Oral Administration Of Lactobacilli Research Articles

Gene expression profile changes in the jejunum of weaned piglets after oral administration of Lactobacillus or an antibiotic

The small intestine plays an essential role in the health and well-being of animals. Previous studies have shown that Lactobacillus has a protective effect on intestinal morphology, intestinal epithelium integrity and appropriate maturation of gut-associated tissues. Here, gene expression in jejunum tissue of weaned piglets was investigated by RNA-seq analysis after administration of sterile saline, Lactobacillus reuteri, or an antibiotic (chlortetracycline). In total, 401 and 293 genes were significantly regulated by chlortetracycline and L. reuteri, respectively, compared with control treatment. Notably, the HP, NOX1 and GPX2 genes were significantly up-regulated in the L. reuteri group compared with control, which is related to the antioxidant ability of this strain. In addition, the expression of genes related to arachidonic acid metabolism and linoleic acid metabolism enriched after treatment with L. reuteri. The fatty acid composition in the jejunum and colon was examined by GC-MS analysis and suggested that the MUFA C18:1n9c, and PUFAs C18:2n6c and C20:4n6 were increased in the L. reuteri group, verifying the GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analyses of the RNA-seq results. The results contribute to our understanding of the probiotic activity of this strain and its application in pig production.

Changes in the diversity and composition of gut microbiota of weaned piglets after oral administration of Lactobacillus or an antibiotic.

The gut microbiota plays important roles in the health and well-being of animals, and high-throughput sequencing facilitates exploration of microbial populations in the animal gut. However, previous studies have focused on fecal samples instead of the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we compared the microbiota diversity and composition of intestinal contents of weaned piglets treated with Lactobacillus reuteri or chlortetracycline (aureomycin) using high-throughput sequencing. Nine weaned piglets were randomly divided into three groups and supplemented with L. reuteri, chlortetracycline, or saline for 10days, and then the contents of three intestinal segments (jejunum, colon, and cecum) were obtained and used for sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. The microbiota diversity and composition in the jejunum were different from those in the colon and cecum among the three treatments. In the jejunum, treatment with L. reuteri increased the species richness of the microbiota, as indicated by the ACE and Chao1 indexes, compared with the chlortetracycline group, in which several taxa were eliminated. In the colon and cecum, relative abundances of the phylum Firmicutes and the genus Prevotella were higher in the chlortetracycline group than in the other groups. Distances between clustered samples revealed that the L. reuteri group was closer to the chlortetracycline group than the control group for jejunum samples, while colon and cecum samples of the L. reuteri group were clustered with those of the control group. This study provides fundamental knowledge for future studies such as the development of alternatives to antibiotics.

Prevention of Infectious Mastitis by Oral Administration of Lactobacillus salivarius PS2 During Late Pregnancy.

Previous studies have shown that oral administration of lactobacilli can be an efficient approach to treat lactational infectious mastitis. In this trial, we have evaluated the potential of Lactobacillus salivarius PS2 to prevent this condition when orally administered during late pregnancy to women who had experienced infectious mastitis after previous pregnancies. In this study, 108 pregnant women were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups. Those in the probiotic group (n = 55) ingested daily 9 log10 colony-forming units of L. salivarius PS2 from approximately week 30 of pregnancy until delivery, whereas those in the placebo group (n = 53) received a placebo. The occurrence of mastitis was evaluated during the first 3 months after delivery. Globally, 44 of 108 women (41%) developed mastitis; however, the percentage of women with mastitis in the probiotic group (25% [n = 14]) was significantly lower than in the control group (57% [n = 30]). When mastitis occurred, the milk bacterial counts in the probiotic group were significantly lower than those obtained in the placebo group. Oral administration of L. salivarius PS2 during late pregnancy appears to be an efficient method to prevent infectious mastitis in a susceptible population. NCT01505361.

Evaluation of the efficacy of a probiotic drink containing Lactobacillus casei on the levels of periodontopathic bacteria in periodontitis: A clinico-microbiologic study.

This study was designed to evaluate whether the oral administration of lactobacilli could change the bacterial population in subgingival plaque. Forty-two healthy volunteers with chronic generalized mild to moderate periodontitis were given a probiotic drink containing Lactobacillus casei for 1 month. Subgingival plaque samples were collected at baseline, after which the patients were asked to consume the probiotic drink once daily for 1 month. At the 1 month interval, plaque samples were collected, and the drink discontinued. The patients were recalled at 2 months interval for collection of the final samples. The bacterial amounts in the plaque samples were analyzed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction procedure. Of the three periodontopathic bacteria selected, Porphyromonas gingivalis showed highly significant reductions in the bacterial levels at 1-month and 2 months intervals. In comparison, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, when present higher than 10 × 10(3) at baseline, and Prevotella intermedia present higher than 2 × 10(3) at baseline, showed moderately significant reduction in their numbers. Oral administration of the probiotic lactobacilli reduced the numerical sum of the three selected periodontopathic bacteria and could contribute to the beneficial effects on periodontal conditions.

Study of Antinflammatory properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria in experi-mentally induced musculoskeletal symptoms in Wistar Rat

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a manifestation of body from multiple causes of weakened immune system, a developed internal allergic response to un-known allergens, hormonal factors, stress and other unknown factors. The present study was undertaken to determine the Anti-arthritic and Anti-inflammatory property of Lactobacillus acidophilus as probiotics against Col-lagen induced arthritis (CIA) in wistar rat. CIA (100μl) was induced intrader-mally at several sites on the back. A dose of L. acidophilus 2 x 108 CFU/ml was administered orally after induction of arthritis i.e. on 7th day. Dexame-thasone was given as standard drug in the dose of 0.3-3.0 mg/kg body weight. Paw thickness was measured and scored regularly. After sacrifice, blood was withdrawn for haematological, biochemical and serological analy-sis. Histopathology of liver, kidney and ovary was also performed. Oral ad-ministration of Lactobacillus significantly decreased the serum ceruloplasmin level. Beneficial effects such as increased adhesive property shown by Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), increased haemoglobin content and RBC and decreased WBC counts were observed. High level of C’ Reactive Protein was observed in arthritic control rats. However, L. acidophilus treatment significantly de-creased CRP level. Standard Drug also reduced the CRP level. Similarly Rheu-matoid factor was also decreased in LAB and standard drug group as com-pared to the control. In conclusion LAB has potent anti-arthritic property against and shown reduced level of RF and CRP in collagen induced arthritis in wistar rats.

SAT0079 The analysis of fecal microbiota in rheumatoid arthritis patients compared to healthy volunteers using bacterial RRNA-targeted reverse transcription-quantitative PCR

BackgroundGut microbiota have long been thought to contribute to inflammatory disease, and some have considered the bacterial flora as one of the environmental factors causing rhumatoid arthritis (RA). Recently, two...

Lactobacillus protected bone damage and maintained the antioxidant status of liver and kidney homogenates in female wistar rats

The aim of the study was to evaluate protective property of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus in minimizing oxidative stress associated with arthritis from liver and kidney. Subsequently, protective property of Lactobacillus against the bone damage was also taken into consideration. Arthritis was induced by injecting freund's complete adjuvant (100 μl) into sub plantar surface of hind paw. Oral administration of culture, vehicle, and drug started after induction of arthritis (i.e. on day 9th). Indomethacin was used as a standard drug. Radiographic analysis of the hind paw knee joint was also done at the end of the 21st day. Oxidative stress parameters were studied from liver and kidney homogenate. Histopathology of liver and kidney was also performed. Lactobacillus treatment significantly rescued the enzymatic level of catalase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase in both liver and kidney homogenates, whereas it has decreased the malonaldehyde accumulation. Oral administration of Lactobacillus also significantly decreased the serum ceruloplasmin level. Radiographic analysis also corroborated these findings. Lactobacillus treatment maintained the normal histopathology of liver and kidney. Results of this study clearly suggest that L. casei and L. acidophilus, alone or in combination, decreased the bone damaged and effectively restored antioxidant status of liver and kidney. Lactobacillus has a significant antiarthritic and antioxidant activity against freund's complete adjuvant induced arthritis in rats.

Microbial products from probiotic bacteria inhibit Salmonella enteritidis 857-induced IL-8 synthesis in Caco-2 cells

Oral administration of Lactobacillus spp. as probiotics is gaining importance in the treatment of intestinal inflammations. However, their mechanism of action is unknown. We investigated whether nonspecific binding Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) and mannose-specific Lactobacillus plantarum 299v (Lp) and their spent culture supernatant (SCS) affect Salmonella enteritidis 857 (Se) growth, IL-8 and Hsp70 syntheses. In one set of experiments human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells were infected with LcS, Lp or Se at 1-500 bacteria per cell for 1 h. In another set, cells were exposed to Se (0-200 per cell, 1 h) after exposure to lactobacilli (LB) (500 per cell, 30 min) or by co-incubation of Se and LB (1 h). The third set of experiments involved exposure of cells for 1 h to SCS or Se (100 per cell) pretreated (1 h) in SCS. The effect of LB SCS on Se growth was evaluated by agar plate diffusion test. IL-8 and Hsp70 were assessed over 2-24 h using ELISA and Western blotting, respectively. Neither LcS nor Lp affected the Se growth and IL-8 production. In addition, they did not induce Hsp70 expression by Caco-2 cells. Instead, their SCS inhibited the Se growth and IL-8 production and induced the expression of Hsp70 by both crypt- and villus-like cells. The beneficial effect of Lactobacillus spp. to the intestinal inflammations might be associated with a decrease in IL-8 levels. This effect could be mediated, at least in part, via a secreted antimicrobial product(s) either directly against the pathogens or indirectly through the synthesis of Hsp70.

Oral administration of lactobacilli from human intestinal tract protects mice against influenza virus infection

Our study was conducted to evaluate the potent protective effects of oral administration of probiotic Lactobacillus strains against influenza virus (Flu) infection in a mouse model. Lyophilized Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Lactobacillus gasseri TMC0356 (TMC0356) were orally administered to BALB/c mice for 19 days. The test mice were intranasally infected with Flu A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) on day 14, and any changes in clinical symptoms were monitored. After 6 days of infection, the mice were killed and pulmonary virus titres were determined. The clinical symptom scores of mice administered oral LGG and TMC0356 were significantly ameliorated, compared to those of the control mice (P < 0.01). The pulmonary virus titres of the mice fed LGG and TMC0356 were also significantly decreased compared to those of control mice (P < 0.05). These results indicate that oral administration of lactobacilli, such as LGG and TMC0356, might protect a host animal against Flu infection. These results demonstrate that oral administration of selected lactobacilli might protect host animals from Flu infection by interactions with gut immunity.

Oral administration ofLactobacillus acidophilusinduces IL-12 production in spleen cell culture of BALB/c mice bearing transplanted breast tumour

Lactic acid bacteria can affect the maturation of immune cells and their products not only in the gut but also on the systemic immune organs such as lymph nodes and spleen. In the present work, we studied the effects of oral administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus on the immune responses of BALB/c mice bearing transplanted breast tumour. Two groups of female inbred BALB/c mice, each containing nine mice as test and control, were used. The L. acidophilus ATCC4356 strain was inoculated in DeMan-Rogosa-Sharpe broth and cultivated for 24 h at 37 degrees C. Then, it was collected by centrifugation, and was washed and suspended in PBS. Afterwards, 0.5 ml/d of this suspension, which contained 2.7 x 108 colony forming units/ml of bacteria, was orally administered to the mice by gavage, 14 d before tumour transplantation and 30 d after that with 3-d intervals. Similar to the test mice, the control mice received an equal volume of PBS. The results showed that oral administration of L. acidophilus increased the production of IL-12 (P < 0.05) and decreased the level of transforming growth factor beta (P = 0.05) in the splenocyte culture. Moreover, the growth rate of tumour in the test mice decreased (P < 0.01), and the results of delayed-type hypersensitivity assay after 48 h were risen (P < 0.05) in comparison with the controls. Results suggest that daily consumption of L. acidophilus can improve the production of immunomodulatory cytokine IL-12 in the splenocyte culture, which was stimulated by tumour antigen in BALB/c mice bearing transplanted breast tumour. But further studies are needed to find out some other possible mechanisms of this effect.

Antiviral Activity ofLactobacillus spp.and Polysaccharide

Lactobacillus species have been widely used in both human and animals to prevent or treat gastrointestinal disorders. Recently, it was reported that Lactobacillus spp. inhibited infections by respiratory and gastroenteric viruses; however, its mechanism is not clear. Lactobacillus spp. play direct and indirect roles in the inhibitory effects of viral replication. 1) In vitro study: Highest protection effects were showed with the known probiotics L. rhamnosus GG (LGG) and L. casei Shirota against both rotavirus (RV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). 2) In vivo study: L. acidophilus had significant immunopotentiating effects, and was therefore recommended for use as a safe oral adjuvant for rotavirus vaccines in pigs. Oral administration of lactobacilli, such as LGG and L. gasseri, might protect a host animal from influenza virus (IFV) infection. Polysaccharides are regarded to be potentially useful and biologically active as an ingredient for pharmaceutical uses due to a variety of biological activities. Especially, sulphated polysaccharides exhibit broad-spectrum antiviral activity against enveloped viruses in vitro. With respect to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), its in vitro antiviral activity is, specifically, the inhibition of virus-cell attachment, the first step in the infection process. Recently, it was reported that sulphated polysaccharides exhibited antiviral activity against HBV, HCMV, HSV and IFV. In conclusion, Lactobacillus spp. and polysaccharides with antiviral activity against diverse viruses are potential candidates as ingredients for probiotics and medicine candidate for the prevention and treatment of viral infections in animals and humans.

Probiotic effects of orally administered Lactobacillus salivarius WB21‐containing tablets on periodontopathic bacteria: a double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled, randomized clinical trial

This study was designed to evaluate whether the oral administration of lactobacilli could change the bacterial population in supra/subgingival plaque. Sixty-six healthy volunteers without severe periodontitis were randomized into two groups to receive lactobacilli or placebo for 8 weeks (8W): the test group (n=34) received 2.01 x 10(9) CFU/day of Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 and xylitol in tablets; the control group (n=32) received placebo with xylitol. Supra/subgingival plaque samples were collected at the baseline and after 4 weeks (4W) and 8W. The bacterial amounts in plaque samples were analysed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The numerical sum of five selected periodontopathic bacteria in the test group was decreased significantly in subgingival plaque at 4W [odds ratio (OR)=3.13, 95% confidence intervals (CI)=1.28-7.65, p=0.012]. Multivariate analysis showed that significantly higher odds were obtained for the reduction of Tannerella forsythia in subgingival plaque of the test group at both 4W (OR=6.69, 95% CI=2.51-17.9, p<0.001) and 8W (OR=3.67, 95% CI=1.45-9.26, p=0.006). Oral administration of probiotic lactobacilli reduced the numerical sum of five selected periodontopathic bacteria and could contribute to the beneficial effects on periodontal conditions.

Inhibition of Salmonella-induced IL-8 synthesis and expression of Hsp70 in enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells after exposure to non-starter lactobacilli

Oral administration of lactobacilli as probiotics is gaining importance in the treatment of intestinal inflammations. We investigated the effect of non-starter lactobacilli Lactobacillus casei subsp casei 2756, Lactobacillus curvatus 2775, and Lactobacillus plantarum 2142 as well as their spent culture supernatants (SCS) on Salmonella enteritidis 857 growth, interleukin (IL)-8 and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) synthesis in undifferentiated crypt-like and differentiated villus-like Caco-2 cells. The cells were infected with graded numbers of non-starter lactobacilli or S. enteritidis 857 for 1 h and allowed to recover for 24 h or exposed to 200 bacteria/cell for 1 h and allowed to recover for different periods of time. In another experiment S. enteritidis 857 was first pre-treated with SCS-lactobacilli for 1 h before infecting the cells. The levels of IL-8 and Hsp70 were assessed using sandwich ELISA and immunostaining of Western blots, respectively. The effect of SCS-lactobacilli on S. enteritidis 857 growth was evaluated by agar plate diffusion test. The non-starter lactobacilli induced a significant increase in the levels of both IL-8 and Hsp70. However, compared with the S. enteritidis 857 induced IL-8 synthesis, the levels of IL-8 induced by the lactobacilli at any equivalent bacterial number were far lower. After exposure of Caco-2 cells to S. enteritidis 857 pre-treated with SCS-lactobacilli, it appeared that their SCS inhibited the S. enteritidis 857 growth and IL-8 synthesis and in addition induced the expression of Hsp70. The differences in response of crypt- and villus-like Caco-2 cells are merely a reflection of their differentiation status. Our data suggest that the beneficial effect of non-starter lactobacilli to the intestinal inflammations might be associated with a decrease of the IL-8 levels. This effect could be mediated, at least in part, by the bacteria themselves or via a secreted antimicrobial product(s) either directly against the pathogens or indirectly through the synthesis of Hsp70.

Selecting Lactic Acid Bacteria for Their Safety and Functionality by Use of a Mouse Colitis Model

Studies showed that specific probiotics might provide therapeutic benefits in inflammatory bowel disease. However, a rigorous screening of new probiotics is needed to study possible adverse interactions with the host, particularly when intended for administration to individuals with certain health risks. In this context, the objective of this study was to investigate the role of three lactobacilli (LAB) on intestinal inflammation and bacterial translocation using variations of the mouse model of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced acute colitis. We first compared the in vitro ability of LAB to survive gastrointestinal tract (GIT) conditions and their ability to persist in the GIT of mice following daily oral administration. As a control, we included a nonprobiotic Lactobacillus paracasei strain, previously isolated from an endocarditis patient. Feeding high doses of LAB strains to healthy and to TNBS-treated mice did not induce any detrimental effect or abnormal translocation of the bacteria. Oral administration of Lactobacillus salivarius Ls-33 had a significant preventive effect on colitis in mice, while Lactobacillus plantarum Lp-115 and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM did not. None of the three selected LAB strains translocated to extraintestinal organs of TNBS-treated mice. In contrast, L. paracasei exacerbated colitis under severe inflammatory conditions and translocated to extraintestinal organs. This study showed that evaluations of the safety and functionality of new probiotics are recommended. We conclude that not all lactobacilli have similar effects on intestinal inflammation and that selected probiotics such as L. salivarius Ls-33 may be considered in the prevention or treatment of intestinal inflammation.

Prevention of nephrolithiasis by Lactobacillus in stone-forming rats: a preliminary study

Hyperoxaluria is a risk factor for renal stones. It appears to be sustained by increased dietary load or increased intestinal absorption. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether oral administration of lactobacilli could prevent urolithiasis in stone-forming rats. Oxalate-degrading activities of lactobacilli were evaluated by measuring the oxalate level in a culture medium after inoculation with lactobacilli. Only the strains of Lactobacillus having oxalate-degrading activity were used. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a powdered standard diet containing 3% sodium oxalate and/or received 100 mg/kg of celecoxib for the first 8 days by gavage, before or after the beginning of this experiment (groups with previous treatment or with co-treatment). Rats were sacrificed after 4 weeks and kidneys were harvested for the assay of crystal formation under a dissecting microscope. Twenty-four-hour urine collections were performed before kidney harvest. Only two strains, Lactobacillus casei HY2743 and L. casei HY7201 out of 31 strains of Lactobacillus were able to degrade oxalate. In both groups of co-treatment and previous treatment with L. casei HY2743 and L. casei HY7201, urine oxalate excretion decreased compared to the group without lactobacilli. The dissecting microscope examination of kidneys in the rats in two previous treatment groups and the co-treatment group with L. casei HY7201 showed less abundant crystals than control groups. Our results show that lactobacilli may be used as a potential therapeutic strategy in the prevention of urinary stones.

Oral administration of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains of intestinal and vaginal origin to healthy human females: Re-isolation from faeces and vagina

The healthy vaginal ecosystem is maintained by the interaction of the vaginal epithelium and the microflora, where lactobacilli and occasionally bifidobacteria play an important role. Imbalances in the dominance of lactobacilli may lead to bacterial vaginosis or yeast vaginitis. Probiotics may be a means to secure a favourable microbial balance in the vagina and, as the normal vaginal flora ascends from the rectal mucosa, a convenient form of administration may be via the oral gastrointestinal route. Ten healthy women of different ages were orally administered a blend of 12 selected Lactobacillus strains and three Bifidobacterium strains originating from the intestine and the vagina. The daily dose of each Lactobacillus strain was 1-3x10 9 CFU and 1x10 8 to 1x10 9 CFU for each Bifidobacterium strain, and the doses were given in an oatmilk/blueberry drink. The treatment went on for 10 days. Samples of faeces and vaginal fluid were taken immediately before the administration was started, after 10 days of administration and 7 days after the termination of the administration. Five strains were recovered from faeces and three from the vagina after treatment. The test strains could be found in 9 of the 10 volunteers. L. plantarum strains, originally isolated from intestinal mucosa, were recovered from the vagina of five subjects after treatment. The L. plantarum strains, together with one strain of L. crispatus and one L . gasseri strain, were recovered from faeces. Key words: Probiotics , Lactobacillus, vagina , oral administration , Bifidobacterium

Probiotic Treatment Increases Salivary Counts of Lactobacilli: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Study

Background/Aims: Lactobacilli are used in the prevention and treatment of several diseases, but they are also known to play a role in the pathogenesis of dental caries. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether the oral administration of lactobacilli could change the salivary counts of these bacteria compared with placebo. Moreover, lactobacilli were administered in liquid and in capsule form to determine the role of direct contact with the oral cavity. Methods: Thirty-five healthy volunteers were randomized into three groups to receive lactobacilli and/or placebo for 45 days: group A (n = 14) received probiotics in capsules and placebo in liquid form; group B (n = 16) took liquid probiotics and placebo in capsules, and group C (n = 5) used placebo in both liquid and capsule form. Streptococcus mutans populations served as control. The salivary counts of lactobacilli and S. mutans were measured semi-quantitatively using the CRT^® bacteria kit. Results: Compared with placebo, the oral administration of probiotics, both in capsules and in liquid form, significantly increases salivary counts of lactobacilli (p = 0.005 and p = 0.02, respectively). S. mutans populations were not significantly modified. Conclusions: The increased salivary counts of lactobacilli may indicate the need to closely monitor the dental health of patients undergoing long-term probiotics treatment, even when this treatment is administrated in a form that avoids direct contact with the oral cavity.