Optimal Utilization Research Articles

Advanced Li-S Battery Configuration Featuring Sulfur-Coated Separator and Interwoven rGO/CNT Fabric Current Collector.

The development of lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) marks a crucial milestone in advancing energy storage solutions essential for sustainable energy transitions. With high theoretical specific capacity, cost-effectiveness, and reduced ecological footprint, LSBs promise to enhance electric vehicle ranges, extend portable electronics' operational times, and stabilize grids integrated with renewable energy. However, challenges like complex processing, electrode instability, and poor cycling stability hinder their commercialization. This study introduces a novel battery design that addresses these issues by coating sulfur directly onto the separator instead of the current collector, demonstrating that active sulfur can be effectively utilized without being incorporated into the electrode structure. Using an interwoven substrate made from carbon nanotube (CNT) fabric adorned with reduced graphene oxide (rGO), this setup enhances manufacturing scalability, supports optimal sulfur utilization, and improves battery performance. The rGO decoration provides multiple highly conductive polysulfide trapping sites, enhancing active material reutilization, while the flexibility and mechanical strength of CNT fabric contribute to electrode integrity. This combination boosts electrical conductivity and polysulfide-capturing capability, effectively managing migrating sulfur species during charge-discharge cycles and mitigating sulfur loss and polysulfide shuttling. The results demonstrate superior cycling stability and efficiency, highlighting the potential of this approach in advancing LSB technology.

Understanding the benefits of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and influence of hyperkalaemia on their prescription: a UK survey of healthcare professionals' views and practice

Abstract Background Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) improve outcomes in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and they should be increased to the maximally tolerated dose. However, their use is often hindered by hyperkalaemia leading to discontinuation or down titration. Purpose Assess perceptions of primary and secondary healthcare professionals regarding benefits of RAASi according to indication and, in the context of developing hyperkalaemia, to identify barriers to optimal utilisation, and to explore options for improving management protocols, specifically in HFrEF. Methods An electronic survey was distributed in primary and secondary care setting in Hampshire, UK, to evaluate knowledge about benefits of RAASi, clinical response to varying level of potassium (K+), and decision-making using several clinical scenarios. Hyperkalaemia was graded into mild (serum K+ 5.5 – 5.9 mmol/L), moderate (serum K+ 6.0 – 6.4 mmol/L) or severe (serum K+ ≥ 6.5 mmol/L). Results Between November 2021 and January 2023, 300 questionnaires were completed by 274 (91%) physicians (varying grades of seniority), 22 (7%) non-medical prescribers, and 4 (1%) pharmacists. 80% were working in secondary care across different specialities (31 working in cardiology and 15 in nephrology). The majority were aware of prognostic benefit of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) in patients with HFrEF although this was lower for mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) (Fig 1). Fewer than 2/3 of respondents were aware of impact of ACEi on symptoms. In the presence of mild hyperkalaemia, 75% and 88% of healthcare professionals would stop or reduce ACEi and MRA, respectively. In moderate or severe hyperkalaemia, this increased to 96% and 97%, respectively (Fig 2A-B). When considering the scenario of a patient with HFrEF who had ACEi stopped due to K+ 5.9 mmol/L, the potassium at which the responder would consider re-starting the ACEi ranged from 77% when potassium level < 5.5 mmol/L to 1% in moderate or severe hyperkalaemia (Fig 2C). 74% of healthcare professionals were familiar with local hyperkalaemia management protocol and 93% supported dedicated training on RAASi dose adjustment and hyperkalaemia management. Conclusion This survey, across a broad range of healthcare professionals, shows uncertainties around knowledge of benefits of RAASi in patients with HFrEF and there is sizeable variation in the prescribing response to degrees of hyperkalaemia. Given the voluntary nature of the survey, it is plausible that these data are biased towards individuals with greater understanding. Regardless, there is a need for continued education with a goal of improving patient-centred care.

An efficient Protocol for Enhanced Flynet Communication in Presence of Partitioning

This paper presents an adaptive fault-tolerant resource allocation protocol tailored for FlyNet, a dynamic aerial network characterized by its mobility and three-dimensional operational space. Addressing the challenges of network partitioning and resource allocation in aerial networks, the proposed algorithm dynamically adjusts to the network's changing topology, ensuring consistent and efficient resource management. Through robust fault tolerance mechanisms, the protocol enhances FlyNet's reliability, maintaining seamless communication and optimal resource utilization even amid node mobility and disruptions. Simulation results demonstrate the algorithm's effectiveness in adapting to dynamic environments, maximizing resource utilization, and minimizing communication delays.

Identifying and Managing Risks in High-Tech Supply Networks using Explainable Artificial Intelligence

Supply chains have become vital in enabling the smooth movement of material and information in the swiftly changing high-tech industries. By utilising technological innovations like automation and AI, supply chains may improve both safety and effectiveness at every level of the process, from manufacturing to sustainability. The necessity to adjust operations, give the adoption of technology top priority for resilience, and improve supply chain management efficiency. Transformation of the Supply Chain is becoming a choice of subject, when it comes to maintain the ideal inventory levels and Just in Time service deliveries. Both AI and ML are the utmost importance for the maintenance of the inventory or service through the technology. It not only helps in reducing the loss of opportunity costs, but also it resolves the issue of overstocks of any inventory and the enhanced level of service delivery. This ultimately results in the optimum utilization of the resources through the help of technology. Moreover, it is the win-win situation for the customer and provider. Even while technology has only recently begun to be incorporated into supply chains, the manufacturing and distribution sectors have adopted it more quickly, emphasising the need for effective risk identification and mitigation techniques. Notwithstanding the possible advantages of transforming the supply chain, there are obstacles and limitations that make an entire technological shift complex. The chapter also explores the concept explainable AI which can be understood as the set of techniques that makes the decision-making processes of AI systems comprehensible to humans. Acknowledging the inherent complexities and relationships within these chains, the goal of this chapter is to explore risk identification and management in high-tech supply networks. A competent and nimble stakeholder base can manage the complex landscape of the high-tech world through the incorporation of innovative technologies, proactive actions, and constructive alliances.

Outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with chronic total occlusion (CTO): a single-center study evaluating a new dedicated CTO program in Egypt

PurposeThe conundrum of limited resources in developing countries leads to the abonnement and underutilization of percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusion, in addition to lack of expertise, limited supplies, and success rates. We embraced this challenge by initiating a dedicated program in a tertiary academic center in Egypt, aiming for optimum utilization of resources, limit cost, and gaining experience. We present our outcomes and the proficiency in establishing the program.MethodsWe enrolled all patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusion during the first year of initiating our dedicated program. Analysis of clinical data, angiographic findings, and procedural features were evaluated, aiming to evaluate outcomes. Our primary outcome was successful recanalization achievement, utilization of available resources and cost. Secondary outcomes such as peri-procedural myocardial infarction, coronary perforation, urgent need of coronary artery bypass grafting, cerebrovascular stroke, and mortality were assessed.ResultsOur study enrolled 64 patients electively admitted to the Critical Care Department, Cairo University, undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusion. The median J-CTO score was 2 (0–5). We achieved successful recanalization in 47 patients (73%). The mean procedural time was 123 ± 48.8 min, mean contrast volume was 359.03 ± 151.9 ml, and mean radiation dose was 9.4 ± 4.2 Gy. The mean number of wires per patient was 2.69 ± 1.32, and the most successful crossing strategy was antegrade wiring (56.3%). The commonest cause of failure was failure of re-entry (46.7%). One patient had peri-procedural MI (1.6%), and one patient required urgent CABG. There was no in-hospital mortality or cerebrovascular stroke. The cost ranged from 6520 Egyptian Pounds (EP) ($415) to 63,720 EP ($4058), with a mean of 26,213 EP ($1670).ConclusionsEstablishing a dedicated program for percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusion proved to be feasible and proficient, achieving high success rates with limited complications in view of limited resources, rationalized utilization of equipment, and limitation of hospital costs.

Advancements in synergistic fermentation of probiotics and enzymes for non‐grain feed raw materials

AbstractTo address the escalating challenge of food scarcity and the associated conflicts between human and animal consumption, it is imperative to seek alternative resources that can substitute for traditional feed. Non‐grain feed (NGF) raw materials represent a category of biomass resources that are distinct from grains in their composition. These materials are characterized by their high nutritional content, cost‐effectiveness, ample availability, and consistent supply, which contribute to their significant economic potential. Nonetheless, the extensive application of NGF is currently hindered by several limitations, including a high concentration of antinutritional factors, suboptimal palatability, and an offensive odor, among other shortcomings. The synergistic fermentation of probiotics and enzymes (SFPE) is an innovative approach that integrates the use of a diverse array of enzymes during the feed fermentation process, as well as various strains of probiotics throughout the feed digestion process. This method aims to enhance the nutritional value of the feed, diminish the presence of antinutritional factors, and improve the overall palatability, thereby facilitating the optimal utilization of NGF. This strategy holds the promise of not only replacing conventional feed options but also mitigating the pressing issue of grain scarcity. This paper delves into the practical applications of NGF and presents an overview of the latest research advancements in SFPE fermentation techniques, which can provide cutting‐edge and valuable reference for researchers who devote themselves to research in this field in the future.

Proactive pricing strategies for on-street parking management with physics-informed neural networks

Effective pricing is important for on-street parking management and proactive parking pricing is an innovative strategy to achieve optimal parking utilization. For proactive parking pricing, accurately predicting parking occupancy and deriving the price elasticity of parking demand are necessary. In recent years, there have been an increasing number of studies applying big data technology for parking-occupancy prediction. However, existing research has not incorporated economic knowledge into modeling, thus preventing application of the price elasticity of parking demand. In this study, proactive pricing strategies are proposed to adjust on-street parking prices which involve a parking-occupancy prediction model and a price-optimization method. Physics-informed neural networks are employed to achieve accurate prediction of parking occupancy and calculation of parking price elasticity. An elasticity-occupancy parking-management strategy is proposed for on-street parking management which leverages parking occupancy and price elasticity to guide pricing interventions. A case study shows that the parking-occupancy prediction model can make accurate predictions and derive the price elasticity of parking demand. Proactive parking pricing enables drivers to plan their trips in advance, allowing parking occupancy within an optimal range.

Insights into the hydrogenation reaction degradation mechanisms of lignin model compound using density functional theory methods

Lignin through pyrolysis results in a liquid byproduct that contains a significant proportion of phenolic compounds, which can be subsequently enhanced into aromatic hydrocarbons using hydrogenation methods. To comprehend the reaction mechanism of the lignin hydrogenation process, we conducted theoretical investigations on the hydrogenation reaction process of different phenolic lignin model compounds by theoretical calculation method M06-2X/6–31++G(d,p). Different potential reaction routes were developed for the hydrogenation process of lignin model compounds, and the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of key reaction steps in each pathway were computed. The calculated results indicate that the hydrogenation reaction process of lignin model compounds, the aromatic compound, CH2O, H2O, and CH3OH may be the products that emits firstly in lignin hydrogenation reaction process. And the presence of methoxyl and hydroxyl substituents on the benzene ring does not significantly impact the hydrogenation process of lignin model compounds. Furthermore, the hydrogenation reaction in lignin model compounds exhibits a high energy barrier of approximately 300.0 kJ/mol. Thus, the hydrogenation process of lignin necessitates either appropriate modifications to the depolymerization conditions or the introduction of a catalyst. This work offers a theoretical foundation for advancing the research on lignin of hydrogenation and achieving optimal resource utilization.

Perceptions of the 2D short animated videos for literacy against chronic diseases among adults with diabetes and/or hypertension: a qualitative study in primary care clinics.

Animation has promise for teaching complex health content through smartphone applications. However, smartphones have had limited use in Thailand for health literacy improvement among adults with chronic diseases. This study aims to explore the perceptions of adults with diabetes and/or hypertension resulting from 2D short animated videos for literacy against chronic disease that are available via smartphones. Four animated videos were initially developed based on clinical practice guidelines and nursing experience. Physicians, an expert in health education, and an animation team developed and revised scripts and storyboards of the animated videos. Lastly, videos were validated by physicians and health educators for content breadth and depth and by media experts for motion graphics and illustration. Each video presents a different situation in diabetes, hypertension, missing appointments, and obesity, ranging from 2.18 to 4.14min in duration. The inclusion criteria were adults 35-70 years old with diabetes or hypertension who received care from primary care units. Thematic analysis was performed on the extracted data. Twenty participants with a mean age of 58.4 years (SD 6.7; ranged 41-68) were focus-group interviewed. Three animation elements were assessed, including presentation, impacts, and suggestions. Participants had positive responses regarding the presentation (suitability of images and smooth motion graphics, short length of videos, simple language, understandable content, and clear sound) and impacts (recalling information, enhancing engagement, and motivating health awareness and behavior change). Suggested improvements were for a bigger font size for subtitles and considering the use of spoken text instead of on-screen text for recommendations at the end of the animations. Animated videos are acceptable for delivering health information. Pilot testing animated videos for promoting literacy against chronic diseases in adults with diabetes and hypertension is needed for optimal utility.

National Land Use Zoning Dashboard – Harnessing Geo-informatics Technology for Seamless Land Management and Conflict Resolution

Abstract. The National Land Use Zoning (NLUZ) exercise was conducted by the National Land Commission Secretariat (NLCS) in collaboration with other agencies of the Royal Government of Bhutan. The primary objective of this exercise was to harmonize all land uses on the ground and integrate spatial data across different agencies. Previously, such data had been created and archived separately within each agency. To accomplish this goal, a dedicated team was formed, and a baseline report was published in 2023. However, simply having a report did not fully support the objectives of the NLUZ. Therefore, an interactive dashboard was conceptualized to serve as a platform for integrating and visualizing all geospatial data. This dashboard will also provide analytical tools to guide decision-makers in the optimal utilization of the country's limited land resources. The development of the dashboard will utilize ArcGIS technology and will be customized using the ArcGIS Map SDK for JavaScript and the Calcite System Design.

A data-driven framework for occupancy optimisation strategies towards energy demand reduction in non-domestic buildings

Proactive strategies for data-driven operational schedules based on monitored occupancy patters can enable energy demand reduction and optimal resource utilisation. A replicable framework that enables strategic closure of specific thermal zones is introduced and design and operational considerations are discussed. The potential of the framework is illustrated through a case study building, where up to 6% annual energy savings were estimated, highlighting the effectiveness of zone closures. Further findings indicated that total energy savings from the simultaneous closure of multiple zones were marginally larger compared to savings from closing off zones individually, depending on zone capacity and use. Therefore, balanced considerations should take place prior to selecting which zones to close off, also taking into account user acceptability, capacity of systems and controls as well as the internal layout of the building. The research enhances the understanding of the relationship between occupancy and energy demand, while offering recommendations for more energy efficient and sustainable building design and operations that require minimal capital cost. Practical Application This paper provides design and operational considerations based on a robust and replicable framework for energy savings by optimising operational building schedules based on monitored occupancy patterns. This allows a proactive implementation of data-driven strategies that maximise resource utilisation, such as closure of specific zones during periods of low occupancy, without requiring any physical intervention. The findings on a case study building demonstrate that annual energy savings can be achieved, underscoring the potential for substantial cost reductions and improved energy efficiency. Applications can also extend to optimising energy demand for energy flexibility.

Utilization and Effectiveness of Pectoralis Minor Tenotomy in the Surgical Management of Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome.

Uncertainty exists concerning the optimal utilization and effectiveness of pectoralis minor tenotomy (PMT) in neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS). Between January 2020 and July 2023, 355 patients with NTOS underwent primary surgical treatment. Prospectively collected data were analyzed retrospectively. Overall mean patient age was 35.9 ± 1.9 years, 76% were female, and the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) score at presentation was 60.3 ± 3.2, reflecting substantial disability. Surgical treatment was based on localized tenderness/symptoms to palpation, with 322 (91%) undergoing combined supraclavicular decompression and PMT (SCD + PMT) and 33 (9%) selected for isolated PMT when findings were solely confined to the subcoracoid space. Mean operative time (29 ± 5 vs 164 ± 9 min, P < .01) and hospital stay (0.3 ± 0.1 vs 4.0 ± 0.2 days, P < .01) were both lower after isolated PMT, with no significant differences in postoperative complications or rehospitalization. During follow-up of 26.7 ± 1.5 months, QuickDASH scores declined by 41.2% ± 2.3% (P < .0001) and patient-rated outcomes were excellent in 34%, good in 41%, fair in 22%, and poor in 4%. Fewer patients had poor-rated outcomes after SCD + PMT (2%) than after isolated PMT (19%) (P < .01). Recurrent symptoms requiring supraclavicular reoperation occurred in 16 patients after SCD + PMT (5%) and in 5 patients after isolated PMT (15%) (P < .05). Pectoralis minor tenotomy (PMT) has an important role in surgical treatment of NTOS, mainly as an adjunct in combination with SCD. While highly selected patients can do well after isolated PMT as a short outpatient procedure with rapid recovery, there is a greater potential for poor outcomes and supraclavicular reoperation than after SCD + PMT.

Water hyacinth biorefinery: Improved biofuel production using Trichoderma atroviride pretreatment

AbstractThe pyrolysis of water hyacinth is gaining attention and acceptance as a resource recovery technique due to its availability and economic viability. However, the presence of lignin, one of the three major biomass fractions, presents significant challenges for profitable water hyacinth processing for biofuel production. Fungal pretreatment of water hyacinth for lignin breakdown has been explored but the application of Trichoderma atroviride as a pretreatment for pyrolysis is relatively novel. The efficacy of T. atroviride pretreatment in improving water hyacinth's pyrolytic products using a fixed‐bed reactor was therefore investigated in this study. The optimization process was studied using a central composite design in response surface methodology with Design Expert 13. Delignification of the biomass was established because the elemental analysis showed a 25.42% increase in cellulose content and a 23.40% and 3.37% decrease in lignin and hemicellulose content, respectively. The biomass pretreatment applied influenced the physical and chemical characteristics of the pyrolytic products. The highest pyrolysis oil yield increased by 25.81% at 575 °C and particle size 2290 μm, and the highest char yield decreased by 4.23% at 273 °C and particle size 1500 μm. This research is crucial for policy and research conversations as it offers a scientific basis for the application of T. atroviride pretreatment in biomass pyrolysis technology and emphasizes the optimal utilization of water hyacinths to obtain socio‐environmental benefits.

Rapid assessment of main agronomic indicators in the grain of winter and spring forms of triticale using infrared spectroscopy

Background. Calibration models were developed for rapid assessment of crucial agronomic indicators in the grain of winter and spring triticale from the VIR collection using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). These calibration models will enable users to find the most optimal utilization trends for individual triticale accessions. Materials and methods. Indicators of agronomic value (coloration, moisture, and the content of ash, protein, starch, amylose and fiber) were studied on a set of 32 grain samples collected from winter and spring triticale forms (Triticosecale Wittm. &amp; A. Camus) reproduced in 2021–2022 at the Dagestan Experiment Station, a branch of the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR). Calibration models for the assessment of the said agronomic characters in triticale grain were developed on the platform of the MATRIX-I IR analyzer (Bruker Optics, Germany) and based on the values obtained by classical methods of biochemical analysis adopted at VIR. Results. Reliability of the calibration models was tested on a randomized batch of triticale grain samples: the results of the new calibrations were compared with those of the conventional biochemical analysis. This verification showed that the data obtained through the use of calibration curves were reliable for protein and ash content, while other models required further improvement. Conclusion. Calibration models for measuring protein and ash content developed on the basis of the MATRIX-I IR analyzer can be used to perform rapid assessment of the winter and spring triticale grain. This method makes it possible to accelerate the process of obtaining crop characteristics for a number of basic agronomic characters and preserve valuable breeding material.

A comprehensive engineering strategy improves potency and manufacturability of a near pan-neutralizing antibody against HIV.

Anti-HIV envelope broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are alternatives to conventional antiretrovirals with the potential to prevent and treat infection, reduce latent reservoirs, and/or mediate a functional cure. Clinical trials with "first generation" bnAbs used alone or in combination show promising antiviral effects but also highlight that additional engineering of "enhanced" antibodies will be required for optimal clinical utility, while preserving or enhancing cGMP manufacturing capability. Here we report the engineering of an anti-CD4 binding-site (CD4bs) bnAb, N49P9.3, purified from the plasma of an HIV elite-neutralizer. Through a series of rational modifications we produced a variant that demonstrates: enhanced potency; superior antiviral activity in combination with other bnAbs; low polyreactivity; and longer circulating half-life. Additional engineering for manufacturing produced a final variant, eN49P9, with properties conducive to cGMP production. Overall, these efforts demonstrate the feasibility of developing enhanced anti-CD4bs bnAbs with greatly improved antiviral properties as well as potential translational value.

Unveiling Anomalies in Terrain Elevation Products from Spaceborne Full-Waveform LiDAR over Forested Areas

Anomalies displaying significant deviations between terrain elevation products acquired from spaceborne full-waveform LiDAR and reference elevations are frequently observed in assessment studies. While the predominant focus is on “normal” data, recognizing anomalies within datasets obtained from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) and the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) is essential for a comprehensive understanding of widely used spaceborne full-waveform data, which not only facilitates optimal data utilization but also enhances the exploration of potential applications. Nevertheless, our comprehension of anomalies remains limited as they have received scant specific attention. Diverging from prevalent practices of directly eliminating outliers, we conducted a targeted exploration of anomalies in forested areas using both transmitted and return waveforms from the GLAS and the GEDI in conjunction with airborne LiDAR point cloud data. We unveiled that elevation anomalies stem not from the transmitted pulses or product algorithms, but rather from scattering sources. We further observed similarities between the GLAS and the GEDI despite their considerable disparities in sensor parameters, with the waveforms characterized by a low signal-to-noise ratio and a near exponential decay in return energy; specifically, return signals of anomalies originated from clouds rather than the land surface. This discovery underscores the potential of deriving cloud-top height from spaceborne full-waveform LiDAR missions, particularly the GEDI, suggesting promising prospects for applying GEDI data in atmospheric science—an area that has received scant attention thus far. To mitigate the impact of abnormal return waveforms on diverse land surface studies, we strongly recommend incorporating spaceborne LiDAR-offered terrain elevation in data filtering by establishing an elevation-difference threshold against a reference elevation. This is especially vital for studies concerning forest parameters due to potential cloud interference, yet a consensus has not been reached within the community.

Synergistic coupling of NiCo-LDH in high-performance supercapacitors via hydrothermal method: Optimal utilization of the potential window

Enhancing the efficiency of layered nickel-cobalt double hydroxides (NiCo-LDH) as electrode materials represented a promising strategy for advancing supercapacitor technology and improving energy storage systems. However, achieving optimal synthesis conditions and addressing the inherent limitations of NiCo-LDH remained critical challenges. In this study, we developed a novel hydrothermal approach to fabricate ultrathin NiCo-LDH nanosheets with a highly porous architecture. In the present study, we have introduced a hydrothermal methodology aimed at the fabrication of ultrathin NiCo-LDH nanosheets characterized by an intricate and highly porous architecture. This innovative approach entailed the simultaneous deposition of nickel and cobalt hydroxides in the presence of ammonium fluoride, a technique that not only streamlined the synthesis process, but also markedly augmented the electrochemical performance of the resultant material. These effects collectively contributed to improved electron transport and structural stability. The optimized NiCo-LDH-18 electrode achieved an exceptional specific capacitance of 2266.6 F g⁻1 and an energy density of 104.8 W h kg⁻1, with a remarkable 93.19 % capacitance retention after 40,000 cycles. Additionally, the potential window of the system closely approximated its theoretical maximum, reaching 96.88 % at a current density of 10 A g⁻1. This refined synthesis strategy offered a significant advancement in supercapacitor performance and stability. By overcoming the inherent drawbacks of traditional supercapacitors, the developed materials provided an effective solution for meeting the growing demand for storage devices with high energy density.

Sustainable and Bio-Based Food packaging design of Chinese agricultural products under the “Internet Plus” mindset

National identity is people's emotional attachment to the country, which is related to personal growth and success as well as the prosperity and stability of the country. The advent of the "Internet Plus" era marks a new ecological evolution in the networked society, significantly impacting personal national identity. On the one hand, the proactive, dynamic, autonomous, and connective nature of "Internet Plus" provides abundant resources and novel platforms to enhance individual national identity. On the other hand, its openness, compatibility, diversity, and anonymity can also challenge and influence personal perceptions of national belonging. This study delves into the nuanced interplay between national identity and the packaging design of Chinese agricultural products within the "Internet Plus" framework, exploring emerging trends, changes, and characteristics. This paper presents an in-depth literature assessment on the comprehensive methodology of Bio-based Food Packaging (B-FP) for food within the cyclical economy. It emphasizes three principal domains: (1) the function of B-FP within a circular goods layout method and material selection during the preproduction life cycle phase; (2) the contribution of B-FP to oval resource administration structures and the item's elimination life cycle phase; and (3) the optimum utilization of B-FP concerning the prioritization of end-of-life therapy. It scrutinizes the underlying issues and deep-seated causes, enriching the theoretical discourse on national identity. Through literature review and surveys, this paper firstly defines and clarifies the concepts of "Internet Plus," national identity, and the B-FP design of Chinese agricultural products. It then investigates the implications of "Internet Plus" for national identity within pastoral product B-FP design, examining its supportive role. Furthermore, survey data is analyzed to evaluate the impact of B-FP design on national identity from various aspects such as structure, visual appeal, and the absence of green design principles. Identifying key challenges and attributing them to factors such as brand competitiveness and rural revitalization strategies, the study ultimately seeks to formulate design strategies for agricultural product B-FP from a national identity perspective within the "Internet Plus" context.

Three-State Hidden Markov Model for Spectrum Prediction in Cognitive Radio Networks

The exponential growth and proliferation of wireless devices for different wireless applications have led to the emergence of cognitive radio network (CRN) for optimal utilization of scarce spectrum resources. However, these resources have grossly been under-utilized due to the inaccurate spectrum predictions. Existing spectrum occupancy and prediction techniques which rely on 2-state hidden Markov model (HMM) results in false alarm or missed detection caused by noisy or incomplete observable effects. In this paper, a 3-state HMM spectrum occupancy and prediction technique in CRNs is proposed. The transmission, emission and initial state probabilities of the proposed 3-state HMM parameters were derived based on the three canonical problems associated with HMM. The evaluation, decoding and learning problems were solved using Forward algorithm, Viterbi algorithm and the Baum-Welch algorithm, respectively. The performance of the proposed 3-state HMM spectrum prediction technique was evaluated using prediction accuracy, probability of detection and spectrum utilization efficiency. The simulation results obtained revealed that the 3-state HMM outperformed the 2-state HMM spectrum prediction technique by 24.1% in prediction accuracy.

Challenges in the Valorization of Green Waste in the Central European Region: Case Study of Warsaw

Expanding green areas in cities results in growth in green waste generation. This study presents the findings of an investigation into green waste from selective collection in a large Central European city (Warsaw, Poland), which can be identified as a valuable biomass resource. The research objective was to identify the properties of garden waste from single-family housing to determine valorization opportunities, emphasizing the utilization of GW as a source of energy. The research yielded several findings, including a notable degree of variability in fuel properties, including moisture content (CV = 30%), lower heating value (CV = 14.3%), and ash content (CV = 62.7/56.2%). The moisture content suggests composting, while the fertilizing properties indicate suitability for anaerobic digestion. The instability of the fuel properties, coupled with the elevated levels of chlorine, sulfur, and moisture, constrains the use of garden waste in thermal processes and alternative fuel production. Pyrolysis could be a viable approach for green waste feedstock, offering value-added products depending on the processing conditions and pre-treatment. Nevertheless, implementing a selective collection system is a critical condition for the optimal utilization of bio-waste, facilitating the quality and property control of green and food waste. This is essential for their effective processing, including energy recovery, thereby contributing to the efficient valorization of biomass.