Treatment Option For Obesity Research Articles

Current Perspectives for Treating Adolescents with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: A Review

Background: Childhood obesity is an epidemic and a significant health concern all over the world. Several factors can influence excess weight gain, including eating behaviors, physical inactivity, and genetics. Children and adolescents with obesity have a four-times greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared with their normal-weight peers. The management of obesity before the development of its comorbidities may prevent its escalation into significant medical and psychosocial problems. However, treatment options for obesity and T2D in youth remained limited for many years, and moreover, available drugs were characterized by low efficacy. The Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) study showed that metformin in monotherapy failed in almost 52% of children with T2D, while adjuncts to rosiglitazone and lifestyle intervention failed in 38.6% and 46.6%, respectively. Recently approved antiobesity medications and/or bariatric surgery are revolutionizing the management of adolescents with obesity and T2D. This work aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current treatment possibilities for childhood obesity and T2D. Methods: An in-depth review of articles with evidence-based research from different countries discussing novel management options for adolescents with obesity and/or T2D was conducted in this review paper. Results: The new medications, such as SGLT2 receptor agonists and GLP-1 agonists, are highly effective in treating T2D in adolescents with obesity. Conclusions: Based on the performed literature review, the recent approval of a novel generation of drugs seems to be the dawn of a new era in childhood obesity and T2D treatment.

Real-World Clinical Effectiveness of Liraglutide for Weight Management in Türkiye: Insights from the LIRA-TR Study

Introduction: Obesity is a complicated chronic disease associated with a series of other conditions. A weight loss of 5–10% has been shown to reduce obesity-related complications and improve quality of life. The efficacy and safety of liraglutide for reducing body weight have been demonstrated in clinical trials. This study evaluated the weight loss efficacy and adverse effects of liraglutide in those with obesity in the Turkish population. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study; the patients that were included had a body mass index (BMI) of 27 or greater with additional comorbidities or a BMI of 30 or greater, and the patients were prescribed liraglutide for obesity treatment from the tertiary private clinic between January 2022 and January 2024. Their metabolic and anthropometric parameters were recorded at the initial appointment, and their body weight and adverse effects were followed up on during therapy. Results: For the 568 patients, of whom 487 (85.6%) were female, the mean values for age, weight, and BMI were 42.37 ± 10.50, 98.09 ± 17.48 kg, and 35.77 ± 5.45 kg/m2, respectively. Reductions in body weight at the 4th, 8th, 12th, and 24th weeks were 6.45 ± 2.32 kg, 10.66 ± 3.41 kg, 15.38 ± 8.30 kg, and 19 ± 9.06 kg, respectively; reductions in BMI at the 4th, 8th, 12th, and 24th weeks were 2.36 ± 1.00, 3.88 ± 1.25, 5.36 ± 1.76, and 7.09 ± 2.93, respectively; and the percentages of overall body weight loss at the 4th, 8th, 12th, and 24th weeks were 6.62 ± 2.1%, 10.75 ± 2.71%, 14.97 ± 6.8%, and 18.55 ± 4.63%, respectively (all p values < 0.0001). The percentage of patients who lost more than 5% and more than 10% of their initial weight was 100% at the 24th week. The most common side effect was nausea; no pancreatitis was observed. Conclusions: The results of our study indicate that liraglutide is an efficacious and safe treatment option for obesity in the Turkish population, in accordance with the findings from previous research.

Bariatric surgeries and cardiac structure and function: Systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Obesity, a global health problem, is causally implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease. Bariatric surgeries are effective treatment options for obesity; however, the effectiveness of different bariatric surgeries on cardiac structure and function is not fully understood. We undertook a systematic review and network meta-analysis to comprehensively assess this effectiveness. PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE were searched from their inception until November 11, 2023. Studies that compared bariatric surgeries vis-à-vis non-surgical treatment, placebo, and other bariatric surgeries, as well as reported changes in left ventricular mass or its index (LVM or LVMI) or left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), were summarized. Total 19 studies (17 cohort studies and 2 randomized controlled trials) and 2012 adults were meta-analyzed. Patients receiving gastric bypass had appreciably lowered LVM (weighted mean difference [WMD]: -43.86 g, 95% confidence interval [CI] -61.09 to -26.63, p < 0.01) and LVMI (standardized mean difference: -0.67, 95% CI -1.03 to -0.32, p < 0.01) compared with other bariatric surgeries. No significant improvement in LVEF was noted across all surgeries. The drop in body mass index was most pronounced for biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (WMD -16.33 kg/m2, 95% CI -21.60 to -11.05, p < 0.01). Our findings of this network meta-analysis indicated that gastric bypass proved best for the improvement in cardiac structure, and there was no obvious improvement in cardiac function for all bariatric surgeries. Further studies are required to better understand the differing effectiveness of bariatric surgeries on cardiac structure and function and the underlying molecular mechanisms.

A randomized phase I study of BI 1820237, a novel neuropeptide Y receptor type 2 agonist, alone or in combination with low-dose liraglutide in otherwise healthy men with overweight or obesity.

Pharmacotherapeutic options for obesity treatment include glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, for example, liraglutide. However, an unmet need remains, particularly in patients with a high body mass index (BMI), as GLP-1R agonists are associated with gastrointestinal adverse events (AEs) and some patients do not respond to treatment. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and peptide YY bind G-protein-coupled Y receptors and represent attractive targets for modulating bodyweight. This first-in-human, three-part, partially blinded phase I study (NCT04903509) investigated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of single ascending doses of the peptidic NPY2R agonist BI 1820237, with/without low-dose liraglutide: part 1 (participants randomized to receive BI 1820237: 0.075-2.4 mg or placebo), part 2 (BI 1820237: 1.2 mg or placebo) and part 3 (BI 1820237: 0.025-1.2 mg + liraglutide 0.6 mg or placebo + liraglutide 0.6 mg). Primary endpoint is the proportion of participants with drug-related AEs. Secondary endpoints are tolerability, PK and PD. In total, 95 otherwise healthy men with increased BMI (25.0-34.9 kg/m2) were randomized. Drug-related AEs, mainly gastrointestinal events, were reported by 39.0% of participants (n = 23) in parts 1 + 2 and 30.6% of participants (n = 11) in part 3; one drug-related AE (11.1%, part 3) was reported in a participant receiving placebo with liraglutide. Post-dose paracetamol PK suggested that BI 1820237 and low-dose liraglutide exhibited additive effects on gastric emptying. BI 1820237 treatment was associated with transient nausea and vomiting at higher doses. No differences in tolerability were observed when combined with liraglutide; effects on gastric emptying appeared additive.

Health Dietary Program for Patient after Sleeve Gastrectomy: Case - Control Study

Background: In general, obesity has been increasing at an alarming rate over the past 50 years. In 2022, obesity and its comorbidities accounted for 14.3 percent of this world healthcare expenditure. Weight loss surgery is considered a safe and durable treatment option for obesity. The techniques have been continuously evolving to yield better outcomes. The studies showed that post-operative complications increased with physical inactivity and therefore reduces patient’s quality of life (1), The Gastroenterology Endoscopic Department Al-Kindy-Teaching Hospital – Baghdad-Iraq (2019), mentioned that dietary habits play a significant role in the development of gastrointestinal disorders(2). so that this activity describes the dietary program after sleeve gastrectomy and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the management of patients with obesity. and the extent to which a patient's behavior conforms to the instructions given by health practitioners (3). Objective: To find out the effectiveness of rehabilitation program on patient's nutritional status after sleeve gastrectomy, to find out the relationship between patient's nutritional status and demographic characteristics (age, sex, and level of education). Material and Methods: The design used in the current study is a quasi-experimental design -experimental design (two -groups comparison), the study was conducted in center of hepatopathy and digestive diseases in AL-Hussein Teaching Hospital at AL-Muthanna city in Iraq. Study Sample: A non-probability (purposive) sample was taken from patients who performed gastric sleeve and the sample was (50) patients. Use questionnaire in this study. Result: It was found that there is an effectiveness of the program on the case group with the post-test when compared with the control group after implementation program. Conclusion: The patient after sleeve gastrectomy have inadequate knowledge concerning dietary. The program which implemented on patients had a benefit feedback on patients.

Outcomes of adolescent bariatric surgery: liver disease

The prevalence of metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is increasing among children in the United States as pediatric obesity rates continue to rise. As such, metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) has become a more recognized option for treatment of obesity and has been recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Although MBS is known to improve many obesity-associated comorbidities, such as hypertension and type 2 diabetes, less is known about its effect as a treatment for MASLD. This article reviewed the impact MBS has on the course of liver disease as measured by histopathology, serum markers, and radiographic imaging, among adolescents with severe obesity. Improvements were seen in alanine transaminase (ALT) liver enzymes, rates of hepatocyte steatosis, and degree of fibrosis on histopathology, and fat content in the liver on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Greater improvements in ALT were seen in patients with higher baseline values and/or a higher stage of biopsy-confirmed steatohepatitis. Biopsy-proven MASLD and metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (MASH) have even been shown to disappear completely, but fibrosis does not completely resolve by 12 months post-MBS. To better understand the outcome of pediatric MASLD following MBS treatment, more longitudinal radiographic data and liver histology in patients with fibrosis would be informative beyond 12 months post-MBS.

Options for conservative treatment of obesity

Options for conservative treatment of obesity

The Efficacy of Pharmacotherapy in the Treatment of Obesity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review.

Obesity is a global public health challenge that poses a significant threat to the effective control and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Being overweight/obese with T2DM is associated with a wide range of comorbidities, including cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal diseases. This systematic review aimed to investigate the drug therapy used globally among this type of patients in the period between 2014 and 2024. Four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane) were searched using the keywords "(Drug Therapy OR Pharmaceutical Preparations OR Pharmacotherapy) AND (Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2) AND (Obesity OR Overweight OR Weight Loss OR Weight reduction) in the title and abstract. All papers assessing the efficacy of any drug class on blood sugar and body weight (BW) were included in the systematic review. Out of 5,206 papers extracted through the database search, 25 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were considered suitable for the systematic review. The articles included 8,208 participants who tested different drug classes, e.g., glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2), with or without metformin. All the reviewed drugs showed significant weight loss over 12-52 weeks. However, the magnitude of weight loss was modest, and the long-term health benefits and safety remain unclear. Interventions that combine pharmacologic therapy with lifestyle modifications may be more effective but need additional research. Continued development of new treatment options for obesity in T2DM is crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality among these patients.

Evaluating the Safety of the Intragastric Balloon: Spanish Multicenter Experience in 20,680 Cases and with 12 Different Balloon Models.

Intragastric balloon (IGB) is a minimally invasive and reversible option for obesity treatment. There is a worldwide growing number of different IGB models. The efficacy and safety profile for each model must be demonstrated. We aim to evaluate IGB safety profile according to the experience of the Spanish Bariatric Endoscopy Group (GETTEMO). A survey of 37 IGBs safety-related questions was sent to all GETTEMO members, to retrospectively collect a multicenter Spanish registry. Incidence, causes, and resolution of both major and minor complications and adverse events (AEs), including legal consequences, differentiated for each balloon model were evaluated. Secondary outcome was weight loss data to confirm efficacy. Twenty-one Spanish hospitals experienced in IGBs responded. The overall data encompassed 20,680 IGBs, including 12 different models. Mean %TBWL of 17.66 ± 2.5% was observed. Early removal rate due to intolerance was 3.62%. Mean major complications rate was 0.70% (> 1% in Spatz2, HB, and Spatz3 models), mainly complicated gastric ulcer. Minor AEs rate was 6.37%, mainly esophagitis. Nine cases (0.04%) required surgery. A single case of mortality (0.0048%) occurred. Seven lawsuits (0.0034%) were received, all with favorable resolution. In the Spanish experience accumulating 20,680 IGBs and including 12 different balloon models, a low incidence rate of major complications and minor AEs are observed (0.70% and 6.37%, respectively), mostly resolved with medical/endoscopic management. IGB shows good tolerance and efficacy profile. These safety data are within the accepted quality standards.

Attitudes, weight stigma and misperceptions of weight loss strategies among patients living with obesity in the Lazio Region, Italy.

Patient engagement is essential to achieve long-term goals in obesity management. It is crucial to identify patients' perspectives, misperceptions and unmet educational needs on obesity etiology and treatments, to establish a correct therapeutic alliance between healthcare providers and patients. Objective: This study, promoted by the regional section of the Italian Obesity Society (SIO Lazio), explores attitudes towards obesity, self-awareness, misperceptions of weight loss strategies, experiences of weight stigma and educational needs of patients living with overweight or obesity. Design and subject: We conducted an anonymous survey among patients who accessed an Obesity Management Centers across the Lazio region of Italy for the first time, from October 2023 to April 2024. Approach: The survey consisted of 27 closed-ended questions grouped into 4 sections: (1) sociodemographic factors and self-reported anthropometric measures; (2) self-awareness and attitudes towards obesity and weight loss strategies; (3) experiences of obesity-related stigma; (4) knowledge and perceptions of obesity treatment options. A total of 300 patients (67.9% women, aged 49.1 ± 14.4 years) returned completed surveys. Despite the self-reported BMI 35.3 ± 7.0 kg/m2 with three out of four (75.3%) of participants having a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, only 49% correctly identified themselves as affected by obesity. Almost one-third of the patients believed that obesity does not imply a genetic predisposition (31.9%) and that it is always secondary to psychological or behavioral disorders (29.7%). Interestingly, 66.7% of the patients declared themselves as completely responsible for their own condition and 39.4% considered obesity always treatable by means of lifestyle interventions. Stigma and weight discrimination in healthcare settings were reported by a substantial portion of patients (31.9%). A perception of inadequate support from the National Healthcare System emerged in most of the interviews (61.9%). Most patients (72.1%) felt they were not sufficiently informed about anti-obesity medications and a relevant part of their knowledge was derived from healthcare providers (57.7%) and social networks (19.1%). Weight loss medications were considered useful (63.2%) or necessary (18.4%) by the majority of patients, but only 60.1% would accept without any hesitation a pharmacologic treatment. The main reasons for refusal of pharmacological treatments were the belief that lifestyle intervention is a sufficient treatment (46.9%), the fear of adverse effects (28.1%) and feeling defeated (12.5%). Similarly, for most of participants bariatric surgery is useful (73.3%) or necessary (13.6%). Despite advancements in obesity research, this study underscores the need to improve patient education and public awareness to optimize the management and treatment of obesity. Addressing misconceptions, stigma, and gaps in knowledge are critical steps towards improving patient outcomes and fostering a supportive healthcare environment.

The TOTAL trial for weight management participation: A randomized controlled trial protocol

BackgroundThe three types of evidence-based treatment options for adults with overweight and obesity – behavioral weight management, anti-obesity medications (AOM), and bariatric surgery – are underutilized in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) system. Our objective in this manuscript is to describe the study protocol for an adequately powered randomized controlled trial (RCT) of a behavioral intervention: TOTAL (Teaching Obesity Treatment Options to Adult Learners) to increase patient uptake of obesity treatment. MethodsIn this multi-site, parallel, RCT, eligible Veterans with a body mass index [BMI] ≥ 27 who had not received obesity treatment within the past 12 months were randomly assigned to TOTAL or usual care. TOTAL involves watching an 18-min video that highlights obesity health risks, pros/cons of all three evidence-based obesity treatments, and expected treatment outcomes. It also includes motivational sessions delivered via televideo at 2 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after the video (target n = 494 participants). The primary outcome is initiation of behavioral weight management treatment within 18 months of randomization. Secondary outcomes include sustained behavioral weight management treatment, initiation of AOM, bariatric surgery referral, and weight change across 18 months. ConclusionTOTAL, which seeks to increase delivery of weight management treatment within the largest integrated health system in the U.S., combines patient education with motivational interviewing components. If efficacious in this trial, further evaluation of intervention effectiveness and implementation throughout the VHA and other healthcare systems would be warranted.

A Review on Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Therapy for the treatment of Obesity with Cardiovascular Diseases

One of the biggest issues facing the globe today is obesity. It primarily correlates with heart disease. Obesity can raise the risk of cardiovascular illness or muscle-related problems. Numerous fat tissues secrete bio-active cytokines, and these mediators affectglucose resistance, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart attacks in addition to body weight homeostasis. Currently, there are three treatment options for obesity: pharmacological therapy, bariatric surgery, and lifestyle modification or non-pharmacotherapy (such as physical therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and healthy food planning). The market with the quickest rate of growth is pharmacotherapy. phentermine plus topiramate, Belviq, semaglutide, and naltrexone plus bupropion are among the medications used in pharmacological therapy. The Federal Drug Administration of the United States has authorized the first two drugs based on clinical studies that showed improvements in lipid profile, glucose resistance, and overweight. In this review, we will address the effectiveness of previous pharmacotherapy for obesity, with an emphasis on new therapeutic agents that enhance patient safety.

A systematic review and meta-analysis combining adolescent and adult data to evaluate weight loss and the effect of age following the laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

Obesity is a grave concern within the United States, resulting in lost productivity, increased medical costs, and comorbidities with lifelong repercussions. The laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is a treatment option for obesity. The following meta-analysis sought to combine adolescent and adult literature to determine the overall effect of the sleeve gastrectomy on weight loss, to evaluate the effect of age at the time of surgery on weight loss, and to describe and explore variation in weight loss by sample characteristics. Overall weight loss was assessed at proximal and distal points, a dichotomous moderator variable analysis was conducted with subjects ≤21 years of age and >21 years of age, and a meta-regression assessing % male, % female, and baseline BMI was conducted to assess moderator variables. The laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy was effective at facilitating weight loss with effect sizes varying from 0.916 to2.816. Age, biological sex, and baseline BMI were not found to have an impact on weight loss. The clinical consequences of prolonged obesity are evident and earlier intervention may be justified to counter the long-term effects caused by obesity related comorbidities. Standardized reporting of comorbidities and the effect of bariatric surgery on comorbid conditions is essential to allow further analysis.

#1884 Slowing kidney disease with weight loss: a randomised controlled feasibility study (SLOW-CKD Feasibility Study)

Abstract Background and Aims Obesity is a modifiable risk factor for chronic kidney (CKD) and progression to kidney failure. Low energy diets (LEDs) (800 to 1000 kcal/day) are an established weight management strategy and have demonstrated the ability to facilitate 10 to 15 kg weight loss and induce diabetes remission. However, the use of LEDs in adults with CKD is limited and there have been no randomised controlled trials (RCT) exploring their use. Before initiating a definitive trial, there is first a need to assess feasibility and safety. The primary aim of this study was to test the feasibility, acceptability and safety of a low energy diet and weight management program in individuals with obesity and CKD. Method The SLOW-CKD Feasibility Study, a 6-month multi-centre RCT in kidney outpatient clinics in Brisbane Australia, targeted adults with stages 1-3 CKD and a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg m2 with proteinuria (urinary albumin to creatinine ratio &amp;gt;3 mg/mmol). Participants wererandomised (1:1). The LED group followed a 3-month LED (800-1000 kcal/day) with meal replacements and low-calorie foods, with fortnightly dietitian support. Following this, participants entered a 3-month weight maintenance phase,emphasising healthy eating and commencing a physical activity program guided by an exercise physiologist. The usual care group was offered weight loss support through the kidney clinic, involving referral to a dietitian or weight loss program if agreeable. Primary outcomes included safety (study related serious adverse events [SAEs] and adverse events [aEs]) and feasibility (recruitment rate, retention rate, target weight loss). Secondary outcomes explored changes in anthropometry and clinical measures, patient-reported outcomes, and participant experiences through semi-structured interviews. Pre-defined safety and feasibility outcome criteria are presented in Table 1. Results Overall, 49 participants consented to participate (mean age 52.4 ± 3.8 years, 57% male). The incidence of SAEs was low and comparable between the two groups. There were two SAEs in the LED group (hypoglycaemia and acute kidney injury both requiring hospital admission) and one in the control (hypoglycaemia requiring hospital admission). The most common AE was hyperkalaemia with three episodes (&amp;gt;6.0 mmol/L) in each group. Two of the three feasibility criteria were met deeming the intervention feasible—see Table 1. Mean weight loss for the initial 3-month study period was 10.6 kg ± 5.1 kg in the LED group and 0.7 kg ± 4.3 for the usual care group (p = &amp;lt;0.00). Conclusion Our findings provide important preliminary evidence that LEDs are relatively safe, feasible, and demonstrate promising efficacy as a treatment option for obesity in adults with CKD. A definitive RCT exploring the use of LEDs to improve clinical outcomes and slow progression of CKD is warranted.

Tackling obesity from a nanomedicine perspective

Obesity is a worldwide issue that is progressively worsening. It can result in significant co-morbidities, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity-related cancers. Current treatment options for obesity have several limitations, and the connection between obesity and cancer development is not well comprehended. We examine the current state and future prospects of obesity therapy, with a focus on the potential application of nanomedicine. The presentation emphasizes the necessity for further research in this field and how developments in cancer therapy using nanomedicines could be applied for the treatment of obesity, thereby providing a safe and effective treatment with reduced side-effects for those patients.

The potential efficacy of Artemisia anuua L. extract nanoparticles in mitigating obesity-related-metabolic complications in hypercaloric diet-fed rats

ABSTRACT Obesity-related health problems are worsening in various societies worldwide. Artemisia anuua L. (AA) has distinctive health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and insulin-sensitizing properties. Nanoformulation of herbal extracts is a new approach to enhance the bioavailability of natural products. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of AA extract, either the conventional extract (AAE) or its nano-form (AAEN), in modulating obesity-related metabolic complications in hypercaloric (high-fat/high-sucrose) diet-induced obese rats. Forty-eight rats were divided into two groups fed either a basal or hypercaloric diet for twelve weeks. Starting from the eighth week, each main group was subdivided into three subgroups and treated orally with either saline, AAE, or AAEN until the end of the experiment. Both AAE and AAEN exerted antiadipogenic effects. They reduced body weight and epididymal fat, mitigated dyslipidemia, improved glucose utilization and insulin resistance, reduced hyperleptinemia, increased serum adiponectin, and decreased oxidative stress and inflammatory markers. These results were mediated by regulating SIRT-1, PGC-1α, SREBP-1, PPAR-γ, FAS, LPL, IRS 1, and GLUT4 gene expression, suggesting an effect of AA on de novo lipogenesis and glucose utilization. The AAEN produced more expressive ameliorating effects than the conventional extract. AAE administration ameliorated the obesity-associated metabolic complications induced by feeding a hypercaloric diet, implying that this extract may be used as a complementary treatment option for obesity and its metabolic consequences. The antiadipogenic effectiveness of AAE was enhanced by its nanoformulation, suggesting that the nanoparticle system can be applied to boost other herbal medicine effectiveness.

Changes in food preferences and ingestive behaviors after glucagon-like peptide-1 analog treatment: techniques and opportunities.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs are approved for the treatment of obesity in adults and adolescents. Reports have emerged that the weight loss effect of these medications may be related to changes in food preferences and ingestive behaviors following the treatment. Understanding the mechanisms which impact ingestive behavior could expand opportunities to develop more refined and personalized treatment options for obesity. Recent studies investigating the relationship between GLP-1 analogs and ingestive behaviors were retrieved from PubMed using the search terms: "obesity," "food preference," "taste," "ingestive behavior," "weight loss medication," "anti-obesity medication," "GLP-1 analog," "tirzepatide," "liraglutide," "semaglutide." Measurement tools were studied to compare variables used to assess food intake behavior. The main outcomes from each study were analyzed to evaluate the current standing and future directions of appetitive, ingestive, and consummatory behaviors and their association with GLP-1 analogs. Thus far, studies have primarily explored the weight loss phase and report decreased short-term appetite and food intake upon treatment. However, research during the weight maintenance phase and objective measurements of food intake are notably sparse. Additionally, verbal reports have been primarily used to examine food intake, which can be susceptible to subjectivity. Elucidating the relationship between GLP-1 analogs and ingestive behavior could reveal additional parameters which contribute to their anti-obesity effects. To better understand these mechanisms, it is imperative to consider objective measurements of food intake in future studies. Several measurement tools have been adapted to measure variables of food behavior in humans, and each must be carefully considered with their strengths and limitations to develop optimal investigations.

Effect and safety of electroacupuncture on weight loss in obese patients with pre-diabetes: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial

IntroductionObesity has been identified as a significant risk factor for several chronic conditions, including diabetes, tumours and cardiovascular disease, and has been associated with increased mortality rates. Despite the well-established...

Physical activity in metabolic syndrome.

Obesity has become one of the global epidemics, contributing to the burden of disease in society, increasing the risk of diabetes, cardiovascular and liver diseases. Inadequate energy balance resulting from excessive energy intake and insufficient physical activity (PA) is one of the main factors contributing to the incidence of obesity and the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Treatment options for obesity include lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery, with the latter being the most effective treatment. Lifestyle interventions involving increased PA and reduced caloric intake improve metabolic outcomes. Early implementation of exercise leads to improved physical fitness, better glycemic control and lipid profile. Undertaking systematic PA is associated with better quality of life, improves insulin sensitivity, causes additional weight loss, reduces its adverse effects on bone mass and results in better body composition. In this narrative review we summarized the current state of knowledge on the impact of PA on the components of MetS and the latest recommendations for PA in patients with MetS.

Perceptions of Nurses on Obesity Treatment Options

Perceptions of Nurses on Obesity Treatment Options