Oral Manifestations Of Tuberculosis Research Articles

Oral and Maxillofacial Manifestations of Tuberculosis Presented to Primary Health Care Centres in Port Sudan, Sudan

Tuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in humans. Robert Koch, a German physician, discovered the Tuberculosis bacillus in 1882 [1]. It has been a worldwide major health problem for centuries. Although the disease’s prevalence reduced decades ago, it still has extremely high prevalence in Asian and African countries. It may take any form clinically, but with decline in number, these tuberculosis lesions of oral cavity have become so rare that they are frequently overlooked in the differential diagnosis of oral lesions. Although, oral manifestations of tuberculosis has a rare occurrence, but it has been considered to account for 0.1-5% of all TB infections.

Ulcer in the Disguise-A Rare Case Report

Tuberculosis (Tb) is an infectious disease which usually affects the pulmonary system and sometimes occursin other body organs including the oral cavity. The present article is on a case study of a 25-year femalediagnosed with TB osteomyelitis which presented a non-healing and non-painful ulcer both intra and extraorally. The diagnosis was confirmed based on histopathology. The patient underwent anti-TB therapy andher oral and systemic conditions improved rapidly. Although oral manifestations of tuberculosis are rare,clinicians should include them in the differential diagnosis of various types of oral ulcers. An early diagnosiswith prompt treatment can prevent complications and potential contaminations. Tuberculosis of the oralcavity is rare and have become a forgotten diagnosis of oral lesions. Dental practitioners need to be awarethat TB may occur in the oral cavity and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any ulcerated,indurated non-healing lesion of the oral cavity, especially in lower socioeconomic groups. Besides, effortsshould be made to control oral TB by early detection and referral of the patient to a physician for propermanagement. Clinicians are to be careful about ulcers in disguise.

Transbuccal delivery of metal complexes of isoniazid as an alternative to overcome antimicrobial resistance problems.

In isolated isoniazid (INH)-resistant strains, deletion or mutations in thekatGgene have been identified, which result in loss of catalase-peroxidase activity. This enzyme plays a key role in the activation of this prodrug. As an alternative, the coordination of the INH to metal complexes has been purposed to activate it regardless of enzyme functionality. Although pentacyanido(isoniazid)ferrate(II) complexes have shown to be effective against resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, low oral bioavailability was found. In this context, buccal mucosa was selected as an alternative route to the metal complex delivery. Moreover, oral manifestations of tuberculosis(TB) have been observed in some patients, particularly when resistant strains are present, and no therapeutic options are currently available on the market. Pentacyanidoferrate (PCF-INH) and Prussian-blue (PB-INH) complexes were initially prepared and characterized, followed by buccal permeability studies in Franz-type diffusion cells. The electrochemical potential of the complexes demonstrated their ability to self-activate. Job's method suggested the presence of structural defects in PB-INH complexes, which was correlated with permeability results. In fact, PB-INH showed a higher dissociation rate in salt-rich aqueous medium and thus a high transport rate of INH through the buccal mucosa. Its passage through the tissue would not be possible due to the high molecular size. PCF-INH, in turn, presented a lower dissociation rate in the salt-rich aqueous medium, justifying its slower transport rate through the tissue. Taken together, these results suggest that INH-based metal complexes may be efficiently administered through the buccal route, impacting on both oral bioavailability and microbial resistance.

Oral tuberculosis diagnosed from exfoliative cytology - two case reports

Oral lesions of tuberculosis though uncommon, are seen in both the primary and secondary stages of the disease. Primary oral tuberculosis is very rare and may present a diagnostic challenge for the clinician. This article presents two rare cases of oral tuberculosis manifesting as non-healing oral ulcers which were suspected to be squamous cell carcinoma on clinical examination. The cases were detected initially by exfoliative cytology of oral ulcer and subsequently confirmed by histopathological examination and Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) stain of the cytosmears. The patients underwent anti-tuberculosis therapy and the oral conditions improved rapidly. Although oral manifestations of tuberculosis are rare, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of various types of oral ulcers with the non-healing tendency.

Synchronous Oral Paracoccidioidomycosis and Pulmonary Tuberculosis in an Immunocompetent Patient

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) and tuberculosis (TB) are chronic granulomatous diseases. In approximately 70% of all cases of PCM, there is oral involvement, presenting as ulcerations with a granular surface and tiny hemorrhagic areas. In contrast, oral manifestations of TB, consisting of single ulcers with irregular margins and a necrotic base, are uncommon. The combination of PCM and TB is an unusual condition whose diagnosis can represent a challenge to healthcare professionals. A 70-year-old immunocompetent male was referred for evaluation of oral lesions. His medical history revealed a previous diagnosis of pulmonary TB. However, even during treatment for TB, the oral lesions persisted and there was intense pulmonary fibrosis. The physician requested serological testing for Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, which was positive. After incisional biopsy of the oral lesion, histopathological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of PCM. Treatment with itraconazole was started, and the oral lesions showed complete resolution. The patient was still under treatment and no recurrence had been observed.

Oral health status and awareness among tuberculosis patients in an Indian population

BackgroundKnowledge and awareness regarding oral health problems of tuberculosis patients are lacking among patients, physicians, as well as dental practitioners. AimThis study aimed to assess the oral health status and awareness among the tuberculosis patients in an Indian population. MethodsStudy sample comprised of 210 tuberculosis patients and 210 nontuberculosis subjects. The tuberculosis patients were categorized into new patients (group A), previously treated (group B), and drug-resistant tuberculosis patients (group C). History of present problem and awareness about oral health was noted. Periodontal health status was ascertained using Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Other oral findings were also recorded. ResultsThe results were analyzed statistically. 62.9% of total tuberculosis patients had one or more oral problems. Most common problem was tooth pain (34%). CPI score was significantly higher (p<0.05) for tuberculosis patients (2.94) than in control group (1.34). Mean CPI score for groups A, B, and C patients was 2.83, 2.91, and 3.09, respectively. ConclusionThis study suggests awareness of oral health status and oral manifestations of tuberculosis among physicians and dental professionals.

Extensive Inflammatory Gingival Tumor in a Young Nonsmoking Woman: Back to Basics.

Tuberculous lesions of the oral cavity are rare and can be a diagnostic challenge, particularly in young immunocompetent patients. Most of the cases in the literature are secondary to pulmonary disease, whereas primary form is uncommon. This paper presents a case of gingival tuberculosis in a 26-year-old Indian female patient, manifesting as a rapidly extensive ulcer. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology and immunological investigations. Although oral manifestations of tuberculosis are rare, clinicians should include them in the differential diagnosis of various types of oral ulcers. An early diagnosis with a prompt treatment can prevent complications and potential contaminations.

Oral Manifestations of Tuberculosis: Step towards Early Diagnosis.

Tuberculosis, as known universally, is a chronic infectious disease that can affect any part of the body including mouth. It usually affects the lungs, TB bacilli can spread hematogenously to other parts of the body and this also includes mandible or maxilla. It can occur in the mouth involving the tongue with very unusual features and forms. So oral lesions, although rare, are very important for early diagnosis and interception of primary tuberculosis.

Oral manifestations of tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is still among the most life-threatening infectious diseases, resulting in high mortality in adults. A significant proportion of patients (15-25%) exist in whom the active TB infection is manifested in an extrapulmonary site. Healthcare workers, including dentists, are at the frontline and can make an important contribution to the control of this infectious epidemic. Oral TB has been considered to account for 0.1-5% of all TB infections. Nowadays, oral manifestations of TB are re-appearing alongside many forgotten extrapulmonary infections as a consequence of the outbreak and emergence of drug-resistant TB and of the emergence of acquired immune-deficiency syndrome.

Primary tuberculosis of the tongue in an immunocompetent patient: A case report

Tuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous disease which can affect any part of the body. Lung is the most common site of primary disease, however it can occur in other organs as well specially in immunocompromised state. Secondary spread occurs from a healed primary focus or due to endogenous spread of the infection. Oral manifestations of tuberculosis are usually secondary to infection of other parts of the body. Primary tuberculosis of the oral cavity including that of the tongue is rare. Here we present the case of a fifty year old patient presenting with growth on tongue which on histology and Ziehl-Neelsen staining was proved to be tuberculosis.

Global Oral Health Inequalities

Four oral mucosal infections were identified as Global Oral Health Priorities: (a) HIV and associated viral, bacterial, and fungal infections; (b) tuberculosis; (c) NOMA; and (d) sexually transmitted diseases. Huge global inequalities exist in all four. HIV-associated infections constitute the major challenge. Oral manifestations of AIDS can be specifically diagnostic, indicating a significant role for dentists within health teams. The World Workshops in Oral Health & Disease in AIDS have identified a research program, elements of which are being implemented. Data on oral mucosal involvement in tuberculosis, syphilis, and gonorrhea are incomplete in developed countries and virtually non-existent in low- and middle-income countries, indicating the need for further epidemiological studies. Oral manifestations of tuberculosis and sexually transmitted diseases are largely associated with general health, so action programs should be integrated with agencies treating the systemic diseases. NOMA is very much in the oral health domain. It is a preventable disease associated with malnutrition and unidentified bacterial factors. Prevalence is probably grossly overestimated at present; but nevertheless it constitutes a challenge to the profession, especially in the NOMA belt. Current treatment is surgical, but plans for its eradication should be achievable. The global oral health community, especially the IADR, has a major role to play.

Dental considerations in patients with respiratory problems.

Many respiratory disorders can compromise routine dental care and require special treatment for the affected patients. Patients often visit the dental clinic with respiratory problems already diagnosed by other specialists. The dental professional therefore must provide correct dental care in the context of such a diagnosis. The present study offers a literature review of those respiratory disorders which can have implications for dental care. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma require special measures, such as working with the patient in the vertical position, since some of these subjects do not tolerate decubitus. On the other hand, patients with COPD can suffer infectious lung diseases secondary to the aspiration of microorganisms in the presence of deficient periodontal conditions. The treatments received by patients with respiratory diseases can also influence their oral health. In this sense, it has been shown that inhalatory medication used for asthma can cause oral disorders such as xerostomia, oropharyngeal candidiasis and an increased presence of caries (due to the action of β-agonists), as well as gingivitis. In contrast, oral manifestations of tuberculosis are infrequent. The clinical appearance of the lesions is very similar to that of squamous cell carcinoma; it is therefore important to establish a correct differential diagnosis in such cases. Mention also will be made of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), characterized by critical narrowing and occlusion of the upper airways during sleep. In this context, the dental professional is often directly implicated in the management of such patients by preparing and fitting oral devices designed to advance the mandible. Lastly, mention will be made of dental management in the event of foreign body aspiration, where rapid intervention by the dental professional is critical. The basic approach in such cases is adequate prevention.

Oral tuberculosis in an asymptomatic pulmonary tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) has been a worldwide health problem for centuries. It most commonly affects the lungs, but rare oral manifestations of TB have been reported. The aim of this paper is to present a case of painful erythematous lesion of oral cavity in undiagnosed asymptomatic pulmonary tuberculosis. This case is unusual in that the appearance of the painful oral lesion caused the patient to seek professional care and was concurrent with quiescent pulmonary disease.

Primary Lingual Tuberculosis in Immunocompetent Patient: a Case Report

Oral manifestations of tuberculosis are quite rare with an incidence rate of 1.4%. The tongue is the most common site of oral tuberculosis having varied presentations. Lingual tuberculosis is a diagnostic dilemma because of its rarity, particularly in immunocompetent patients. We are reporting a rare case of primary tuberculosis of the tongue in a 38 year old male diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology.

The microbiological detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from oral lesion

Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The oral manifestations of tuberculosis have been reported. The objectives of this study was to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis from oral lesions by swabbing. Samples were received from collected primary data on annually clinical report status and then clinical intra oral examination was performed. Oral lesions were swabbed and cultured using Lowenstein Jensen media, Middlebrook 7H9 and Middlebrook 7H10. Positive culture were recorded and observed everyday until 8 weeks. From 66 samples, there were 2 patients with ulcer as an oral clinical manifestation with location on the tongue. Culture examination revealed 2 positive samples. It was inferred that Mycobacterium tuberculosis could be detected in oral lesion by swabbing.