Optimal Extraction Conditions Research Articles

FORMULATING AND CHARACTERIZING AN OIL-IN-WATER PALM OIL FREE FATTY ACID-BASED NANOEMULSIONS FOR CRUDE OIL EXTRACTION PERFORMANCE

Nanoemulsion is a promising medium for chemically enhanced oil recovery (cEOR) due to its ability to reduce interfacial tension and modify the wettability of reservoir rocks. This work focuses on formulating stable oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions through high-energy ultrasonication method, with oleic acid as the primary component and is stabilized with a non-ionic Tween 40 surfactant in distilled water. Systematic experimental designs, employing response surface methodology (RSM), were implemented to develop polynomial models for various responses related to the dynamic and stability properties, and crude oil extraction performance. The p-value indicator (p-value < 0.05) is utilized to assess the significance of the models and independent variables. Overall, the formulation for achieving the lowest surface tension involves 0.41 wt.% oleic acid mixed with 0.81 wt.% Tween 40 at 60 °C. Meanwhile, the highest viscosity attained with 1.0 wt.% oleic acid mixed with 1.0 wt.% Tween 40 at 30 °C. For stable nanoemulsion, the best conditions are 1.69 wt.% oleic acid, sonicated for 15 minutes at 25 °C. Additionally, an optimal condition for effective crude oil extraction is at nanoemulsion preparation with sonication time of 15 minutes and contact time of 12 hours in the immersion experiment. To this end, this work contributes valuable insights into the formulation and characterization of stable oleic acid O/W nanoemulsions for potential EOR applications. The findings enhance understanding of nanoemulsion properties and their potential as effective agents in crude oil recovery.

Determination of Fe, Cu, and Pb in edible oils using choline chloride:ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction associated with microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry

A new simple, fast and environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvent based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DES-based DLLME) methodology assisted by vortex is presented for the separation and preconcentration of three elements (i.e., Fe, Cu and Pb) from edible oil samples (i.e., soybean, sunflower, rapeseed, sesame, and olive oil) prior to the determination by microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP-OES). The deep eutectic solvent selected as extractant (i.e., choline chloride and ethylene glycol, 1:2) is synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the extraction conditions are optimized by a two steps experimental design. Under the optimum extraction conditions (i.e., diluted sample weight: 8.6 g; DES volume: 100 μL; extraction time: 1 min; centrifugation time and speed: 3 min and 3000 rpm; and dispersion system: vortex) the analytical method presents excellent linearity (i.e., R2 values higher than 0.99) in the range 10–500 μg kg−1, repeatability (i.e., CV values lower than 9.2%), and limits of detection (LOD) values of 3, 2 and 0.7 μg kg−1 for Pb, Fe and Cu, respectively. None of the analytes displayed amounts over the upper limit permitted by law, and recovery values of all analytes evaluated in the different samples using external standard calibration were close to 100%, which excludes significant matrix effects. Finally, AGREEprep metric has been used to evaluate the method greenness (final score of 0.47) and it has been compared successfully with previous publications for the same type of analytes and matrices.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of grape seed procyanidins, preparation of liposomes, and evaluation of their antioxidant capacity

The residue remaining after oil extraction from grape seed contain abundant procyanidins. An ultrasonic-assisted enzyme method was performed to achieve a high extraction efficiency of procyanidins when the optimal extraction conditions were 8 U/g of cellulase, ultrasound power of 200 W, ultrasonic temperature of 50 ℃, and ultrasonic reaction time of 40 min. The effects of free procyanidins on both radical scavenging activity and thermal stability at 40, 60, and 80 ℃ of the procyanidins-loaded liposomal systems prepared by the ultrasonic-assisted method were discussed. The presence of procyanidins at concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.10 mg/mL was observed to be effective at inhibiting lipid oxidation by 15.15 % to 69.70 % in a linoleic acid model system during reaction for 168 h, as measured using the ferric thiocyanate method. The procyanidins-loaded liposomal systems prepared by the ultrasonic-assisted method were characterized by measuring the mean particle size and encapsulation efficiency. Moreover, the holographic plots showed that the effect–response points of procyanidins combined with α-tocopherol in liposomes were lower than the addition line and 95 % confidence interval limits. At the same time, there were significant differences between the theoretical IC50add value and the experimental IC50mix value. The interaction index (γ) of all combinations was observed to be less than 1. These results indicated that there was a synergistic antioxidant effect between procyanidins combined with α-tocopherol, which will show promising prospects in practical applications. In addition, particle size differentiation and morphology agglomeration were observed at different time points of antioxidant activity determination (0, 48, 96 h).

An integrated method for rapid extraction of fluorescent whitening agents from selected cosmetics by in situ formation of deep eutectic solvent

A novel extraction methodology was developed based on deep eutectic solvent (DES) in situ formation. The solvent was synthesized from a binary mixture of L-cysteine, functioning as a hydrogen bond acceptor, and 2-methylphenol, serving as a hydrogen bond donor. The DES’s inherent molecular structures and extensive hydrogen bonding networks were characterized using the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), while its hydrophobic nature was assessed by determining molecular polarity. Its extraction efficiency was demonstrated through the extraction of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) in cosmetic products, acting as a model analytical application. This was accomplished using vortex-assisted emulsification solid–liquid extraction (SLE) method, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize extraction conditions in a multivariate experimental design. This approach streamlined the multi-operation extraction process via ingeniously integrating extraction and clean-up into a single step, resulting in significant reductions in extraction time required and high sample throughputs of approximately 40 samples per hour. The methodology was validated and exhibited excellent linearity in concentration ranges of 0.01–24 mg/L for five FWAs and 0.01–40 mg/L for other three FWAs, with correlation coefficients (r) ranging from 0.9985 to 1.000. The limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.03–0.26 mg kg−1 and 0.10–0.87 mg kg−1, respectively. The reliability and practicality of the proposed method were affirmed by quantifying eight FWAs in ninety-four commercially available facial masks and whitening creams, yielding recoveries values between 90.0 % and 106.0 % with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.0–4.3 %. Inorganic ions and organic compounds present in the samples had minimal impact on FWAs detection following sample pre-treatment. This procedure showcased exceptional extraction capabilities towards a diverse array of FWAs with the aid of multiple interactions, suggesting significant potential for increasing sample throughput while reducing organic solvent and material consumptions compared with conventional SLE methods. The low-toxicity DES is an excellent alternative to traditional extractants typically applied to SLE techniques.

Improved recovery of antioxidants from aronia juice processing residue via optimization of extraction variables based on multi-prediction models

Aronia melanocarpa, which has attracted attention for its outstanding antioxidant activity, is usually consumed as a juice, leaving considerable residue after processing into beverages. Recycling these by-products as feedstock for biorefineries is an important strategy for achieving a sustainable circular economy through biowaste management. In this study, the optimal extraction conditions for efficient antioxidant recovery from A. melanocarpa juice-processing residue (AJPR) were determined using statistical methods. Based on the Plackett-Burman design (PBD), four variables (shaking speed, solid loading, ethanol concentration, and total volume) were found to have significant effects on antioxidant extraction. The optimum points of the selected four variables were calculated by multi-regression models from response surface methodology (RSM), and the determined conditions were as follows:196.2 rpm, 71.3 g/L, 54.3% ethanol, and 137.8 mL of total volume. The DPPH• IC50 and ABTS•+ TEAC value of AJPR extracts were determined to be 2.02 mg/mL and 11.49 mg/mL, respectively, exhibiting promising potential as an antioxidant. The recovered polyphenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents were 80.4, 42.5, and 14.1 mg/g-biomass, respectively. We show that bioengineering technologies can be used to achieve a circular economy by recycling discarded biowaste into value-added substances.

Ultrasound Assisted Aqueous Two‐Phase Extraction of Polysaccharides from Ophiopogon japonicus: Process Optimization, Structure Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity

AbstractUltrasound assisted aqueous two‐phase extraction (UATPE) is used to extract polysaccharides from Ophiopogon japonicus (OJPs). Experimental factors in UATPE process are optimized by response surface methodology. The optimal extraction conditions are obtained as follows: the ethanol concentration of 34%, ammonium sulfate concentration of 23%, solid‐to‐liquid ratio of 1:17 g/mL, and ultrasound power of 480 W, and the yield of OJPs is 9.41% ± 0.12%, and then the crude OJPs are further purified by different column chromatography to obtain a homogenous fraction (OJPs‐2‐SG), and identified its structure via different methods. OJPs‐2‐SG with a molecular weight of 1.25 × 105 Da is comprised of mannose (Man), galactose (Gal), glucose (Glc), and rhamnose (Rha) with a molar ratio of 5.15: 26.39: 68.72:8.41. Moreover, OJPs‐2‐SG contained α and β glycosidic bonds, and didn't showed a triple helix structure. Furthermore, OJPs‐2‐SG described irregular structures, and cylindrical and conical block like features. The IC50 values of scavenging 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (OH), and superoxide (O2‐) radicals for OJPs‐2‐SG achieved 3.72 mg/mL, 3.89 mg/mL, and 8.71 mg/mL, respectively. These results provide important references for the extraction and application of polysaccharides.

Advancing green extraction of bioactive compounds using deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasound-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion: Application to UHPLC-PAD analysis of alkaloids and organic acids in Coptidis rhizoma

The utilization of deep eutectic solvents (DES) in sustainable extracting and separating of phytochemicals shows promising prospect. An exceptionally fast, eco-friendly, and sustainable approach was proposed for extracting bioactive compounds from Coptidis Rhizoma based on deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasound-assisted matrix solid phase dispersion (DES-UA-MSPD). Single-factor experiments and Box-Behnken design were utilized to explore the optimal extraction conditions. The analysis indicated that the acidic DES, especially betaine-acrylic acid (Bet-Aa 1:4 mol/mol) with 50% water content, was proved to be the most effective medium for the extraction of alkaloids (magnoflorine, groenlandicine, coptisine, epiberberine, berberine and palmatine) and organic acid (chlorogenic acid). With the parameters optimized, the total maximum extraction yield of alkaloids and organic acids reached 128.83 mg g−1 applying the optimal DES, which was 1.33–5.33 folds higher than conventional extraction solvents. Additionally, through microstructure analysis using scanning electron microscopy, density functional theory , and frontier molecular orbitals theory, a deeper understanding of the extraction principle was gained, and the molecular mechanism of DES synthesis and the interactions between target compounds were systematically elucidated. The sustainable and green potential of the DES-UA-MSPD method was demonstrated through Green Analytical Procedure Indexanalysis. The overall results of this investigation revealed that the proposed technology was a highly promising and sustainable alternative for effective extraction and quantification of natural products.

Bioactive compounds of fresh tea shoots plucked in different seasons: optimization of extraction of polyphenols

AbstractIn this study, the effects of harvest year and period on the total polyphenol (TP), radical scavenging activity (RSA), total flavonoid (TF) and ascorbic acid (AA) contents of fresh tea leaves were investigated. Extraction of polyphenols from the tea leaf was optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM). The effect of the independent variables ((solvent concentration, extraction time and solid to solvent (S/S) ratio)) on TP and RSA was studied using Box-Behnken design (BBD). The results showed that extraction parameters selected were significant in the extraction procedure regarding TP and RSA (p < 0.05). The optimum extraction conditions were obtained as 1/60.86 of S/S ratio, 84.65% of ethanol concentration and the extraction time of 50 min. As a result of the extraction of tea leaves under optimum conditions, the TP, RSA and TF contents of the leaves harvested in September in 2020 were found to be higher. In addition, the individual phenolic compounds of these leaves were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was detected the most (57.52 mg/g DM). After in-vitro digestion of the same samples, TP and RSA values ​​were significantly decreased, mostly at intestinal stage (p < 0.05), and the bioaccessibility of the polyphenols was determined as 48.98%. As a result of AA analysis by HPLC of the, the highest contents for 2019 and 2020 were observed in the leaves harvested in May (41.92 mg/100 g DM) and those in July (38.55 mg/100 g DM), respectively.

Microwave‐assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction of five lignans from Schisandra chinensis

AbstractGreen extraction of the active lignans from Schisandra chinensis has received considerable attention due to their promising applications in the biomedical field. In this study, microwave‐assisted deep eutectic solvent method was used to simultaneously extract five lignans: Schizandrol A, Schizandrol B, Schisantherin A, Schisandrin A and Schizandrin B. The extraction parameters were optimized according to the calculated comprehensive score obtained from the analytic hierarchy process combined with the entropy weight method. The optimal extraction conditions were that the molar ratio of choline chloride and glycolic acid is 4:1, water content is 30% (V/V), solid–liquid ratio is 1:20 (Wg:VmL), extraction time is 20 min, and extraction temperature is 70°C, under which the extraction rate of the five lignans were 10.89, 8.616, 4.019, 4.893, and 5.318 mg/g. These results confirmed that our extraction method is efficient and feasible for green extraction of lignans from S. chinensis.

Face-Centered Central Composite Design for the Optimization of the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Kernels and Shells of Raphia farinifera and Evaluation of the Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities

This study reports the extraction of phenolic compound from shells and kernels of the Raphia farinifera fruit and the biological activities of the extract. A face-centered composite design was established to optimize the extraction conditions: ethanol/water ratio (0-100%), solvent/powder ratio (10-30 mL/g), and extraction time (90-180 min). Subsequently, the extracts obtained under the optimal conditions were used for the evaluation of the radical scavenging capacity, the capacity to chelate ferric ions, and the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. The optimal extraction conditions for the shells are an extraction time of 134.24 min, 65% ethanol in water, and a solvent/substrate ratio of 21.16 mL/g, and for the kernel, an extraction time of 180 min, 94.3% ethanol in water, and a solvent/substrate ratio of 18.6 mL/g. In these conditions, the phenolic compounds were 95.36 mg EAG/L for the shell extract and 139.72 mg EAG/L for the kernel extract. The antioxidant activity revealed that the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of the kernel extracts are 22.32 μg/mL and 55.73 μg/mL for the shells. A reducing activity of Fe 3+ ions with an activity of 308.39 μg EAA/mg for the kernel extracts and 293 μg EAA/mg for the shells was observed. B. cereus was the most sensitive microorganism with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) equal to the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) with a value of 156.25 ppm for the kernel extract while the shell extract showed MIC of 625 ppm and MBC of 2500 ppm. The IC50 values for the denaturation of proteins by extracts of shells and kernels are 0.76 μg/mL and 0.56 μg/mL, respectively. Membrane stabilization revealed IC50 values of 1054.54 μg/mL and 1339 μg/mL for the shell and kernel extracts, respectively. This work has shown the potential of Raphia farinifera extracts for the food industry and cosmetics.

Optimization of Aqueous Extraction of Polyphenols from Cuminum cyminum Seeds Using Response Surface Methodology and Assessment of Biological Activity.

(1) Background: Cumin seeds, extracted from the plant Cuminum cyminum, are abundant in phenolic compounds and have been extensively researched for their chemical makeup and biological effects. The objective of this research is to enhance the water extraction of polyphenols through the water bath (WB) technique and to evaluate the antiradical, antibacterial, and anticancer effects of the extract. (2) Methods: Response Surface Methodology was used to find the best parameters to extract polyphenols. Three experimental parameters, time, temperature, and solid-liquid ratio, were tested. The disc diffusion method has been used to determine the antimicrobial activities against Salmonella Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The antiradical activity was performed using the DPPH method, while total phenolic content was performed using Folin-Ciocalteu. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was conducted to analyze the phytochemical profile of WB extracts. The anticancer activity of the lyophilized extract was assessed against three cancer cell lines (colon (HT29), lung (A549), and breast (MCF7) cancer cell lines).; (3) Results: The optimal conditions for water extraction were 130 min at 72 °C. The total phenolic compounds yield (14.7 mg GAE/g DM) and antioxidant activity (0.52 mg trolox eq./mL) were obtained using a 1:40 solid-liquid ratio. The primary polyphenols identified were the flavonoids rutin (0.1 ppm) and ellagic acid (3.78 ppm). The extract had no antibacterial or antifungal activities against the microorganisms tested. The extract showed anticancer activity of about 98% against MCF7 (breast cancer cell line), about 81% against HT29 (colon cancer cell line), and 85% against A549 (lung cancer cell line) at high doses. (4) Conclusions: Extraction time and a high solid-liquid ratio had a positive impact on polyphenol recovery and in maintaining their quantity and quality. Furthermore, the optimal aqueous extract exhibited strong antiradical activity reflected by the inhibition of free radicals in addition to a significant specificity against the tested cancer cell lines.

Simultaneous extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and tetracycline antibiotics from honey samples using dispersive solid phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction before their determination with HPLC-DAD

A dispersive solid-phase extraction method combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction was offered for the extraction of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (anthracene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene) and tetracycline antibiotics (tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline) from honey samples, simultaneously. In this work, cobalt-gallic acid bio-metal organic framework was synthesized and 20 mg of it was added into of 10 mL the diluted honey solution to efficiently adsorb the analytes. After vortexing (3 min) and centrifuging, the sorbent particles were eluted with 0.75 mL acetonitrile under vortexing for 3 min. In the following, this phase was mixed with 55 µL [Ch: 4-chlorophenol]+[FeCl4]- magnetic deep eutectic solvent and rapidly injected into deionized water. After separating the extractant phase in the presence of an external magnet and diluting it with the mobile phase, it was injected into a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. Under optimum extraction conditions, extraction recoveries were in the range of 63–84%. The limits of detection of the opted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and tetracyclines were in the ranges of 0.18–0.26 and 0.25–0.29 ng g−1, respectively. Also, good repeatability (relative standard deviations ≤ 7.5 and 8.3% for intra– (n=6) and inter-day (n=4) precisions, respectively) was obtained. In summary, the validated method was successfully recommended for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and tetracyclines in various honey samples and pyrene was found in two samples at 5.5 and 12.9 ng g−1. The used bio-metal organic framework has sufficient ability in extraction of different classes of compounds (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and antibiotics) from honey. Performing the microextraction step has direct effect in analysis of the analytes in low concentrations and the use of magnetic solvents, eliminate the use of centrifugation in this step.

NaY zeolite synthesis from rice husk ash for Chromium(VI) ion adsorption

NaY zeolite in this study is novelly synthesized from rice husk ash with a one-stage process instead of passing the solid silica recovery process as usual. NaY zeolite applies to assess adsorption ability of chromium(VI) ions in water with varying key factors. The as-synthesized zeolite is characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscope, specific surface area analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with optical emission spectroscopy. As a result, the optimal conditions for silica extraction are at 90oC with a NaOH concentration of 4 M for 4 h with recovery efficiency 87.5%. NaY zeolite is successfully synthesized with Si/Al ratio of 10, aging time of 24 h and crystallization time of 24 h with synthesis yield of 31.25% and crystallinity of 96%. The optimal conditions for the chromium(VI) adsorption in aqueous solution are at pH 2.0, adsorption time of 120 min, initial concentration of 20 mg/L with an adsorbent mass of 0.1 g. The kinetics and adsorption isotherms show a good agreement with pseudo-second order and Freundlich adsorption isotherm model. NaY zeolite is synthesized via environmentally friendly approach with time and energy savings and shows its high adsorb-ability of chromium(VI) in water.

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polyphenols from Salvia deserta Schang flowers based on response surface methodology and deep neural network and analysis of its in vitro antioxidant activities

This study aims to establish the optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction for active compounds from Salvia deserta Schang flowers. The effect of ultrasonic time, ratio of liquid to material, ethanol concentration, and ultrasonic power on the extraction efficiency of total polyphenols and three phenolic compounds (e.g., rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, and protocatechuic acid was investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) and deep neural network (DNN) model was performed to find out the optimum extraction conditions to maximize the output using a comprehensive evaluation score in parallel. Compared with the DNN model, the optimal working conditions of the extraction procedures based on the RSM model achieves the maximum yield of active components in S. deserta Schang flowers while requiring a shorter extraction time, lower energy consumption, and greater cost effectiveness. The optimal extraction process for the active components of S. deserta Schang flowers was determined as follows: 39 min of ultrasonic time, 1:37 (g/mL) ratio of liquid to material, 55% ethanol concentration, and 200 W of ultrasonic power. Additionally, S. deserta Schang flowers exhibited promising antioxidative activity, which was verified through several in vitro antioxidant trials, including DPPH, ABTS, ·OH, and phosphomolybdate method, suggesting their remarkable antioxidant capacity. This findings contribute effective, sustainable and valuable insights into the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of valuable compounds from S. deserta Schang flower, and the more biological activity of compounds from S. deserta Schang flower remains to be further investigated.

Extraction of Sesquiterpene Lactones from Inula helenium Roots by High-Pressure Homogenization and Effects on Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Antiglycation Activities

The sesquiterpene lactones (SL) of Inula helenium (I. helenium) roots were extracted using high-pressure homogenization (HPH) and compared against those derived from maceration. The effect of process conditions on the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds (alantolactone, isoalantolactone, total phenols, and flavonoids); the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging activity, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and antimicrobial activity of the extract; and the inhibition of advanced glycated end product (AGE) formation were assessed. The HPH of 90 MPa for 4 passes demonstrated the highest alantolactone (38.1 ± 0.7 mg/g) and isoalantolactone yields (34.4 ± 0.2 mg/g), respectively, which were significantly higher than the rates obtained using maceration (20.0 ± 0.2 mg/g and 18.9 ± 0.7 mg/g). Under optimal extraction conditions of 90 MPa for 4 passes, inhibition of AGE formation in the extract reached a rate of 97.16 ± 1.86%, with the highest DPPH and FRAP of 231.63 ± 2.96 µg/mL and 949.43 ± 1.86 µmol TE/100 mL, respectively. HPH exhibited lethal activity against all tested bacteria and fungi strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, and Penicillum expansum) at a concentration of 15 µL. SEM results proved that HPH severely damaged the cell structures of roots, increased solvent permeability, and improved the extraction rate of bioactive compounds. Additionally, this study also demonstrated that HPH yields high recovery with a specific energy consumption of 0.22 kWh/kg, which is close to the recommended minimum energy demand for an extraction procedure within industrial production processes. Therefore, these findings showed that HPH can be used as an efficient extraction technique for the production of SL in related industries.

Simple procedure for the simultaneous extraction and purification of anthocyanins using a jabuticaba byproduct biosorbent

The burgeoning interest in anthocyanins, fueled by their recognized nutraceutical benefits, faces challenges due to the intricate and time-consuming nature of the extraction and purification processes. This study addresses this hurdle by introducing a pioneering method for the simultaneous extraction and purification of anthocyanins from jabuticaba byproducts (Plinia cauliflora). Utilizing a BoxBehnken experimental design, the investigation fine-tuned maceration extraction conditions, pinpointing the optimal combination of time (30 min), temperature (60 ºC), and solvent composition (50% MeOH v/v), resulting in a yield of 14.43 ± 0.09 mg g−1 of anthocyanins. After optimizing extraction conditions, a simultaneous purification step was integrated into the in situ process. The biosorbent from jabuticaba byproducts demonstrated anthocyanin purification from the extract exceeding 90%, outperforming the commercial adsorbent (PoraPak™ Rxn) tested. The study unveils an eco-friendly method for anthocyanin extraction with an impressive Ecoscale rating of 86 (maximum of 100). This novel one-step extraction and purification method emphasizes significant anthocyanin recovery while aligning with circular economy principles. It offers notable time and cost savings, enhancing overall production efficiency.

Impacts of microwave-assisted extraction parameters on total phenolic compounds yield from Algerian Moringa oleifera leaves, using response surface methodology

The study aimed to optimise the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of total phenolic compounds (TPC) from Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves using response surface methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken designs (BBD). Factors such as ethanol concentration, microwave power, irradiation time, and solvent to solid ratio were assessed in single-factor tests. Under optimal extraction conditions (48.86% ethanol, 626.53 W microwave power, 99.48 s irradiation, 29.67 mL/g solvent to solid ratio and 21.12 W/mL power density), TPC was 58.45 ± 0.68 mg GAE/g DW, close to the predicted 59.78 ± 1.47 mg GAE/g DW. The MAE method outperformed maceration extraction (8.41 ± 0.25 mg GAE/g DW) and decoction extraction (38.74 ± 0.81 mg GAE/g DW) in terms of extraction time, solvent use, and efficiency. The optimised extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 0.294 ± 0.004 mg/mL (DPPH) and 0.425 ± 0.005 mg/mL (ABTS), confirming the efficacy of MAE in preparing antioxidant-rich plant extracts.

Establishment of HPLC method and optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction process for two lignan active substances in Asarum heterotropoides

In the present study, developed a dependable HPLC technique to quantify asarinin and sesamin in Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var. mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag. The optimal conditions for the ultrasonic-assisted extraction were determined by conducting single-factor experiment, Plackett-Burman design experiment, and Box-Behnken response surface method. Based on actual operation factors and analysis, the optimal extraction parameters were methanol volume fraction of 80% (v/v), liquid-to-material ratio of 10:1 (mL/g), ultrasonic time of 40 min, ultrasonic temperature of 51°C, and ultrasonic power of 300 W. When subjected to these conditions, the average asarinin and sesamin content were found to be 13.40 mg/g and 2.39 mg/g, respectively, with a relative error of 1.04% and 3.46%, which was consistent with the theoretical value. This study can offer a theoretical reference for the extraction of asarinin and sesamin in Asarum.

Response Surface Modelling of Six Organic Acids from Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Its Determination by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

Organic acids are a key active component of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit, and their concentration is closely associated with the quality of P. ternata. Developing an efficient and rapid method for detecting organic acids can offer a valuable technology for real-time assessment of P. ternata quality. In this work, a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) approach, combining the optimization of extraction conditions using response surface methodology (RSM), was developed for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of six organic acids in P. ternata. The optimal extraction conditions for organic acids in P. ternata were ultrasonic extraction with a solid–liquid ratio of 1:50, ultrasonic time of 60 min, and extraction temperature of 55 °C. Multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) scanning was employed for quantification using HPLC-QqQ-MS/MS in negative ionization mode through a single run of 10 min, and the limit of detection (LLOD) and limit of quantification (LLOQ) for organic acids were as low as 0.138 ng/mL and 0.614 ng/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of reproducibility, precision, and stability were all lower than 5.0%, and recovery rates were 97.75–107.14%, with RSDs < 5.0%. Finally, this method was successfully applied to determine the investigated organic acids in 12 production regions of P. ternata, revealing significant differences between different production areas. This indicates that the optimized method is suitable for further accurate investigations of organic acids of P. ternata.

Optimization and Characterization of Protein Extraction from Asparagus Leafy By-Products.

Asparagus production generates significant amounts of by-products during the summer and post-harvest growth period. By-products can be good sources of nutrients and phytochemicals. The interest in increasing the availability of proteins for human consumption has led to the use of new plant sources rich in proteins. The objective of this study was to use response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the aqueous extraction process of proteins from asparagus leafy by-products, for the production of new protein ingredients. The optimum extraction condition was at pH 9, with 40 min of extraction at 50 °C, and the concentration was fixed at 5 g·L-1. The isolate obtained presented 90.48% protein with 43.47% protein yield. Amino acids such as alanine, proline, valine, leucine/isoleucine, asparagine, and phenylalanine were identified, and the antioxidant activity for 2,2 AZINO BIS (3-ethylbenzo thiazoline 6 sulfonic acid diammonium salt) was 145.76 equivalent to Trolox μmol.100g-1 and for DPPH 65.21 equivalent to Trolox μmol.100g-1. The product presented favorable technological properties (water absorption capacity 4.49 g·g-1 and oil absorption capacity 3.47 g·g-1) and the color tended towards dark green (L* 31.91, a* -1.01, b* -2.11). The protein isolate obtained through the extraction optimization process showed high potential to be used as a protein ingredient.