Optoelectronic Transducer Research Articles

Practical approach to aspects of operation and practical use of optoelectronic linear transducer of movements of the first hazard category objects

The essence of this article is to study the functional application of optoelectronic linear switches and an in-depth study of their designs, as well as a theoretical study of the practical aspect of the application. The detector of parameter of the movement from «0» position got to register getting the data and transfer it into the processor. Further, it will be processing by the system equipment’s. Process scheme and order of the system given below. The main purpose of the patent and analyzer project is save and longtime control the incline higher constructions from his vertical axis. It is useful for exact control of radiocommunication system waves. Because incline of the wave from its direction will cause the damage of quality of data transmission by the system. In the end of the article made conclusions of the conducted work and made a few comparations of the existing systems. This project fixes the maximum or minimum displacements and vibration amplitudes of antenna and constructions of several kinds of high hold buildings.

Effect of Linear Acceleration on the Characteristics of an Optoelectronic Ring Transducer of Angular Velocity and Its Compensation

The effect of linear acceleration on the characteristics of an optoelectronic vibration ring angular velocity transducer is analyzed taking into account the stiffness of the ring resonator supports. A method for compensating for the effect of linear acceleration on the characteristics of the angular velocity transducer is proposed.

Hacking CD/DVD/Blu-ray for Biosensing.

The optical pickup unit (OPU) within a CD/DVD/Blu-ray drive integrates 780, 650, and 405 nm wavelength lasers, diffraction-limited optics, a high-bandwidth optoelectronic transducer up to 400 MHz, and a nanoresolution x-, z-axis, and tilt actuator in a compact size. In addition, the OPU is a remarkable piece of engineering and could enable different scientific applications such as sub-angstrom displacement sensing, micro- and nanoimaging, and nanolithography. Although off-the-shelf OPUs can be easily obtained, manufacturers protect their datasheets under nondisclosure agreements to impede their availability to the public. Thus, OPUs are black boxes that few people can use for research, and only experienced researchers can access all their functions. This review details the OPU mechanism and components. In addition, we explain how to utilize three commercially available triple-wavelength OPUs from scratch and optimize sensing quality. Then, we discuss scientific research using OPUs, from standard optical drive-based turnkey-biomarker array reading and OPU direct bioapplications (cytometry, optical tweezing, bioimaging) to modified OPU-based biosensing (DNA chip fluorescence scanning, biomolecular diagnostics). We conclude by presenting future trends on optical storage devices and potential applications. Hacking low-cost and high-performance OPUs may spread micro- and nanoscale biosensing research from research laboratories to citizen scientists around the globe.

Aspects of the Transit of a Narrow Beam of Infrared Radiation Through a Fibrous Material

The article is devoted to the use of optical methods in the study of the properties of fibrous materials. Based on the results of an analytic investigation of the transit of a narrow beam of infrared radiation through a fibrous material we are able to determine the optimal location from the point of view of the maximum sensitivity of the source and detector of the radiation of an optoelectronic transducer where an optical sensor is used in the control system. The relationships and practical calculations obtained make it possible to quantitatively estimate the values of the propagation of radiant energy, and this may serve as a basis for structural and energy calculations of the parameters of an infrared optoelectronic transducer.

Optical measurements for non-invasive hemoglobinometry

This article deals with assurance of uniformity of optical measurements used in biomedical measuring instruments: non-invasive computer (portable) photohemometer FGNK(P)1–01 and meter of medium power of optical radiation IT 1703S. Non-invasive computer (portable) photohemometer FGNK(P)1–01 is designed to measure the concentration of total amount of hemoglobin in the blood vessels of the microcirculatory bloodstream in biological tissues of human or other living organism by means of monochromatic sources of the infrared (reference channel) and green (signal channel) light spectra and the optoelectronic primary transducer in the reflected (diffusing) light, located on the one side of the surface of the human body. IT 1703S meter is designed to measure optical power in optical fiber, optical components of intelligent sensors and fiber-optic information transmission systems in the spectral range at fixed wavelengths of 525, 630 and 850 nm.The features of the design and principles of functioning of biomedical measuring instruments are presented. The features of the design of optical attenuators with fixed attenuation and optical attenuators with variable attenuation, which are used together with the meter IT 1703S, are considered. The software for photohemometer FGNK(P)1–01 and calibration methods are also considered. The results of measurements and the calculation of the calibration dependence of photohemometer FGNK(P)1–01 are presented. The features of manufacturing and metrological certification of measures of diffuse reflection coefficients, which are used together with photohemometer FGNK(P)1–01, are presented. The features of the development of measurement procedures and metrological certification of biomedical measuring instruments are considered taking into account the requirements of Normative Technical Documentation in metrology in the field of optical measurements.

Infrared light field imaging system free of fixed-pattern noise

Digital photonic sensors have greatly evolved to maximize sensitivity and spatial, spectral, and temporal imaging resolution. For low-energy photons, new designs have generated new types of noise that degrade the formed-image signal-to-noise ratio to values lower than 1. Fixed-pattern noise (FPN), which is produced by the non-uniform focal-plane-array optoelectronics response, is an ill-posed problem in infrared and hyperspectral imaging science. Here, we experimentally show that the FPN behaves as an object at a depth of infinity when a light field is captured by an imaging system. The proposed method is based on the capture of the light field of a scene and digital refocusing to any nearby objects in the scene. Unlike standard techniques for FPN reduction, our method does not require knowledge of the physical parameters of the optoelectronic transducer, the motion scene, or the presence of off-line blackbody sources. The ability of the proposed method to reduce FPN is measured by evaluating the structural similarity (SSIM) index employing a blackbody-based FPN reduction technique as a reference. This new interpretation of the FPN opens avenues to create new cameras for low-energy photons with the ability to perform denoising by digital refocusing.

Threshold sensitivity of quartz variometers with negative feedback

The maximum achievable parameters of magnetometers based on optomechanical quartz variometers are studied in connection with the planned transition of the international network Intermagnet to 1-s recording and the need to provide the network of Russian geomagnetic observatories with domestic magnetometers that satisfy Intermagnet requirements. The mechanism of negative feedback effect on the sensitivity threshold of a variometer with an optoelectronic angle transducer is shown. The optimization criterion for the size and shape of the magnets made of different magnetic materials is defined by the maximum ratio of the magnetic moment to the inertial moment. Theoretical and experimental evaluation of the variometer noise level is based on vicalloy and samarium–cobalt. It is shown that the frequency range of magnetometers with variometers based on vicalloy and samarium–cobalt will be bounded from above by frequencies of 1.6 and 6.4 Hz, respectively, at a threshold sensitivity of about 1 pT. These ratios of the frequency and threshold sensitivity for the given magnetic materials are probably limited for quartz variometers with an optoelectronic angle transducer.

Исследование влияния параметров кольцевого резонатора на характеристики трёхосевого оптоэлектронного преобразователя угловой скорости

Исследование влияния параметров кольцевого резонатора на характеристики трёхосевого оптоэлектронного преобразователя угловой скорости

Bioengineered Silicon Diatoms: Adding Photonic Features to a Nanostructured Semiconductive Material for Biomolecular Sensing.

Native diatoms made of amorphous silica are first converted into silicon structures via magnesiothermic process, preserving the original shape: electron force microscopy analysis performed on silicon-converted diatoms demonstrates their semiconductor behavior. Wet surface chemical treatments are then performed in order to enhance the photoluminescence emission from the resulting silicon diatoms and, at the same time, to allow the immobilization of biological probes, namely proteins and antibodies, via silanization. We demonstrate that light emission from semiconductive silicon diatoms can be used for antibody-antigen recognition, endorsing this material as optoelectronic transducer.

Low-cost Laboratory Stand for Turbidity Measurements

Fresh water becomes scarcity not only worldwide but also in some developed countries. Therefore there is more and more attention paid to quality of this exceptional natural resource. Clarity or its inverse known as turbidity is key feature of water characteristic. Smaller, easier to use and more convenient device to measure this parameter could be constructed with significantly lowered costs thanks to improvements in electronic components. Research presented in this paper is aimed at constructing a laboratory stand with which a progress could be made in development of such device. Construction of optical system with limited set of items is discussed as well as design and assembly of opto-electronic transducer. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eee.22.1.14108

Versatile common instrumentation for optical detection of pH and dissolved oxygen.

The recent trend toward use of disposable and miniature bioreactors requires the use of appropriate sensors. pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) are often measured using optical chemical sensors due to their small form factor and convenience in use. These sensors are often interrogated using a specialized opto-electronic transducer that is designed around the optical sensor. In this contribution, we are presenting a new class of opto-electronic transducers that are usable with several different chemical sensors without the need to switch the optics or hardware when changing the type of the chemical sensor. This allows flexibility closer to the lab-grade devices while the size is closer to a dedicated sensor. This versatile instrumentation is capable of seamlessly switching between the pH and DO measurement modes and is capable of auto recognition of the sensor type. The principle of ratiometric fluorescence is used for pH measurements, and that of fluorescence lifetime for DO measurements. An approach to obtain identical calibrations between several devices is also presented. The described hardware constitutes common instrumentation for measuring either pH or DO and has been tested in actual bioprocesses. It has been found adequate for continuous bioprocess monitoring.

Laser measurement systems for structural elements’ spacing check

In order to improve monitoring of the provisions of parts during assembly, final operations and subsequent operation the laser measuring system is designed to control the angular position of the structure. In relation to the task, it is necessary to realize a small-sized measuring rotary system providing high accuracy (error of not more than 1.5...2 angular seconds) when significant working distance between the test object and the autocollimator (up to 20 meters) and a relatively wide measurement range (10...12 angular. minutes). The method of "straight angled serifs" was constructed to solve this problem. Measuring channel implements a triangulation method. In accordance with the method of each video camera measures the viewing angles of the laser diode located at the checkpoint. Control surface areas has two phases: the control position of seats held without technological loads and after loading. In the result of the revealed analysis the following primary errors were established to determine the precision measurement of linear and angular coordinates of the test object: the measurement error of the coordinates of the center of the image of the measuring mark on the CCD matrix measuring opto-electronic transducer, due to noise and resolution the receiving area and the measurement uncertainty is determined by the deviation of the focal length of the lens from the nominal value.

Methods of Correcting Frequency Errors in Time-Type Analog-to-Digital Displacement Transducers

An optoelectronic time-type displacement transducer with different methods of correction of frequency errors is considered. It is shown that the use of an automatic frequency control loop represents the most promising method. A functional circuit of the device is developed and the basic functional dependences are presented.

Optoelectronic Transducer of Displacements to Time Interval with Insertion of Carrier Signal into the Radiation Source

A circuit design version of an optoelectronic transducer of displacements into time interval with insertion of the carrier signal into the radiation source is proposed. It is shown that amplitude errors associated with the instability of the light flux as well as the error of the single-channel raster modulator are compensated in the newly developed device.

A novel target-type low pressure drop bidirectional optoelectronic air flow sensor for infant artificial ventilation: Measurement principle and static calibration

An optoelectronic target-type volumetric air flow-rate transducer for bidirectional measurements is presented. The sensor is composed of a T-shaped target and two nominally identical LED-photodiode couples which are operated in differential mode. The sensitive surfaces of the photodiodes are differentially shadowed by the deflection of the target, which in turn depends on the gas flow-rate. The principle of operation is described in mathematical terms and the design parameters have been optimized in order to obtain the highest sensitivity along with minimal pressure drop and reduced dimensions. The sensor is placed in a 20 mm diameter hose and was tested with air flow-rate in the typical temperature range of mechanical ventilation between 20 and 40 °C. The theoretical model was validated through experiments carried out in the volumetric flow range from -7.0 to +7.0 l min(-1). The nonlinear behavior allows sensitivities equal to 0.6 V l(-1) min for flow rates ranging from -2.0 to +2.0 l min(-1), equal to 2.0 V l(-1) min for flow rates ranging from -3.0 to -2.0 l min(-1) and from +2.0 to +3.0 l min(-1), up to 5.7 V l(-1) min at higher flow rates ranging from -7.0 to -3.0 l min(-1) and from +3.0 to +7.0 l min(-1). The linear range extends from 3.0 to 7.0 l min(-1) with constant sensitivity equal to 5.7 V l(-1) min. The sensor is able to detect a flow-rate equal to 1.0 l min(-1) with a sensitivity of about 400 mV l(-1) min. The differential nature of the output minimizes the influence of the LEDs' power supply variations and allows to obtain a repeatability in the order of 3% of full scale output. The small pressure drop produced by the sensor placed in-line the fluid stream, of about 2.4 Pa at 7 l min(-1), corresponds to a negligible fluid dynamic resistance lower than 0.34 Pa l(-1) min.

Fully integrated monolithic optoelectronic transducer for real-time protein and DNA detection: The NEMOSLAB approach

The development and testing of a portable bioanalytical device which was capable for real-time monitoring of binding assays was demonstrated. The device was based on arrays of nine optoelectronic transducers monolithically integrated on silicon chips. The optocouplers consisted of nine silicon avalanche diodes self-aligned to nine silicon nitride waveguides all converging to a single silicon detector. The waveguides were biofunctionalized by appropriate recognition molecules. Integrated thick polymer microchannels provided the necessary fluidic functions to the chip. A single sided direct contact scheme through a board-to-board receptacle was developed and combined with a portable customized readout and control instrument. Real-time detection of deleterious mutations in BRCA1 gene related to predisposition to hereditary breast/ovarian cancer was performed with the instrument developed using PCR products. Detection was based on waveguided photons elimination through interaction with fluorescently labeled PCR products. Detection of single biomolecular binding events was also demonstrated using nanoparticles as labels. In addition, label-free monitoring of bioreactions in real time was achieved by exploiting wavelength filtering on photonic crystal engineered waveguides. The proposed miniaturized sensing device with proper packaging and accompanied by a portable instrument can find wide application as a platform for reliable and cost effective point-of-care diagnosis.

Methods and analysis of processing signals of incremental optoelectronic transducer

This article is a presentation of designed methods which interpolate signals from the optoelectronic transducer. This enables a way to distinguish the motion direction of the optoelectronic transducer and also to increase its accuracy. In this article methods based on logic functions, logic functions and RC circuits, phase processing were analyzed. In methods which are based on processing logic functions of transducer's signals there is a possibility of two times and four times increase in the transducer glass scale. The presented method of generating and processing sine signals with 18 degrees of the shift enables the reception of square signals with five times higher frequency compared to the basic signals. This method is universal and it can be used to the different scale of frequency multiplication of the optoelectronic transducer. The simulations of the methods were performed by using the MATLAB-SIMULINK software.

A drop-weight high-speed tensile testing instrument

A drop-weight high-speed tensile testing instrument was developed, in which the acting force and the specimen elongation can be obtained by measuring the displacement of the drop-weight by means of an opto-electronic transducer. The system was used to obtain the flow curves of AA5754 at strain rates up to 2,200 s−1. The flow curves were verified with the help of finite element calculations by comparing the displacement and full-field strain measurement results. The developed instrument provides satisfying flow curves, in addition to being simple and cheap.

Coherent and ultrafast optoelectronics in III–V semiconductor compounds

AbstractIII–V compound semiconductors offer a fascinating multitude of phenomena which have become accessible via ultrafast time‐resolved spectroscopy. Coherent vibronic and electronic dynamics are prepared by excitation with taylored femtosecond laser pulses. The analysis of their temporal dephasing or decay provides deep insights into the interaction between electronic and vibronic degrees of freedem and the surrounding bath in high purity quantum structures. In contrast to coherent electronic or vibronic states, deliberately introduced growth defects can be used to drastically shorten the lifetime of optically excited carriers. Sub‐picosecond carrier lifetimes open the possibility to realize ultrafast saturable absorbers and optoelectronic transducer elements. They are particularly important as key elements in THz technology, such as efficient THz emitters, detectors, and for on‐chip THz technology. This paper summarizes the most distinguished results relevant in the context of ultrafast optoelectronics and THz technology obtained in close collaboration with the Paul‐Drude‐Institute Berlin over the past decade. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Monolithic silicon optoelectronic transducers and elastomeric fluidic modules for bio-spotting and bio-assay experiments

A monolithic silicon optoelectronic transducer for protein sensing is presented. The device is based on monolithic silicon optocouplers properly bio-functionalized so that signal transduction is induced by the optical coupling deduction due to biomolecular binding. Microfluidic modules made of PDMS are also employed for immobilization of biomolecules onto the optocouplers and sample application. Bioassay results concerning simultaneous real-time monitoring of binding reactions between two different protein analytes and their counterparts immobilized onto adjacent optocouplers are presented.