Oral Conversion Research Articles

When words fail us: An integrative review of innovative elicitation techniques for qualitative interviews.

Interviews are central to many qualitative studies in health professions education (HPE). However, researchers often struggle to elicit rich data and engage diverse participants who may find this strategy exclusionary. Elicitation techniques are strategies tailored to address these challenges, enhancing oral conversations through other forms of interaction-for example, participant photography and neighbourhood walks. These strategies are tailored to elicit the rich data needed to address complex problems and meaningfully engage participants. Unfortunately, guidance on these techniques is scattered across literatures from diverse fields. In this synthesis, we offer an overview of the elicitation techniques available and advice about how to choose between them. We conducted an integrative review, drawing on methodological literature from across the health and social sciences. Our interdisciplinary searches yielded 3056 citations. We included 293 citations that were methodologically focused and discussed elicitation techniques used in interviews with adults. We then extracted specific elicitation techniques, summarising each technique to capture key features, as well as strengths and weaknesses. From this, we developed a framework to help researchers identify challenges in their interview-based research and to select elicitation techniques that address their challenges. To enrich data, researchers might seek to shift conversations away from participants' entrenched narratives, to externalise conversations on sensitive topics, or to elicit affect, tacit knowledge or contextual details. When empowering participants, researchers might seek to increase equity between the researcher and participant or foster interview accessibility across diverse participant populations. When chosen with study goals in mind, elicitation techniques can enrich interview data. To harness this potential, we need to re-conceptualise interviews as co-production of knowledge by researcher(s) and participant(s). To make interviews more equitable and accessible, we need to consider flexibility so that each participant can engage in ways that best suit their needs and preferences.

Optimizing Antibiotic Stewardship: Impact of Intravenous to Oral Conversion in General Medicine at a Tertiary Care Hospital

Antibiotics are used for the effective management of infectious diseases, a practice that is frequently misapplied nowadays. In order to monitor the conversion of IV to oral antibiotics, assess their rationality, and evaluate their effect on the length of hospital stays a prospective observational study was conducted. The study was divided into two phases; a baseline period of two months in which the antibiotics prescribed in the general medicine department were analysed. The intervention phase of four months consisted of the introduction of guidelines for IV to oral switch and conversion and analysis of IV to oral antibiotic conversion. The results revealed the majority of the participants were females and were from the age group 60 and above. A greater part of the study population had comorbidities, and the most common comorbidity was hypertension with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The conversion of IV to oral antibiotics was analysed for 159 patients and 79% of the antibiotics were converted and 21% were not. The most frequent type of conversion practice observed was switch therapy followed by step-down therapy and sequential therapy. The majority of the antibiotics were prescribed without a culture and sensitivity test. It was shown that the average length of hospital stay was 4.13 ± 1.5 days.

Application of entertainment interactive robot based on speech recognition in English artificial intelligence teaching evaluation and automatic feedback

With the development of intelligent voice and interactive robot technology, new technologies have built a virtual E-learning learning environment that can provide students with an immersive learning experience, making this new learning mode more entertaining. This article investigates the application of entertainment interactive robots based on speech recognition in English artificial intelligence teaching evaluation and automatic feedback. The system has constructed an oral evaluation model based on deep reinforcement learning, which learns the optimal behavioral strategies through interaction with the environment. The model will train through oral conversations with learners to learn how to accurately evaluate oral proficiency and provide relevant feedback. After the construction of the system is completed, the accuracy and efficiency of the system are improved by adjusting the parameters of the model, increasing the diversity of training data, and improving the user interface and interaction mode based on user feedback, making it more friendly and easy to use. The experimental results show that the English oral evaluation and automatic feedback system designed in this paper based on deep reinforcement learning and speech recognition algorithms has high accuracy and efficiency. The system can accurately evaluate learners’ oral proficiency and provide personalized learning suggestions based on individual differences.

The Aapplication of Cooperation Principles on Bahtsul Masa'il Activities at Islamic Boarding School Darussalam Blokagung: Pragmatic Studies

This research aims to describe the application of the principle of cooperation in the bahtsul masa’il activities at Darussalam Blokagung Islamic Boarding School. The research method employed is qualitative descriptive with a pragmatic approach. The data consists of linguistic data, namely oral conversations during the bahtsul masa’il activities at Darussalam Blokagung Islamic Boarding School, which have been transcribed into written texts. The data sources are from three sessions of bahtsul masail activities held on December 27-28, 2022. Data collection techniques include free listening, free speech, and note-taking. Data analysis techniques involve organizing, sorting, identifying patterns, and determining important points to be conveyed to others. The results of the research show compliance with the principle of cooperation in 42 instances and violations in 45 instances, encompassing the maxims of quantity, quality, relevance, and manner. Factors contributing to compliance with the principle of cooperation in the bahtsul masa’il activities at Darussalam Blokagung Islamic Boarding School include striving to provide sufficient information, ensuring smooth information flow, maintaining the continuity of information exchange, delivering quality information, respecting opinions, keeping conversations effective, keeping conversations relevant to the topic, maintaining the continuity of information exchange, achieving mutual understanding, providing clear information, and understanding the topic. Factors contributing to violations include clarifying information, boasting, criticizing, lacking understanding of the topic, disagreement, lack of coordinated understanding, changing the topic, providing affirmations, and hesitancy.

CODE MIXING USED BY ONE-PIECE ANIME LOVERS ON SOCIAL MEDIA COMMENTS

Code mixing is a common practice in communication both in formal or informal situations. The use of code mixing is not only limited to everyday oral conversations, nowadays, code mixing can also be found in posts of comments on social media. The study analyses the code mixing used by One Piece anime lovers on social media. This is a descriptive quantitative study gathered data from the comments uploaded by the anime lovers on social media namely YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok. The data gathered were analysed by using Muysken’s theory (2000) for the types of code-mixing and Hoffman’s theory (1991) for the reasons of code mixing. The results showed that in the One-Piece anime lovers’ community on social media, the most dominant type of code mixing used is insertion and the reasons for using code mixing are to talk about particular topic and creating familiar interactions in conversations only. Social factors that influence the use of code mixing include fan age demographics, trends, and language style. In addition, code mixing is also used to facilitate the understanding of a word context.

Pengaruh Lokasi, Kelengkapan Produk, Dan Word Of Mouth Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Pada Fajar Abadi Snack

The purpose of this research is to find out how location variables, product completeness, and oral conversation influence consumers' decisions to buy Fajar Abadi Snack products. Quantitative analysis techniques were then used using SPSS. The research population is unknown, so the sample is multiplied by 5 and there are 13 indicators. To distribute questionnaires, this research used a Likert scale questionnaire. Sample collection methods that do not rely on probability are used to collect samples. In cases where there is a connection with the research, the people who met the researcher are considered the sample. The SPSS test results show that the variables of location, product completeness, and word of mouth simultaneously influence the purchasing decision variable. Location has a significant effect on purchasing decisions with a sig value of 0.000 < 0.05, and product completeness has a significant effect on purchasing decisions with a sig value of 0.001 < 0.05. However, word of mouth does not have a significant effect on purchasing decisions with a sig value of 0.000 < 0.05.

Impact of internal medicine pharmacists on antimicrobial stewardship

AbstractIntroductionIncreased demands on infectious diseases (ID) pharmacists and providers may result in targeted antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) interventions. Internal medicine (IM) pharmacists frequently intervene on antimicrobials for their patients during general clinical care, although little is known regarding their overall impact on AMS.ObjectiveCharacterize AMS interventions made by IM pharmacists to identify areas of AMS that can be expanded to patients not covered by ID teams.MethodsThis was a prospective, dual‐center, cross‐sectional study where IM pharmacists, and their trainees were recruited to document routinely made AMS interventions that happened during daily patient care activities. These interventions were classified based on infection source, stewardship intervention type, whether recommendations were accepted or rejected by providers, and any barriers incurred during the implementation of interventions.ResultsFour IM pharmacists documented 386 interventions from February 2021 through May 2021. Physicians accepted pharmacist interventions 95.6% of the time. The most common interventions were for respiratory (n = 87, 22.5%), genitourinary (n = 80, 20.7%), and skin and skin structure infections (n = 65, 16.8%). The antimicrobials that IM pharmacists most frequently intervened on were vancomycin (n = 89, 23.1%) and ceftriaxone (n = 68, 17.6%). The most common interventions that were made were dose adjustment (n = 105, 27.2%), shortened duration of therapy (n = 86, 22.3%), and intravenous (IV) to oral (PO) conversions (n = 38, 9.8%). Of the 17 interventions not accepted, the most common barrier to implementation was physician concerns (n = 11, 52.4%), which were primarily associated with IV to PO recommendations (n = 7, 63.6%).ConclusionIM pharmacists participate in AMS for their patients and intervene frequently to adjust dosing for antimicrobials, shorten duration of therapy, and facilitate IV to PO conversions. IM pharmacists could serve as AMS extenders where additional AMS coverage is needed.

A Study about the Causes of Chinese-English Code Switching of Chinese Second Language Learners’ Oral Conversation in a Natural Environment

A Study about the Causes of Chinese-English Code Switching of Chinese Second Language Learners’ Oral Conversation in a Natural Environment

WTP7.12 Investigating the duration of empirical antibiotic treatment and subsequent reduction in hospital readmission rates for perforated appendicitis in the paediatric patient population

Abstract Background and Aim Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical emergency in the paediatrics. Complicated appendicitis often involves perforation, requiring a longer course of antibiotics post-appendicectomy [1]. There is considerable variability on post-operative antibiotic regimes and duration within hospital trusts with no national guidelines. Local Trust-based consensus [2] recommends a 5-day course IV co-amoxiclav with American Paediatric Surgical Association guidelines suggesting oral conversion if IV antibiotic duration is less than 5 days [3, 4]. Therefore, we measured compliance with local and international guidelines. Methods Paediatric patients aged 5-17 years were selected for the study using ICD-10 codes for ‘Perforated Appendicitis’ (K35.2 and K35.3). Patients were included if they had operative management for perforated appendicitis between 1 April 2021 and 31 March 2022. Key parameters collated included; re-admission, duration of re-admission, complication, post-operative antibiotic use (selection, intravenous/oral dose and duration of use). Results Twenty-six paediatric appendicectomies for perforated appendicitis occurred within the time frame. Nine had IV antibiotics for >5 days, of this cohort, 7 had oral conversion and completed 2-5 days of oral antibiotics with re-admission rate 33%. Eleven had IV antibiotics for < 5 days with oral conversion for 4-7 days, readmission rate was 18.2% on days 4 & 5 respectively. Six had IV antibiotics for <5 days with no oral conversion and no patients were re-admitted. Conclusions A longer duration of antibiotics with an earlier conversion from IV to oral, reduced readmission rates. However, greater research with more participants and standardised antibiotics can explore other influencing factors.

An Analysis of Varied Speech Errors in a Diverse Speech Community

Speech error is a language phenomenon that is prevailing during oral conversations. It is one of the interesting studies in the field of linguistics as it delves into why speakers tend to commit such errors – linguistically, phonologically, or semantically. For many linguists, they term it “slips of the tongue” during spoken communication. The said speech errors can also be defined as speech utterances that deviate from the speaker’s intention over production. In other words, speech errors reveal a mismatch between what the speakers intends to say and what they actually says. It has the relationship of language with the human mind and a pattern or procedure in language transformation

The work of intercept interpreters in lawful communication surveillance: A daily trade-off between formal requirements and informal needs

Intercept interpreters ensure the interlinguistic transfer from oral conversations wiretapped by the police into written evidence that is used in criminal proceedings. So far, this element of the criminal proceedings has received little attention in research, and knowledge on practical implementation of the formal requirements and the related informal practices is scarce. Using Switzerland as a case study, this article examines the daily practices of intercept interpreters within the legal framework. Theoretically, this study aligns with Lipsky's (1980/2010) concept of “street-level bureaucracy”. It is based on 24 semi-structured interviews with intercept interpreters and police officers and on an observational study conducted at the intercept interpreters' workplace in a Swiss police department. The major finding of our qualitative content analysis is that the formal framework is felt as a corset by police officers, and that the police and the intercept interpreters are loosening it in their daily cooperation. However, this is not disclosed in the final production of the formal evidence. Furthermore, the findings show that both are aware of the daily trade-offs between formal requirements and the need for informal working processes.

Leveling Up: Evaluation of IV v. PO Linezolid Utilization and Cost after an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Revision of IV to PO Conversion Criteria within a Healthcare System

The CDC's Core Elements of an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (ASP) lists intravenous (IV) to oral (PO) conversion as an important pharmacy-based intervention. However, despite the existence of a pharmacist-driven IV to PO conversion protocol, conversion rates within our healthcare system remained low. We aimed to evaluate the impact of a revision to the current conversion protocol on conversion rates, using linezolid as a marker due to its high PO bioavailability and high IV cost. This retrospective, observational study was conducted within a healthcare system composed of five adult acute care facilities. The conversion eligibility criteria were evaluated and revised on 30 November 2021. The pre-intervention period started February 2021 and ended November 2021. The post-intervention period was December 2021 to March 2022. The primary objective of this study was to establish if there was a difference in PO linezolid utilization reported as days of therapy per 1000 days present (DOT/1000 DP) between the pre- and post-intervention periods. IV linezolid utilization and cost savings were investigated as secondary objectives. The average DOT/1000 DP for IV linezolid decreased from 52.1 to 35.4 in the pre- and post-intervention periods, respectively (p < 0.01). Inversely, the average DOT/1000 DP for PO linezolid increased from 38.9 in the pre-intervention to 58.8 for the post-intervention period, p < 0.01. This mirrored an increase in the average percentage of PO use from 42.9 to 62.4% for the pre- and post-intervention periods, respectively (p < 0.01). A system-wide cost savings analysis showed projected total annual cost savings of USD 85,096.09 for the system, with monthly post-intervention savings of USD 7091.34. The pre-intervention average monthly spend on IV linezolid at the academic flagship hospital was USD 17,008.10, which decreased to USD 11,623.57 post-intervention; a 32% reduction. PO linezolid spend pre-intervention was USD 664.97 and increased to USD 965.20 post-intervention. The average monthly spend on IV linezolid for the four non-academic hospitals was USD 946.36 pre-intervention, which decreased to USD 348.99 post-intervention; a 63.1% reduction (p < 0.01). Simultaneously, the average monthly spend for PO linezolid was USD 45.66 pre-intervention and increased to USD 71.19 post-intervention (p = 0.03) This study shows the significant impact that an ASP intervention had on IV to PO conversion rates and subsequent spend. By revising criteria for IV to PO conversion, tracking and reporting results, and educating pharmacists, this led to significantly more PO linezolid use and reduced the overall cost in a large healthcare system.

Rozmowa pisana. Parametry formalne i pragmatyczne wypowiedzi na forach dyskusyjnych w Internecie

The aim of the article is to describe formal exponents of discourse on the Internet forum, which is an interactive discourse created in writing, and to define the specificity of this form of communication from a pragmatic perspective. The analysis of the examples taken from Polish discussion fora focuses on three main issues, i.e., the stylistic form of speech (i.e., the method of translating the oral style into a written form), the organisation of the discussion structure (the system of replies, the mode, the order of speaking), as well as the availability of relevant contextual data and contact with the interlocutor. As shown by the analysis, the above-mentioned parameters of a network discussion show significant differences as compared with those related to direct conversation, and this discrepancy generates equally important pragmatic consequences. This leads to the conclusion that the exchange of opinions on an online forum is not only a transfer of a typical face-to-face interaction into a virtual communication space, but also is a separate form of a polylogue combining the features of an oral conversation and a written style in terms of the possibilities offered by both modes and related restrictions.&#x0D;

Pilot Study: Impact of a Pharmacist-Led 48-Hour Antibiotic Time-Out on Antibiotic Utilization and Outcome Measures in a Community Teaching Hospital.

Purpose: The objective of this study is to determine the impact of a 48-hour time-out on the utilization of targeted empiric intravenous (IV) antibiotics through a systematic approach. Methods: This is a single-center, prospective, interventional study approved by the Institutional Review Board. Study groups were stratified into a control and intervention arm. Inclusion criteria consisted of patients 18 years of age or greater, on targeted broad-spectrum IV antibiotics for more than 24 hours: daptomycin, ertapenem, meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, vancomycin. Exclusion criteria included febrile neutropenic, pregnant, critically ill, and surgical prophylactic patients. Targeted interventions made by pharmacists included: IV to oral conversions, dose optimizations/adjustments, and de-escalations. Primary endpoints were days of therapy per 1000 patient days (DOT/1000), days of therapy at risk per 1000 patient days (DOT/1000 DAR), and de-escalation rates. Results: Table 1 depicts a total 88.69% mean reduction of DOT/1000 of the intervention arm for vancomycin, piperacillin/tazobactam, and meropenem (P-value <.0001) when compared to the control arm. Table 2 depicts a total 88.86% mean reduction of DOT/1000 DAR of the intervention arm for vancomycin, piperacillin/tazobactam, and meropenem (P-value <.0001) when compared to control. Table 3 shows a 77.11% increase in total de-escalation rates (P-value = .0107) in the intervention group when compared to control group (63.52%). Conclusion: This study displays the essential role that pharmacists play in antibiotic stewardship. This study further reveals that the stewarding tool utilized contributed to significant reductions in the usage of targeted empiric intravenous antibiotics.

Cognition and Ideology in the Irony of the Batak Toba Language

The research discussed the irony of the Batak Toba language that was studied in two domains at once, namely the realization of the process of cognition and the realization of social praxis. The process of cognition was analyzed using a conceptual metaphorical approach, while social praxis used a critical discourse analysis approach of Fairclough's model. The research involved the qualitative research. The data obtained from various sources, such as eight song lyrics, nine folk tales, two sermons, one traditional procession, and two oral conversations. Data collection was done by sorting out which expressions were classified as irony, determining metaphors, mapping the source and target domains, then identifying cognitive processes and social praxis. It is found that irony in the Batak Toba language realizes the ability of cognition, which can be seen from the use of metaphors of animals, plants, body parts, and even inanimate objects in conceptualizing character, identity, attitudes, behavior, and human existence. Irony in the Batak Toba language also realizes social praxis. This is because irony shows a connection with the surrounding nature, describes the reality of social value identity, shows euphemism expressions to avoid social conflict, and describes ideology in maintaining good horizontal relations. Thus, it can be concluded that the irony of the Batak Toba language realizes the ability of cognition and ideology of the Batak Toba people, which can reflect the local wisdom of the community itself.

METHODOLOGY FOR MEASURING NON-PERFORMING CONSUMER LOANS

This technique assesses the risk of non-repayment of a consumer loan in a commercial bank. The bank must collect detailed information about the financial condition of a potential borrower based on the completed "application-questionnaire" on the CL and the list of documents provided by it. After receiving a loan application, the credit depart-ment of the bank should check the integrity of the submitted documents and their validity period, the accuracy of filling out certificates from the place of work (if any) - the validity of the employment contract, form, salary, etc. - by comparing the data specified in the loan application and received during the oral conversation. Further, the unit must determine their reliability, the validity of the monthly income indicated in the certificate from the main place of work, based on the specialty, field of activity by comparing with income paid (received) in similar fields of activity, assess the market position, stability, opportunities and development prospects an organization represented by the borrower, coborrower (or guarantor) and/or other family members. Based on the results of the verification of the above documents and the response to the request from the credit bureau, the bank's loan officer must substantiate and document his opinion on the approval / refusal of the bank's credit committee in issuing a loan in the form "Report on the results of underwriting". The credit committee of the bank must consider the opinion on underwriting of the loan and make a decision on granting or rejecting the CL to the borrower.

Соловьёв перевоз Петра Палиевского, или Жизнь и смерть идей в диалогах о войне и мире

The article deals with the image of history formed in the views of the literary critic and thinker P. V. Palievsky. Palievsky’s thoughts (with the exception of references to published works) were expressed by him in correspondence and oral conversations, the records of which are kept in the author’s personal archive. The focus is on the personal experience of the Great Patriotic War, expressed by Palievsky in such a theoretical generalization of humanitarian knowledge about man and history, which implies the conceptual primacy of life, comprehended in its “stem” quality as overcoming the gap between “own” and “alien.” This is the basis of Palievsky’s understanding of the heroic, which entails not only a literary orientation, but also an assessment of specific human destinies in their belonging to a great History. This approach is embodied in the article on the example of the military fate of the commander, Hero of the Soviet Union A. I. Lizyukov.

Архаизмы и инновации в традиции сербско-болгарского пограничья: Неготинский край

The paper analyzes archaic and borrowed elements of the tradition among the Serbs in the south of the region of Negotin, where they live in the neighboring villages with Vlach ones. Over the past two centuries, contacts between the Serbs and Vlachs (Romanians by origin) have been so intensive that this has affected even the most conservative part of ritual and magical practice: the funeral and memorial rites. Among the archaic elements of culture the paper focuses on spells and ritual-magical amulets the analysis of which showed that in the verbal part of the spells the common South Slavic basis is preserved, and associates with the pronouncing of the dialogue-ritual by two persons — performers of the rite (which N. I. Tolstoy studied in detail). Borrowed vocabulary from the Romanian folk tradition appears in the funeral rituals and folk medicine. Such terminological vocabulary includes the designation of a participant in a ritual dialogue who witnesses the sending of food and water to the dead martula, marturija; names like padura that refers to the Romanian folk beliefs of the forest spirits, etc. The materials analyzed in the study were collected by the author during the field survey in March 2023 of the southern part of the Negotinsky region (the villages of Brachevatc, Roglevo, Smedovatc, Rayatc) in the Timok River valley: both from oral conversations with informants and from local history publications, which in one way or another highlight the language, folk culture, folklore and history of the region.

Multi-Disciplinary Approach and Need of Intravenous to Oral Conversion in Hospital and Role of the Pharmacist in Rational Use of Antimicrobials

Multi-Disciplinary Approach and Need of Intravenous to Oral Conversion in Hospital and Role of the Pharmacist in Rational Use of Antimicrobials

919. Let’s GO PO: Impact of Monthly Feedback on a Longitudinal Intravenous to Oral Antimicrobial Conversion Initiative

Abstract Background Timely conversion of antimicrobials from intravenous (IV) to oral (PO) route has been shown to decrease costs and length of stay (LOS) without compromising safety and efficacy of therapy. Use of oral antimicrobials may additionally prevent complications related to IV catheters, such as infection, emboli, and patient discomfort. An approved IV to PO policy allowed pharmacists to convert orders for fourteen included antimicrobials and eligible patients at time of order verification. Methods This single-center, retrospective, comparative study was conducted at AdventHealth Orlando, a 1,368-bed community teaching hospital in central Florida. In November 2020, six clinical pharmacist teams began receiving monthly feedback on IV to PO conversion rates in the form of a RePOrt Card, containing IV to PO conversion rates compared to other clinical teams, individual antimicrobial conversion rates, and comparison to prior team progress (Figure 1). RePOrt Cards were provided through October 2021. This study compared pre-intervention days of therapy (DOTs) of antimicrobials from November 2019-October 2020 to post-intervention DOTs from November 2020 to March 2022. The primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of monthly, team-based feedback on percentage of antimicrobials administered orally during a pharmacist-driven IV to PO stewardship initiative. Figure 1Example RePOrt Card Results Significantly more DOTs were administered orally in the post intervention group (62% vs 67%, p=0.0012). Positive change in oral conversion rates was observed for all agents except linezolid, minocycline, and voriconazole (Table 1). The largest increase in percentage of DOT administered orally was observed for azithromycin (20%), rifampin (14%), and metronidazole (10%). Estimated monthly and total cost differences are available in Table 2. Minocycline represents the largest opportunity missed; while oral conversion rates remained the same, an increase in overall drug use creates opportunity to continue to prioritize oral conversion due to high cost. Conclusion Monthly, team-based feedback positively impacted IV to PO conversion rates. Opportunities remain to optimize cost benefits in high-cost agents such as linezolid, minocycline, and voriconazole. Disclosures Amy L. Carr, PharmD, BCIDP, Shionogi: Advisory Board.