Optimal Medium Research Articles

Production Physiology and Biochemical properties of Crude Thermophile Protease by Mild - Halophilic Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai HD 865

Objective: The current study aims to enrich the research library of Bacillus thuringensis, the most famous bacteria as a biopesticide, with a product that may enhance its ability as a biopesticide as well as its many other applications, namely the heat-tolerant alkaline protease. Methods: The strain Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai HD 865, obtained from HD Culture Collection was grown on a liquid growth medium of nutrient broth and yeast extract, and colonies were counted on agar plates. The zygote is then transferred to a skim milk environment to estimate the enzymatic activity under the different growth conditions of the growth environment (sodium chloride concentration, pH, aeration, fermentation duration), then testing the optimal conditions for enzymatic activity in the enzymatic reaction mixture (sodium chloride concentration, salinity resistance, optimum temperature, thermal stability, optimum pH and stability). Then analyze the data statistically. Results: Optimum alkaline protease medium production conditions were, 2 % NaCl, so Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai HD865 a mild - halophilic microorganism, aeration level 80%, pH 7 and 8 days of fermentation period. On the other hand, crude alkaline protease properties were found that, the optimum temperature for its activity was relatively high (70ºC), while heat-stabilities after 5 min of heating crude enzyme in boiling water bath then incubated for 15min on 30, 40, 50, 60, 70ºC, were 184.23, 178.07, 164.29, 165.51 and 121.46 Units, respectively; whereas the optimum pH was at pH 7.6 (151.76 Units) with tris buffer then at pH 9.6 with glycine - NaOH buffer; While pH stability was at pH 7.6 with tris buffer then at pH 8.4 with glycine - NaOH buffer. Thus, activities have decreased at different concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 %) of sodium chloride in reaction mixture with enzyme activities (151.25, 137.35, 135.12, 135, 135.89, 114.38 Units) respectively, also decreased when rinse crude enzyme for 5 min in NaCl (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 %), with (151.04, 175.57, 168.69, 154.61, 155.39 and 143.39 Units) respectively. Conclusion: Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai HD 865 strain is considered a low - salt tolerant strain, while the alkaline protease extracted from it is heat - resistant.

Callus induction, subculture, and browning inhibition of the anticancer plant Taxus media

In order to obtain more effective cell culture parameters of Taxus anticancer plants, we optimized the callus induction and subculture conditions of the explants (stem segments with buds) of the anticancer medicinal plant Taxus media by using the plant tissue culture technology and orthogonal test. Furthermore, we studied the method to inhibit browning in the culture. The results indicated that the optimal conditions for inducing callus was culture in the medium composed of B5+0.25 mg/L 2, 4-D+1.5 mg/L NAA+0.5 mg/L KT in the dark, which showed short induction time and a high induction rate (86.7%). The formula of the optimal medium for subculture was B5+0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D+2.0 mg/L NAA+1.5 mg/L KT.The proliferation multiple of callus cultured by subculture on the 10th day of callus growth was the highest. Activated carbon inhibited the browning in callus subculture, with the optimal inhibitory concentration of 0.8 g/L. The results of this study lay a foundation for the production of taxol by suspension culture of T. media cells.

Optimization of Fermentation and Biocontrol Efficacy of Bacillus atrophaeus XHG-1-3m2

Biological control plays an increasingly important role in various aspects of modern agriculture and forestry. Identifying biocontrol strains with commercial potential for effective disease management is currently a focal point in biological control research. In this study, Bacillus atrophaeus XHG-1-3m2, a strain with significant biocontrol potential against Wilsonomyces carpophilus causing shot hole disease in wild apricots, was developed. The study determined the antibacterial activity of the fermentation broth, the optimal fermentation medium composition and conditions, and explored its effectiveness in controlling Wilsonomyces carpophilus. The optimal fermentation medium for strain XHG-1-3m2 comprises 12.5 g/L yeast extract, 12.5 g/L soy peptone, 10.0 g/L sodium chloride, 1 g/L ammonium chloride, 1 g/L potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 1 g/L disodium hydrogen phosphate, and 0.5 g/L magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. With an initial pH of 7.0, a liquid volume of 40%, an inoculum volume of 3%, and shaking incubation at 28 °C for 24 h, the viable cell count reached 14 × 109 CFU/mL. In vitro and in vivo tests on leaves revealed that the fermentation broth and the biocontrol biofertilizer derived from this strain inhibited the leaf lesions caused by Wilsonomyces carpophilus on wild apricots, achieving inhibition rates of 94.62% and 82.46%, respectively.

Engineering Yarrowia lipolytica to Produce l-Malic Acid from Glycerol.

The declining availability of cheap fossil-based resources has sparked growing interest in the sustainable biosynthesis of organic acids. l-Malic acid, a crucial four-carbon dicarboxylic acid, finds extensive applications in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering have enabled the efficient microbial production of l-malic acid, albeit not in Yarrowia lipolytica, an important industrial microorganism. The present study aimed to explore the potential of this fungal species for the production of l-malic acid. First, endogenous biosynthetic genes and heterologous transporter genes were overexpressed in Y. lipolytica to identify bottlenecks in the l-malic acid biosynthesis pathway grown on glycerol. Second, overexpression of isocitrate lyase, malate synthase, and malate dehydrogenase in the glyoxylate cycle pathway and introduction of a malate transporter from Schizosaccharomyces pombe significantly boosted l-malic acid production, which reached 27.0 g/L. A subsequent increase to 37.0 g/L was attained through shake flask medium optimization. Third, adaptive laboratory evolution allowed the engineered strain Po1g-CEE2+Sp to tolerate a lower pH and to accumulate a higher amount of l-malic acid (56.0 g/L). Finally, when scaling up to a 5 L bioreactor, a titer of 112.5 g/L was attained. In conclusion, this study demonstrates for the first time the successful production of l-malic acid in Y. lipolytica by combining metabolic engineering and laboratory evolution, paving the way for large-scale sustainable biosynthesis of this and other organic acids.

Matched three-dimensional organoids and two-dimensional cell lines of melanoma brain metastases mirror response to targeted molecular therapy

Despite advances in the treatment paradigm for patients with metastatic melanoma, melanoma brain metastasis (MBM) continues to represent a significant treatment challenge. The study of MBM is limited, in part, by shortcomings in existing preclinical models. Surgically eXplanted Organoids (SXOs) are ex vivo, three-dimensional cultures prepared from primary tissue samples with minimal processing that recapitulate genotypic and phenotypic features of parent tumors without an artificial extracellular scaffold. MBM SXOs were created by a novel protocol incorporating techniques for establishing glioma and cutaneous melanoma organoids. A BRAFV600K-mutant and BRAF-wildtype MBM sample were collected directly from the operating room. Organoids were cultured in an optimized culture medium without an artificial extracellular scaffold. Concurrently, matched patient-derived cell lines were created. Organoid growth was observed within 3–4 weeks, and MBM SXOs retained histological features of the parent tissue, including pleomorphic epithelioid cells with abundant cytoplasm, large nuclei, focal melanin accumulation, and strong SOX10 positivity. After sufficient growth, organoids could be manually parcellated to increase the number of replicates. Matched SXOs and cell lines demonstrated sensitivity to BRAF and MEK inhibitors. Further study using SXOs may improve the translational relevance of preclinical studies and enable the study of the metastatic melanoma tumor microenvironment.

Hydrogen Evolution Reaction of Electrodeposited Ni-W Films in Acidic Medium and Performance Optimization Using Machine Learning.

Ni-W alloy films were electrodeposited from a gluconate aqueous bath at pH = 5.0, at varying current densities and temperatures. While there is little to no difference in composition, i.e., all films possess ~12 at.% W, their activity at hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acidic medium is greatly influenced by differences in surface morphology. The kinetics of HER in 0.5 M H2SO4 indicates that the best performing film was obtained at a current density of -4.8 mA/cm2 and 50 ºC. The Tafel slopes (b) and the overpotentials at a geometric current density of -10 mA/cm2 (η10) obtained for 200 cycles of linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) from a set of films deposited using different parameters were fed into a machine learning algorithm to predict optimum deposition conditions to minimize b, η10, and the degradation of samples over time. The optimum deposition conditions predicted by the machine learning model led to the electrodeposition of Ni-W films with superior performance, exhibiting b of 33-45 mV/dec and and η10 of 0.09-0.10 V vs. RHE after 200 LSVs.

Combining culture optimization and synthetic biology to improve production and detection of secondary metabolites in Myxococcus xanthus: application to myxoprincomide.

Microbial secondary metabolites play crucial ecological roles in governing species interactions and contributing to their defense strategies. Their unique structures and potent bioactivities have been key in discovering antibiotics and anticancer drugs. Genome sequencing has undoubtedly revealed that myxobacteria constitute a huge reservoir of secondary metabolites as the well-known producers, actinomycetes. However, because most secondary metabolites are not produced in the laboratory context, the natural products from myxobacteria characterized to date represent only the tip of the iceberg. By combining the engineering of a dedicated Myxococcus xanthus DZ2 chassis strain with a two-step growth medium protocol, we provide a new approach called two-step Protocol for Resource Integration and Maximization-Biomolecules Overproduction and Optimal Screening Therapeutics (2PRIM-BOOST) for the production of non-ribosomal peptides synthetases (NRPS)/polyketides synthases (PKS) secondary metabolites from myxobacteria. We further show that the 2PRIM-BOOST strategy will facilitate the screening of secondary metabolites for biological activities of medical interest. As proof of concept, using a constitutive strong promoter, the myxoprincomide from M. xanthus DZ2 has been efficiently produced and its biosynthesis has been enhanced using the 2PRIM-BOOST approach, allowing the identification of new features of myxoprincomide. This strategy should allow the chances to produce and discover new NRPS, PKS, and mixed NRPS/PKS hybrid natural metabolites that are currently considered as cryptic and are the most represented in myxobacteria.IMPORTANCEMicrobial secondary metabolites are important in species interactions and are also a prolific source of drugs. Myxobacteria are ubiquitous soil-dwelling bacteria constituting a huge reservoir of secondary metabolites. However, because most of these molecules are not produced in the laboratory context, one can estimate that only one-tenth have been characterized to date. Here, we developed a new strategy called two-step Protocol for Resource Integration and Maximization-Biomolecules Overproduction and Optimal Screening Therapeutics (2PRIM-BOOST) that combines the engineering of a dedicated Myxococcus xanthus chassis strain together with growth medium optimization. By combining these strategies with the insertion of a constitutive promoter upstream the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC), the production of myxoprincomide, a characterized low-produced secondary metabolite, was successfully and significantly increased. The 2PRIM-BOOST enriches the toolbox used to produce previously cryptic metabolites, unveil their ecological role, and provide new molecules of medical interest.

Optimization, Purification and Characterization of Lipase from Streptomyces sp. A3301, with Application of Crude Lipase for Cooking Oily Wastewater Treatment

Streptomyces sp. A3301, which produces lipase isolated by Panyachanakul et al. [1]. This optimization was done for the subsequent purification and characterization of the biological lipase produced by the isolate. The results showed that the strain produced lipase with a maximum activity of 321 U/mL using the optimal medium and conditions (1.5 % (w/v) xylose and 2 % (w/v) yeast extract, pH 7.0 at 30 °C, 150 rpm for 3 days). The specific activity of the purified lipase was 27,000 U/mg, which was 544 times the pre-purification level, based on hydrophobic chromatography. After ion-exchange chromatography, the specific activity was 5,600 U/mg, which was 113 times the pre-purification level, with a single-peak purification profile. The purified lipase had a single band based on SDS-PAGE analysis and the molecular mass was 45 kDa. The optimum temperature and thermo-stability of A3301 lipase were 60 and 30 - 55 °C, respectively. The optimum pH of the purified enzyme was pH 9.0, and the enzyme was stable in the pH range of 8.0 - 9.0. The purified lipase was stable in acetone, chloroform and toluene, with a high relative activity of 63 - 76 %. The immobilized strain was then applied to oily-wastewater treatment. The strain can remove oil and grease in synthetic wastewater containing oil at 1 - 3 % (v/v), with removal rates of 100, 99.82 and 99.68 %, respectively, after incubation for 6 days. It was then applied to oily-wastewater treatment from a restaurant, achieving the highest degradation rates of 98.53 % after treatment for 6 days. In addition, it also affected the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) values decreasing. HIGHLIGHTS Optimization of lipase production by Streptomyces A3301. Purification and characterization of the lipase produced by the Streptomyces A3301. Application of the immobilized Streptomyces A3301 strain in the treatment of oily cooking wastewater. The immobilized Streptomyces A3301 strain has the capability to remove oil and grease in both synthetic mediums and restaurant wastewater. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

On-site cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei RutC-30 to enhance the enzymatic saccharification of ball-milled corn stover

Cellulases are essential for the enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulose. They play a crucial role in breaking down the structure of lignocellulose to obtain fermentable sugars. In this study, we conducted on-site cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei RutC-30 through submerged fermentation. The effects of carbon source, nitrogen source, KH2PO4, and mineral elements on cellulase production were evaluated using the hydrolyzed total sugar concentration of ball-milled corn stover as an indicator. The optimal fermentation medium conditions for cellulase production were determined through orthogonal experimental design analysis. Additionally, by optimizing culture conditions, including inoculation, pH, and bottling volume, we achieved a total sugar concentration of 92.25 g/L. After the optimization, the FPA, CMCA, protein, and total sugar concentration increased by 75.49 %, 18.43 %, 89.71 %, and 17.83 %, respectively. Furthermore, corn stover pretreated by different methods was applied to induce cellulase production. Ball-milled and steam-exploded corn stover was identified as suitable incubation carbon sources with total sugar concentration up to 94.31 g/L. Our work exploits the cellulase induced by lignocellulose and then applies it to lignocellulose, enabling the customization and providing a reference for the production of cellulase with corn stover as an inducer.

Optimization of Screening Media to Improve Antimicrobial Biodiscovery from Soils in Undergraduate/Citizen Science Research-Engaged Initiatives.

Background/Objectives: Research-engaged academic institutions offer the opportunity to couple undergraduate education/citizen science projects with antimicrobial biodiscovery research. Several initiatives reflecting this ethos have been reported internationally (e.g., Small World, Tiny Earth, MicroMundo, Antibiotics Unearthed). These programs target soil habitats due to their high microbial diversity and promote initial screening with non-selective, nutrient media such as tryptic soy agar (TSA). However, evaluation of published outputs to date indicates that isolate recovery on TSA is consistently dominated by the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Paenibacillus. In this study, we evaluated the potential of soil extract agar to enhance soil isolate diversity and antibiosis induction outcomes in our undergraduate Antibiotics Unearthed research program. Methods: We comparatively screened 229 isolates from woodland and garden soil samples on both tryptic soy agar (TSA) and soil extract agar (SEA) for antimicrobial activity against a panel of clinically relevant microbial pathogens. Results: On one or both media, 15 isolates were found to produce zones of clearing against respective pathogens. 16S rRNA gene sequencing linked the isolates with three genera: Streptomyces (7), Paenibacillus (6), and Pseudomonas (2). Six of the Streptomyces isolates and one Pseudomonas demonstrated antimicrobial activity when screened on SEA, with no activity on TSA. Furthermore, incorporation of the known secondary metabolite inducer N acetyl-glucosamine (20 mM) into SEA media altered the pathogen inhibition profiles of 14 isolates and resulted in broad-spectrum activity of one Streptomyces isolate, not observed on SEA alone. In conclusion, SEA was found to expand the diversity of culturable isolates from soil and specifically enhanced the recovery of members of the genus Streptomyces. SEA was also found to be a superior media for antibiosis induction among Streptomyces isolates when compared to TSA. It was noted that Paenibacillus isolates' antibiosis induction demonstrated a strain-specific response with respect to the growth media used. Conclusions: The authors propose SEA inclusion of in soil screening protocols as a cost-effective, complementary strategy to greatly enhance outcomes in undergraduate/citizen science-engaged antimicrobial biodiscovery initiatives.

Comparison of Preimplantation Mouse Embryos with Different Genetic Backgrounds as Models for Evaluating Human Embryo Culture Media Composition.

Can the best culture medium be determined by mouse embryo testing? Zygotes/embryos of four different mouse strains: inbred Balb/c (n = 79) and C57Bl/6 (n = 95), F1 hybrid DBA/2*C57Bl/6 (n = 133), and outbred ICR (n = 69) were incubated in vitro in four culture media: 1-Step Culture Medium (VitaVitro), CSC medium (Irvine Scientific), Sage 1-Step medium (Origio), G-TL medium (Vitrolife). The embryos were cultured under standard conditions at atmospheric oxygen: 37℃; 6% CO2, 100% humidity. Standard MEA-test parameters (number of expanded blastocysts on E4.5), as well as additional characteristics (embryo development on E2.5-E4.5, number of hatching and hatched blastocysts on E4.5, embryo arrest and degeneration) were assessed for each of the strain-medium combinations. The results were compared across strains as well as across media. Embryo development depended on both the media and the mouse strain. Embryos from inbred and outbred mice were more sensitive to suboptimal culture conditions compared to the hybrid strain; this was reflected in reduced blastocyst and hatching rates, as well as an increased percentage of arrested and degraded embryos. The choice of optimal media depended strongly on the strain: CSC was better for Balb/c, Sage 1-step for C57Bl/6, while both were preferred for hybrids, and G-TL for outbreds. VitaVitro was quite good for hybrids and performed worse for other strains. Overall, the embryos of each strain behaved differently in different media, and it was not possible to make a real preference for any of them over human embryos based on the results of any single mouse strain. Only a pooled sample of different mouse strains can be used for comprehensive media MEA testing. MEA testing with any strain of mice is doomed to error due to their specific culture requirements. Hybrid mice are too reproductively efficient and cannot be used to distinguish media based on their subtle differences. Outbred and inbred mice are too sensitive and may be delayed or degraded in culture media that is well suited to the requirements of human embryos. Combined analysis of multiple mouse strains should be used to test media more fully and may serve as a model for the heterogeneity of human embryos in IVF clinics.

Biological conversion of lignin-derived ferulic acid from wheat bran into vanillin

Lignin is a promising feedstock for producing vanillin, one of the most extensively used flavor enhancers. However, the biotransformation performance of lignin derivatives into vanillin is still unsatisfactory. In this study, an efficient conversion strategy of lignin into vanillin was established by employing engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a whole-cell biocatalyst. Optimization of cell culture media and whole-cell bioconversion improved the production efficiency of vanillin. The vanillin titer reached 15.3 mM with a molar yield of 71 % in fed-batch fermentation mode, while incorporating in-situ product separation, demonstrated a remarkable 2.6-fold increase. The whole-cell bioconversion, coupled with in-situ separation, successfully converted real lignin hydrolysate into a record vanillin titer of 21.1 mM, equivalent to 1.8 mg of vanillin per gram of wheat bran biomass. The whole-cell bioconversion process integrated in-situ product separation, represents a sustainable approach for vanillin production and offers a promising pathway for lignin valorization.

Establishment of a Highly Efficient Micropropagation System of Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lecomte

Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lecomte is a principal species renowned for its production of agarwood. However, the active components of agarwood are not universally in compliance with the standards set by the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. We have identified an elite A. crassna tree with agarotetrol and alcohol extract levels that exceed these standards and have successfully established a stable in vitro micropropagation system using stem segments from this elite tree. The effects of auxins and minerals on axillary-bud induction, shoot multiplication, and rooting were investigated. The most effective medium for axillary-bud induction was a half-strength Murashige and Skoog (1/2MS) medium supplemented with 0.50 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), achieving an induction rate of 53.33% with minimal hyperhydricity. The optimal shoot proliferation medium was an MS medium with 0.40 mg/L 6-BA, yielding a propagation coefficient of 2.96 without hyperhydricity. The best rooting medium comprised quarter-strength MS (1/4MS) macroelements and 1/2MS microelements with 0.10 mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), resulting in an 82.54% rooting rate. Substrate effects on transplant survival and growth were also evaluated, and peat soil was identified as the best substrate, achieving a survival rate of 96.67%. This study introduces a straightforward and efficient in vitro micropropagation system utilizing mature A. crassna as explants. It holds significant importance for the consistent production of agarwood that complies with the standards of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and provides a model for the targeted breeding of medicinal plants.

Monitoring small-scale bioreactor studies for media development using polarized total synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (pTSFS) and synchronous light scattering (SyLS)

Biopharmaceutical process development often involves the use of small-scale bioreactors (SSBR) for optimizing media formulations and process conditions during scale up to commercial scale production. Two key process parameters (CPP) used in SSBR studies are protein titre and viable cell density (VCD). Here, we explore the efficacy of parallel polarized total synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (TSFS||) and Synchronous Light Scattering (SyLS||) to qualitatively monitor these CPPs and quantitatively predict titre and VCD for a large-scale cell culture media optimization SSBR study. The study involved 71 different media formulations (50+ components each), and the bioprocess was run for 13 days or more. Samples were extracted at set times (Day 0, 3, 9, and 13) and clarified by centrifugation. TSFS|| spectra showed significant emission changes along with increased light scatter over the course of the bioprocess. SyLS|| measurements strongly correlated with particle size data obtained from Dynamic Light Scattering but did not correlate well with VCD probably because of the centrifugation-based sample preparation. Statistical and principal component analysis (PCA) of the pTSFS data showed that spectral variation was greater between media formulations than due to the evolving bioprocess. This prevented the development of accurate global prediction models for media performance (e.g., predicting product titre at day 9 from media spectra measured at day 0). However, classification methods were successfully used to select media subsets with better quantitative prediction accuracy based on spectral similarities. A practical binary (high/low performance) classification model based on Support Vector Machines was generated for media formulation screening. Combining emission and scatter measurements with multivariate data analysis provides a more holistic, multi-attribute bioprocess monitoring method that minimizes the need to use different offline analytical methods. This methodology can be used to monitor process trajectories and deviations, and ultimately be used to predict bioprocess CPPs when implemented on production scale processes where there is much less compositional variation in the media. We believe this SSBR-pTSFS/SyLS approach will provide a valuable resource to develop the design/parameter space for in-process monitoring at production scale from early-stage process/media development studies.

The development of a formulation, the selection and harmonization of the nutrient medium for determining the activity of aminoglycoside antibiotics

The work is devoted to research on the selection of peptone for the optimization of the nutrient medium for the antimicrobial activity by the agar diffusion method of neomycin (framycetin), which have a similar chemical structure. The paper substantiates the relevance and importance of developing a formulation, selecting the optimal composition (ingredients), the quantitative ratio of ingredients, the pH of the medium, compliance of the proposed nutrient media with the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation and the European Pharmacopoeia for the standardization of antibiotics. The aim of the work was to study the components of the nutrient medium in comparison with the pharmacopoeial standards recommended for determining the effectiveness of antibiotics. It is shown that for carrying out microbiological tests in the standardization of antimicrobial drugs, the nutrient medium is the main one, and the correctness and accuracy of the interpretation of the research results depend on their quality. The experiment studied four brands of dry peptone and broth from different manufacturers - LLC NITSF and FBUN GNTs PMB (Obolensk) when working with the test strain of the spore culture Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633. An optimal nutrient medium is proposed, the composition and conditions of its preparation are selected. To determine the antimicrobial activity of framycetin by the agar diffusion method, a developed medium for determining the effectiveness of neomycin when working with the spore-forming form of the test strain Baccillus subtillis ATCC 6633 is proposed.

Investigation into optimizing fermentation processes to enhance uric acid degradation by probiotics

To enhance the activity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum FS4722 (L. plantarum FS4722) in reducing uric acid, this study optimized the culture medium components and fermentation conditions using response surface methodology. The results indicated that the optimal culture medium comprised glucose at 25.61g/L, yeast extract powder (YEP) at 26.86g/L, and nucleoside addition at 0.48g/L. The optimal fermentation conditions were: a fermentation time of 10h, an initial pH of 6.5, a fermentation temperature of 33 °C, and an inoculum size of 1.0%. Under these conditions, the nucleoside degradation ability of L. plantarum FS4722 increased by 41.9 times, enhancing its potential applications in reducing uric acid and developing anti-gout foods, health supplements, and pharmaceuticals.

Recent advances in lung cancer organoid (tumoroid) research (Review).

Lung cancer is the most critical type of malignant tumor that threatens human health. Traditional preclinical models have certain defects; for example, they cannot accurately reflect the characteristics of lung cancer and their development is costly and time-consuming. Through self-organization, cancer stem cells (CSCs) generate cancer organoids that have a structure similar to that of lung cancer tissues, overcoming to some extent the aforementioned challenges, thus enabling them to have broader application prospects. Lung cancer organoid (LCO) development methods can be divided into three broad categories based on the source of cells, which include cell lines, patient-derived xenografts and patient tumor tissue/pleural effusion. There are 17 different methods that have been described for the development of LCOs. These methods can be further merged into six categories based on the source of cells, the pre-treatment method used, the composition of the medium and the culture scaffold. These categories are: i) CSCs induced by defined transcription factors; ii) suspension culture; iii) relative optimal culture medium; iv) suboptimal culture medium; v) mechanical digestion and suboptimal culture medium; and vi) hydrogel scaffold. In the current review, the advantages and disadvantages of each of the aforementioned methods are summarized, and references for supporting studies are cited.

Performance investigation of a building-integrated collector based on spectrum splitting technology

Based on solar spectrum splitting technology, a novel concentrating photovoltaic/thermal (CPV/T) solar collector is proposed, which primarily composed of six Fresnel collector units with separate photovoltaic and photothermal modules. The compact overall structure is optimally designed that can be effectively integrated with ordinary buildings while supply both electrical and thermal energy. The proposed collector achieves the maximum annual average optical efficiency when installed north–south axially with a tilt angle approximately equal to the installation latitude, as a 64.97 % in Nanjing (32°N). Simulation analysis shows that the main influencing factors of the system performance are direct solar irradiance, working medium mass flow, and optical efficiency, the theoretical outlet working medium temperature can reach 150 °C while the photovoltaic and photothermal efficiencies are 12.37 % and 39.74 % when the normalized temperature difference T* is 0.06. Further, to verify the theoretical/simulation analysis results, the outdoor experimental tests are conducted and show that the optimal inlet working medium mass flow is 10.8 kg/h, while the efficiencies are 5.99 % and 27.59 %, respectively, that is, the proposed system comprehensive thermal efficiency can reach 43.35 %. The comparative analysis of theoretical research and experimental tests shows that the proposed system has rationality and practical value, which can provide guidance for practical engineering.

Perancangan Strategi Digital Marketing Pada Brand Sofia And Jenna Menggunakan Metode SOSTAC

The development of the Muslim Fashion Industry is increasingly rapid every year. This indicates that competition is getting tighter and the potential market for Muslim fashion in Indonesia continues to increase. Sofia and Jenna are one of the business actors operating in the Muslim fashion sector. Sofia and Jenna is a local brand that produces its own clothes (self-manufactured) which was founded in 2020. Even though it has been operating for several years, sales of Sofia and Jenna from January 2023 to October 2023 experienced fluctuations, in fact sales growth was still below Indonesian fashion industry. This is caused by several factors, namely low heart share and suboptimal use of digital marketing platforms, so this affects Sofia and Jenna's sales performance. For this reason, deeper observations were made regarding alternative solutions related to product, place, resource and promotion aspects. Of these four aspects, there is one aspect that shows the roots of the problem more than the other aspects, namely the promotion aspect. This research was conducted using the SOSTAC method which went through six stages, namely Situation Analysis, Objectives, Strategy, Tactics, Action, and Control. The aim of designing this digital marketing strategy is as a promotional medium and is expected to increase sales and marketing performance so that it can increase awareness of the Sofia and Jenna brand. Based on the digital marketing strategy design, this final project produced a design for the use of Social Media Optimization (SMO), Content Marketing, Partnership, Video Marketing, Linktree, User Generated Content (UGC), and Mobile Commerce Optimization tools. Then, the design is visualized using a Strategy Map. Through a structured and data-based approach, Sofia and Jenna are expected to be able to improve their position in the Muslim fashion market, as well as increase competitiveness and consumer loyalty towards the brand.

Assessing the mass-culture system and proximate content of Arthrospira maxima local for biogas and biohydrogen productions

Arthrospira maxima is a type of local cyanobacteria that has shown success in being grown massively in Indonesia. This research is aimed at looking at the resilience and ability to grow in outdoor conditions using cheap media and following environmental patterns in terms of temperature, sunlight and aeration. In specific purpose is utilization of the obtained biomass for biogas or biohydrogen production. Also, media optimization research from chemical pour grade analyzes into commercial types has been carried out at laboratory scale and field scale. The results show that at the scaling up process from laboratorial to outdoor condition the amount of biomass ratio has decreased by 2–10%, whereas proximate of protein has decreased from 46% to 38%, in contrast starch tends to increase from 10% to 23% and lipid was increase from around 9%–12%. Freshwater and marine water basic media also showing difference in ratio of biomass production and main proximate. The total calory and protein seems higher if A. maxima cultivate using marine water. Cultivation time outdoors turns out to be faster growth when compared to controlled conditions indoors. Biomass analysis results show that the largest content is protein, followed by carbohydrates and lipid. Considering the composition of the proximate, the cyanobacteria biomass tends to be used for biogas conversion rather than alcohol, due to the high protein with less carbohydrate content. Moreover, Arthrospira is cyanobacteria which is capable for producing heterocyst cells that can be excite gas. It was found the cyanobacteria release hydrogen gas around 54 μL/g wet biomasses/day mature culture. However, it should be remembered that this strain is still original or wild type, and can still be developed using both environmental and molecular manipulation approaches. Survival rate from laboratory scale to field scale shows that the microalgae is strong and worthy of consideration for industrial applications. Apart from that, high pH culture conditions are very good for removing contaminants. Also changing the media from pour analyses grade chemicals to commercial chemicals grade only reduces the biomass composition by 2–5% so it is worth considering for commercial applications. Testing various reactors to make biomass as needed with high productivity will be a challenge in the future.