellular and architectural and dysplastic changes which help in grading of tumour (well-differentiated, moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated) oral cancer. K-67 and cyclin D1 are strong genetic changes taking place in oral malignancies. Diagnostic biomarkers are an essential tool for the early detection and better prognosis of oral cancer. There are invasive and non-invasive procedures for the diagnosis of oral cancer which include invasive procedures like biopsy and the non-invasive or minimally invasive procedures are blood, plasma, serum and saliva. The oral cancer biomarkers can be detected by taking the samples from cancer patients and running the molecular laboratory techniques like real time PCR for liquid biopsy, DNA sequencing, hybridization technique, single nucleotide polymorphism analysis and immunofluorescence for FFPS.&#x0D; Methylation includes hypermethylation and hypomethylation in which there is a defect in the promotor region of CPG island. The methylation process takes place in the early phase of the initiation of cancer so it is an important biomarker for the early detection of oral cancer. HOXA9, NID2, P16 AND PTEN are the genes of interest for hypermethylation in early cancer detection.&#x0D; Viral infection load like Epstein bar virus (EBV)and human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA load have specific biomarkers which can help in the early detection of oral cancer when combines with hypermethylation. Interferon and microRNA related gene are also upregulated in tumour and a biomarker for early detection of oral cancer.

Paraqitja e stomatitit dhe të gjeturat citologjike te bartësit e protezave totale

The aim of this research was to determine cytologi- cal changes in wearers of acrylic-based complete den- tures. The study was conducted at the Prosthodontics Clinic in the Clinical Dental Center of the University Clinical Center of Kosovo (UCCK). The study included an experi- mental group (EG) and a control group (CG). Samples for cytological analysis were taken from oral mucosa areas in close contact with the denture base from both groups. The samples were analyzed in the pathology laboratory. Statistical data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and values expressed in percentages. A high keratinization index was recorded in the EG, while no keratinization was found in the CG. The picnotic and eosinophilic indexes were either not found at all or were low. Granular debris in 58.0% of the EG had low presence, moderate in 30.0%, and considerable in 8.0%. A low number of granulocytes were found in 68% of the EG, and a moderate presence in 34.0%. In 88% of the CG and 86% of the EG, erythrocytes were not found to be present. A weak presence of bacterial flora was recorded in 64.0% of the CG and 82% of the EG. Epithelial cells were recorded in both CG and EG at 60.0%. Parabasal cells were not found to be present in 96.0% of the CG and 100.0% of the EG. The presence of interstitial cells was significantly present in 100.0% of the CG and 94% of the EG. The wearing of complete dentures manifests with keratinous changes in oral mucosa. To control these changes, it is necessary to alter patients’ oral hygiene practices, focusing on cleaning and disinfecting the dentures, removing them for 24 hours during the night or even during the day for intervals of 6 to 8 hours within a day.

Oral Mucosal Changes in Acrylate Prosthesis Wearers Among Diabetic Patients: A Review Article

Oral Mucosal Changes in Acrylate Prosthesis Wearers Among Diabetic Patients: A Review Article

Management of burning mouth syndrome

In this review, we discuss some practical strategies that can be useful for clinicians in the interdisciplinary and individualised management of patients with burning mouth syndrome. Burning mouth syndrome (stomatodynia, glossodynia) is a chronic, idiopathic pain syndrome accompanied by a sensation of pain or burning, scalding, pinching, numbness or stinging without clinical changes in oral cavity mucosa in the absence of abnormalities in additional tests. In addition to the above symptoms, burning mouth syndrome is characterised by a sensation of oral dryness (xerostomia), distortion of the sense of taste (dysgeusia), and food hypersensitivity. Patients may further report mood swings, anxiety, insomnia, personality disorder, chronic fatigue, headache or carcinophobia. Burning mouth syndrome has a clear predisposition to perimenopausal females, and significantly affects not only the quality of life of patients but also that of their families. The aetiopathogenesis of the disease is not fully understood, and treatment predominantly focuses on symptomatic relief. Topical therapies involve benzydamine, clonazepam, capsaicin, lidocaine, lactoperoxidase, and sucralfate. Antidepressants, antiepileptics, atypical neuroleptics, and benzodiazepines have been used in systemic pharmacological management of burning mouth syndrome. Burning mouth syndrome therapy should be a combination of pharmacological and neuromodulating effects with psychological support for both patients and their families. The therapeutic strategy should be highly personalised, interdisciplinary, and holistic.

Assessment of oral tissue alterations in patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2.

The aim of this study was to investigate oral mucosal changes in patients with confirmed moderate-scale severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. We analyzed 85 COVID-19 patients (50 males, 35 females) with an average age of 53.6 years, treated at the prehospital infectious disease center and Aldent University Clinic in Tirana, Albania, from May 2021 to June 2022. Elevated C-reactive protein levels were observed in 82 patients (±44.20), with 20 patients showing significant fibrinogen increase (mean ± 5.85 g/L), and 22 patients having elevated D-Dimer (mean ± 336.6 mg/mL). Despite the absence of anticoagulant history, 13 patients exhibited bleeding. Xerodermia, xerostomia, and angular cheilitis were noted, with 41 patients displaying angular cheilitis. In 82 patients, oral mucosal and tongue examinations revealed color changes from white to bright yellow, with brown edema. Pigmentation in the fixed gingiva of upper and lower front teeth was observed in 35 patients. Oral mucosal changes during COVID-19 appear more influenced by drug treatment and disease progression than the infection itself, suggesting that secondary factors play a significant role. Despite the oral cavity's potential for viral entry, these changes seem connected to other underlying causes.