Oral-genital Contact Research Articles

Recurrent Peritonsillar Abscess Caused by Vaginal Flora: A Common Problem From a Unique Source.

Peritonsillar abscesses (PTAs) are typically caused by group A Streptococcus or mixed oral flora. Gardnerella vaginalis is a part of the normal vaginal microbiome, and overgrowth can cause bacterial vaginosis. We present a case of recurrent PTA with G. vaginalis superinfection, which occurred after the patient performed oral sex on a female after incision and drainage of her initial PTA. The patient continued to have recurrent PTAs until G. vaginalis was identified, and antibiotic coverage was broadened to cover both group A Streptococcus and G. vaginalis. This case highlights the importance of culturing PTA aspirate for directed antibiosis in persistent or recurrent infections. The rare superinfection also raises the question of advising abstinence from oral-genital contact after oral procedures to minimize risk of superinfection.

(136) Sexual Behavior among Asexual Men and Women in the Czech Population

Abstract Introduction Asexuality is usually defined as a lack of sexual attraction to others; however, asexuals may engage in sexual activity. Previous research has shown that asexuals are less likely to engage in sexual intercourse and masturbation than allosexuals. But information about detailed aspects of sexual behavior among asexuals is still scattered. Objectives The main aim of this study was to map the sexual behavior of asexual men and women. In addition, the usage and pleasurability of various sex positions in asexuals were explored. Methods Participants were recruited in 2020 via a sociodemographic agency using computer-assisted web interviewing software. Stratified random sampling with quotas on Czech nationality, region, size of the place of residence, sex, age, and education was applied. A representative sample of 1,616 adult men (n = 806; 21–85 years; mage = 50.65; SD = 15.52) and women (n = 810; 20–91 years; mage = 50,62; SD = 16.15) answered questions about selected dimensions of sexual behavior in the last year. Results Approximately 2.1 % (n = 17) of men and 1.6 % (n = 13) of women indicated they were asexual. Preliminary results showed that asexual women had more sexual intercourse per month in the last year (7–10 vs. 4–6 occasions) compared to asexual men. Asexual women and men had the same average number of orgasms per month achieved during partner sexual activities with a long-term partner in the last year (2–3x). Asexual men had a stronger desire for sexual activity with a partner per month (7–10x vs. 4–6x), a higher number of masturbations per month and orgasms achieved during masturbation (2–3x vs. none), and a higher number of searches for erotic/pornographic materials per month in the last year (2–3x vs. none). Asexual women expressed a higher preference for sexual activities with a partner, whereas asexual men expressed a similar preference for sexual activities with a partner and masturbation. Based on median frequencies of sexual positions used in the last year, asexual women reported engaging in most penile-vaginal sexual positions (1–2x) but not sexual positions with oral-genital contact. Among asexual men, face-to-face/male above was the only reported sexual position used in the last year (1–2x). Asexual women and men reported face-to-face/male above, face-to-face/female above, and kneeling/rear entry as the most pleasurable sexual positions. Conclusion Consistent with previous research, we found that asexuals may engage in sexual intercourse and masturbation. Asexual women were more likely to engage in sexual intercourse with various penile-vaginal sexual positions. In contrast, asexual men experienced stronger sexual desire and were more likely to engage in masturbation. No discrepancy was found in the rated pleasurability of several sexual positions. Thus, our results suggest that asexual women may prefer sexual activities with a partner, whereas asexual men may prefer autosexual activities. Disclosure No.

Socio- spiritual approaches towards rehabilitation of the victims of sexual molestation in Zimbabwe: An African pastoral care perspective

Sexual molestation is a common phenomenon in communities globally, particularly in situations of family disintegration and periods of political violence and economic instability that cause migration and displacement. Molestation comes in various forms including sexual harassment, fondling, oral-genital contact, penetration and intercourse which is dehumanizing. This causes the victims to suffer physical, psychological and spiritual problems. Therefore, there is a need to provide a holistic pastoral care approaches that address the problems resulting from molestation. This paper seeks to explore ways in which the victims of sexual molestation in Zimbabwe may be healed spiritually and psychologically and their dignity be restored. It will begin by discussing the challenges that arise due to sexual molestation and propose some pastoral care approaches that promote holistic healing and restoration of the victims. The paper utilizes the theoretical framework of the ubuntu theology of the Nobel laureate the late Archbishop Desmond Tutu of South Africa. His theory helps in the understanding of the role of pastoral care for the victims of sexual molestation in the Zimbabwean context. This is a non-empirical research based on analysing secondary sources of data through a desk-top study approach. The paper contributes to insights on how ubuntu-informed pastoral care practices can promote the restoration of the dignity of the victims of sexual molestation.

Digital-Assisted Self-interview of HIV or Sexually Transmitted Infection Risk Behaviors in Transmasculine Adults: Development and Field Testing of the Transmasculine Sexual Health Assessment.

The sexual health of transmasculine (TM) people-those who identify as male, men, or nonbinary and were assigned a female sex at birth-is understudied. One barrier to conducting HIV- and sexually transmitted infection (STI)-related research with this population is how to best capture sexual risk data in an acceptable, gender-affirming, and accurate manner. This study aimed to report on the community-based process of developing, piloting, and refining a digitally deployed measure to assess self-reported sexual behaviors associated with HIV and STI transmission for research with TM adults. A multicomponent process was used to develop a digital-assisted self-interview to assess HIV and STI risk in TM people: gathering input from a Community Task Force; working with an interdisciplinary team of content experts in transgender medicine, epidemiology, and infectious diseases; conducting web-based focus groups; and iteratively refining the measure. We field-tested the measure with 141 TM people in the greater Boston, Massachusetts area to assess HIV and STI risk. Descriptive statistics characterized the distribution of sexual behaviors and HIV and STI transmission risk by the gender identity of sexual partners. The Transmasculine Sexual Health Assessment (TM-SHA) measures the broad range of potential sexual behaviors TM people may engage in, including those which may confer risk for STIs and not just for HIV infection (ie, oral-genital contact); incorporates gender-affirming language (ie, genital or frontal vs vaginal); and asks sexual partnership characteristics (ie, partner gender). Among 141 individual participants (mean age 27, SD 5 years; range 21-29 years; n=21, 14.9% multiracial), 259 sexual partnerships and 15 sexual risk behaviors were reported. Participants engaged in a wide range of sexual behaviors, including fingering or fisting (receiving: n=170, 65.6%; performing: n=173, 66.8%), oral-genital sex (receiving: n=182, 70.3%; performing: n=216, 83.4%), anal-genital sex (receptive: n=31, 11.9%; insertive: n=9, 3.5%), frontal-genital sex (receptive: n=105, 40.5%; insertive: n=46, 17.8%), and sharing toys or prosthetics during insertive sex (n=62, 23.9%). Overall barrier use for each sexual behavior ranged from 10.9% (20/182) to 81% (25/31). Frontal receptive sex with genitals and no protective barrier was the highest (21/42, 50%) with cisgender male partners. In total, 14.9% (21/141) of participants reported a lifetime diagnosis of STI. The sexual history tool was highly acceptable to TM participants. The TM-SHA is one of the first digital sexual health risk measures developed specifically with and exclusively for TM people. TM-SHA successfully integrates gender-affirming language and branching logic to capture a wide array of sexual behaviors. The measure elicits sexual behavior information needed to assess HIV and STI transmission risk behaviors. A strength of the tool is that detailed partner-by-partner data can be used to model partnership-level characteristics, not just individual-level participant data, to inform HIV and STI interventions.

Genital Examination of the Prepubertal Female: Essentials for Pediatric Nurse Practitioners.

Genital Examination of the Prepubertal Female: Essentials for Pediatric Nurse Practitioners.

Associations of Gender Dissatisfaction with Adolescent Mental Distress and Sexual Victimization.

Gender dissatisfaction is often linked to adverse health outcomes and is an under-researched area of adolescent health. The aim of our study was to examine the associations of gender dissatisfaction with adolescent mental distress and sexual victimization. We conducted a cross-sectional study in April 2019 using a computerized self-administered questionnaire to collect data on the gender dissatisfaction, mental distress, and sexual victimization among Chinese adolescents. We used multivariate logistic models to estimate sex-stratified adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations of gender dissatisfaction with mental distress and sexual victimization. Our study involved 538 female and 556 male students from grades 7 to 11. Among the female students, gender dissatisfaction was significantly associated with depression (AOR, 2.04, 95%CI, 1.17–3.58), anxiety (AOR, 2.13, 95%CI, 2.00–2.27), suicidal ideation (AOR, 2.36, 95%CI, 2.02–2.76), sexting victimization (AOR, 1.67, 95%CI, 1.11–2.51), and nonphysical sexual harassment (AOR, 1.72, 95%CI, 1.08–2.76). Among the male students, gender dissatisfaction was significantly associated with oral-–genital contact (AOR, 5.86, 95%CI, 2.74–12.54), attempted sexual assault (AOR, 9.63, 95%CI, 6.91–13.42), and completed sexual assault (AOR, 14.71, 95%CI, 1.16–187.33). Our findings suggest gender dissatisfaction is associated with adolescent mental distress and sexual victimization, underscoring the importance of implementing comprehensive sexual education with gender perspectives in China.

Oral-Genital Contact and the Meaning of \u201cHad Sex\u201d: The Role of Social Desirability

Previous studies have found that a large proportion of college students do not consider oral-genital contact as having “had sex.” In all studies, the questions posed were hypothetical. In the present study, university students were asked about their own personal sexual experiences. From a large pool of participants, two subgroups were identified: those who responded “No” to having “had sex” but responded “Yes” to having had oral-genital contact (No–Yes), and those who responded “Yes” to having had both sex and oral-genital contact (Yes–Yes). None of the participants in these two subgroups self-reported vaginal or anal intercourse. The No–Yes group was significantly higher in social desirability (p < .0005) as measured by the Marlowe-Crowne scale and was also significantly higher in religiosity (p < .01) as measured on a 7-point Likert scale. There was a modest correlation between level of religiosity and social desirability (r = .25, p < .01). It was concluded that many students who have had oral-genital contact but deny having had sex do so because of impression management, i.e., a desire to present themselves more positively. These results provide further evidence that social desirability responding is a serious problem for sex researchers, one that affects even the most basic questions about having had sex.

24.1 DIAGNOSIS AND MISDIAGNOSIS OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN CHILDREN

Problematic sexual behavior (PSB) in children has often been interpreted as a sign of sexual abuse. However, research indicates that some sexual behaviors are an expected and developmentally appropriate part of childhood. Sexual behaviors such as exposing one’s genitals to others, self-stimulation, standing too close to others, and attempting to look at people who are naked are not uncommon. These behaviors are most often noted in children younger than 6 years old, tend to occur more often at home than in school, and decline with age. Problematic or nonnormative behaviors include imitation of adult intercourse, masturbation with an object, insertion of objects into the vagina or rectum, and oral-genital contact. Likewise, the use of coercion in sexual behaviors and behaviors directed toward much younger children are cause for concern. PSB can be associated with a number of mental health diagnoses in childhood, including OCD, bipolar disorders, and developmental disorders associated with intellectual disability and other impulse control disorders. A case example will illustrate the misdiagnosis of sexual behaviors in a young girl with OCD. Normative and inappropriate sexual behavior in children will be reviewed as will the assessment and differential diagnosis of PSB in children. Interactive techniques will be used with the audience to poll opinions about normative vs PSB in children and in which mental health disorders PSB is most prominent. Participants will understand the differential diagnosis of PSB in children and be able to identify behaviors that are often a part of normal development. The audience will have a chance to express their own views of what is normative vs inappropriate sexual behavior in children. Specific red flags for suspicion of sexual abuse will be discussed, providing a foundation for the review of specific evidence-based screening tools to be presented in the next section. Sexual behavior in children is not often discussed and can be easily misunderstood. It is important for clinicians to be able to distinguish developmentally appropriate sexual behavior from PSB. Likewise, specific patterns of PSB can be observed in a variety of mental health disorders. The topic of evidence-based screening tools for sexual abuse will be introduced.

HPV-positive Laryngeal Carcinomas: Epidemiological, Virological and progressive features

Objectve: The aim of this work was to determine the molecular prevalence of the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) in laryngeal carcinomas and to identfy its circulatng genotypes. Patents and methods: This was a descriptve, retrospectve study of 20 years which included all the patents followed in otolaryngology department for laryngeal carcinoma. The virological analysis was done on the laryngeal biopsy pieces included in parafn using the Gene Xpert technique. This technique uses real-tme PCR to identfy oncogenic HPV genotypes. Results: A total of 108 patents with laryngeal carcinomas were collected. Among them, 21 samples were associated with oncogenic HPV, a molecular prevalence of 19.4%. These were the HPV 18/45 (14.28%), HPV-16 (28.57%) and the group of HPVs with high oncogenic risk other than 18/45 and 16 (57.15%). All of these patents were male, mean age was 35.71 ± 3.17, and 85.7% of them were under 40 compared to patents with carcinomas not associated with HPV (P=0.0003). Oral-genital contact was the main risk factor for contaminaton in all of these patents (P=0.0002). The HPV-positve laryngeal carcinomas were all micro-invasive and the patents had beter survival compared to those who had HPV-negatve carcinomas (P=0.0001). Conclusion: HPV-positve laryngeal carcinomas are most ofen observed in subjects under 40 years of age with good survival at 12 months. The circulatng genotypes in Brazzaville are 16, 18/45 and the group of oncogenic HPV other than 16 and 18/45.

Innate immune mechanisms to oral pathogens in oral mucosa of HIV-infected individuals.

A crucial aspect of mucosal HIV transmission is the interaction between HIV, the local environmental milieu and immune cells. The oral mucosa comprises many host cell types including epithelial cells, CD4 + T cells, dendritic cells and monocytes/macrophages, as well as a diverse microbiome predominantly comprising bacterial species. While the oral epithelium is one of the first sites exposed to HIV through oral-genital contact and nursing infants, it is largely thought to be resistant to HIV transmission via mechanisms that are still unclear. HIV-1 infection is also associated with predisposition to secondary infections, such as tuberculosis, and other diseases including cancer. This review addresses the following questions that were discussed at the 8th World Workshop on Oral Health and Disease in AIDS held in Bali, Indonesia, 13 September –15 September 2019: (a) How does HIV infection affect epithelial cell signalling? (b) How does HIV infection affect the production of cytokines and other innate antimicrobial factors, (c) How is the mucosal distribution and function of immune cells altered in HIV infection? (d) How do T cells affect HIV (oral) pathogenesis and cancer? (e) How does HIV infection lead to susceptibility to TB infections?

HPV-Positive Laryngeal Carcinomas: Epidemiological, Virological and Progressive Features

Objective: The aim of this work was to determine the molecular prevalence of the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) in carcinomas of the larynx and to identify its circulating genotypes. Patients and Methods: This was a descriptive, retrospective study of 20 years which included all the patients followed in otolaryngology department for laryngeal carcinoma. The virological analysis was done on the laryngeal biopsy pieces included in paraffin using the Gene Xpert technique. This technique uses real-time PCR to identify oncogenic HPV genotypes. Results: A total of 108 patients with laryngeal carcinomas were collected. Among them, 21 samples were associated with oncogenic HPV, a molecular prevalence of 19.4%. These were the HPV 18/45 (14.28%), HPV-16 (28.57%) and the group of HPVs with high oncogenic risk other than 18/45 and 16 (57.15%). All of these patients were male, mean age was 35.71 ± 3.17, and 85.7% of them were under 40 compared to patients with carcinomas not associated with HPV (p = 0.0003). Oral-genital contact was the main risk factor for contamination in all of these patients (p = 0.0002). The HPV-positive laryngeal carcinomas were all micro-invasive and the patients had better survival compared to those who had HPV-negative carcinomas (p = 0.0001). Conclusion: HPV-positive laryngeal carcinomas are most often observed in subjects under 40 years of age with good survival at 12 months. The circulating genotypes in Brazzaville are 16, 18/45 and the group of oncogenic HPVs other than 16 and 18/45.

The conceptual framework for prevention of child sexual abuse

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a global problem having legal, social, medical and psychological implications. World Health Organization (WHO) define CSA as the “involvement of a child in sexual activity that he or she does not fully comprehend, is unable to give informed consent to, or for which the child is not developmentally prepared and cannot give consent, or that violates the laws or social taboos of society.” It includes a range of activities like “intercourse, attempted intercourse, oral-genital contact, fondling of genitals directly or through clothing, exhibitionism or exposing children to adult sexual activity or pornography, and the use of the child for prostitution or pornography.”

Comparison of genital contact behaviors among Macaca assamensis pelops in Nepal, M. a. assamensis in Thailand, and M. thibetana in China

We studied the social behaviors of western Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis pelops) at Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park, Nepal from 2014 to 2017 and of eastern Assamese macaques (M. a. assamensis) at Wat Tham Pla, Thailand from 2008 to 2012. The behaviors of both subspecies of M. assamensis were compared to those of Tibetan macaques (M. thibetana) at Huangshan, China from 1989 to 1993. The study groups were free-ranging, provisioned daily, and habituated to observers. We observed adult males and adult females for 10 h each during both the birth and mating seasons using focal-animal sampling as well as all-occurrence-behavior sampling. All three species of macaque formed multi-male multi-female social groups with female philopatry, male dispersal, and a linear dominance hierarchy among adult females. Additionally, although they did not make genital–genital or oral–oral contact, all three species performed various affiliative behaviors with genital touching and genital showing during not only the mating season but also the birth season. However, we found more differences in the repertoire of social behaviors between western and eastern Assamese macaques than between eastern Assamese and Tibetan macaques. Bridging behavior, in which two adults simultaneously lift up an infant, was recorded in Tibetan and eastern Assamese macaques. Males of these two macaques sucked the infant’s genitalia during bridging behavior and dyadic male–infant interactions, whereas this behavior was not observed in western Assamese macaques. In addition, only male Tibetan macaques directly sucked the penis of another male, although males of all three macaque species inspected female genitalia and the genital inspection was occasionally accompanied by oral–genital contact. These results indicate that bridging behavior and the sucking of an infant’s genitalia by adult males evolved in a sinica species-group of the genus Macaca, particularly in the clade of Tibetan and eastern Assamese macaques, and that penis sucking between adult males occurred last in Tibetan macaques. Digital video images related to this article are available at http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php%3fmovieid%3dmomo090430ma09a, http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php%3fmovieid%3dmomo090430mt06a, http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php%3fmovieid%3dmomo090430mt01a, http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php%3fmovieid%3dmomo090430ma01a, http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php%3fmovieid%3dmomo090430ma10a, http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php%3fmovieid%3dmomo090430ma04a, and http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php%3fmovieid%3dmomo090430ma07a.

HPV VACCINATION: INCREASING PARENTAL AWARENESS ON PREVENTING CANCER IN THEIR CHILDREN

HPV is responsible for almost all cervical, anal, oropharynx, penile, vaginal cancers and 90% of genital warts (Rahman, Laz, McGrath, &amp; Berenson, 2014). HPV infection often occurs shortly after initiation of sexual activity. In one study of college-aged women, the cumulative incidence of any HPV infection at 1 year after sexual intercourse was 28.5%, and increased to almost 50% by 3 years (Wang &amp; Palefsky, 2015). HPV is usually transmitted through vaginal or anal intercourse, but it can occur through oral-genital or genital-genital contact as well (Wang &amp; Palefsky, 2015). Currently in the United States, there are three vaccines approved for the prevention of HPV. The Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends routine administration of HPV vaccine at ages 11 and 12 for girls and boys, with catch-up vaccinations through age 26 for females and age 21 for males.

Prevalence of oral HPV infection in cervical HPV positive women and their sexual partners.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection represents the primary cause of anogenital premalignant and malignant disease. Regarding the high prevalence of cervical HPV infection and the increasing incidence of HPV associated oropharyngeal cancer in recent years, a significant viral transmission from the cervical to the oral site, possibly depending on the sexual behavior must be considered. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of oral HPV infection in cervical HPV positive and negative women and their sexual partners. Cervical HPV positive and negative women and their sexual partners took part in the study. Cervical smears, oral smears and mouthwashes were taken from women attending gynecological outpatient clinics in two different institutions. Further, oral smears as well as mouthwashes of their sexual partners were obtained whenever possible. HPV genotyping was performed using the Cobas® polymerase chain reaction and nucleic acid hybridization assay for the detection of 14 high-risk HPV types. In addition, all participants were invited to complete a personal questionnaire. 144 HPV positive and 77 HPV negative women and altogether 157 sexual partners took part in the study. Age, sexual behaviour, medication, smoking and alcohol consumption were distributed equally in both groups. Cervical HPV positive women had a significantly higher number of sexual partners. One woman with a HPV positive cervical smear and one partner of a woman with a HPV positive cervical smear showed an oral HPV infection. No oral HPV infections were detected in the HPV negative control group. The overall incidence of oral HPV infection was 0.5%, the incidence of oral HPV infection in women with a positive cervical smear was 0.7%. The data demonstrate that the overall risk of an oral HPV infection is low. HPV transmission to the oropharynx by autoinoculation or oral-genital contact constitute a rare and unlikely event.

Analyzing Medical Students' Definitions of Sex

ABSTRACTAn inaccurate definition of what constitutes sex can negatively impact the sexual health and wellbeing of patients. This study aimed to determine which behaviors medical students consider to be sex. Survey questions about various sexual behaviors were administered to medical students. All participants agreed that penile-vaginal penetration is sex. More than 25% of participants did not consider genital-genital contact without penetration, oral-genital contact, foreign object in rectum, and forced vaginal/rectal penetration as sex. Nonheterosexuals were more likely to consider genital-genital contact without penetration sex. We determined there was less than complete consensus among future physicians on what activities are considered sex.

Innate immunity in HIV-1 infection: epithelial and non-specific host factors of mucosal immunity- a workshop report.

The interplay between HIV-1 and epithelial cells represents a critical aspect in mucosal HIV-1 transmission. Epithelial cells lining the oral cavity cover subepithelial tissues, which contain virus-susceptible host cells including CD4(+) T lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, and dendritic cells. Oral epithelia are among the sites of first exposure to both cell-free and cell-associated virus HIV-1 through breast-feeding and oral-genital contact. However, oral mucosa is considered to be naturally resistant to HIV-1 transmission. Oral epithelial cells have been shown to play a crucial role in innate host defense. Nevertheless, it is not clear to what degree these local innate immune factors contribute to HIV-1 resistance of the oral mucosa. This review paper addressed the following issues that were discussed at the 7th World Workshop on Oral Health and Disease in AIDS held in Hyderabad, India, during November 6-9, 2014: (i) What is the fate of HIV-1 after interactions with oral epithelial cells?; (ii) What are the keratinocyte and other anti-HIV effector oral factors, and how do they contribute to mucosal protection?; (iii) How can HIV-1 interactions with oral epithelium affect activation and populations of local immune cells?; (iv) How can HIV-1 interactions alter functions of oral epithelial cells?

British HIV Association guidelines for the management of hepatitis viruses in adults infected with HIV 2013

British <scp>HIV A</scp>ssociation guidelines for the management of hepatitis viruses in adults infected with <scp>HIV</scp> 2013

Role of human papilloma virus infection and oral-genital contact in oral cancer ethiopathogenesis

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and especially oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is a very significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The majors risk factors of these tumors are tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol consumption. But there is a group, non-drinking and non-smoking, patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. In these patients may be oral-genital contact and human papillomavirus infection the major risk factor for oral carcinogenesis. Aim of this review is to point out this fact in correlation with clinical studies and clinical conclusion for medical practice (Fig. 1, Ref. 32).

Condom Use Following a Pilot Test of the Popular Opinion Leader Intervention in the Barbados Defence Force

Worldwide, military personnel have been recognized as a population at elevated risk for sexually transmitted infections and HIV. However, few evidence based behavioral interventions for the prevention of HIV and STIs have been rigorously evaluated in military personnel. We adapted the Popular Opinion Leaders (POL) intervention and piloted the adapted program with the Barbados Defence Force at one military base in Barbados. Popular Opinion Leaders were selected and trained to focus conversations on condom use. Behavioral questionnaires were administered using audio computer-assisted self interview at baseline (n = 256) and 6-month follow-up (n = 303). Mid-point focus groups were conducted with a sample of 15 POLs at a 3 month mid-point assessment. Quantitative data showed moderate increases in condom use at 6-months, and significant uptake of condom use during oral-genital contact in female personnel. A subgroup analysis suggests that this change was partially mediated by post-intervention changes in injunctive norms surrounding condom use in women. Focus groups revealed that POLs were heavily focusing on condom demonstrations, condom provision within social networks, speaking with coworkers about pleasure associated with condom use, and that the most common venues for conversations included those where alcohol was consumed. During the intervention, POLs dispersed from the intervention site as a result of normal personnel movement across bases, resulting in our having to use a pre and post intervention design across the population. It is likely that larger effect sizes would be observed in efforts that account for the natural dispersion of personnel across bases.