Optimal Stress Distribution Research Articles

Mechanical behavior analysis of sandwich composite structures with different core geometries under three-point bending

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the mechanical behavior of sandwich composite structures featuring six distinct core geometries under three-point bending conditions. Through detailed finite element analysis (FEA), the research examines the performance characteristics of I-shaped, traditional honeycomb (NIDA), O-shaped, X-shaped, semi-circular, and modified core geometries. The analysis focused on stress distribution patterns, displacement responses, and overall structural integrity. Results demonstrate that the semi-circular core geometry exhibits superior mechanical properties, achieving an 84.66% improvement in positive stress resistance and 74.79% enhancement in negative stress resistance compared to the traditional honeycomb reference model. The study revealed consistent linear elastic behavior across all models within the tested displacement range, with the semi-circular configuration showing optimal stress distribution and minimal core deformation. Using aluminum for facings and core materials, the research evaluated mechanical responses through displacement-controlled loading conditions, measuring stress concentrations at critical points and analyzing deformation patterns. This research provides valuable insights into the relationship between core geometry and mechanical performance, offering practical implications for engineering applications requiring high strength-to-weight ratios and enhanced flexural resistance in modern structural design.

Finite element analysis and optimization studies on tibia implant of SS 316L steel and Ti6Al4V alloy

Tibial fractures account for approximately 15% of all fractures, typically resulting from high-energy trauma. A critical surgical approach to treat these fractures involves the fixation of the tibia using a plate with minimally invasive osteosynthesis. The selection and fixation of the implant plate are vital for stabilizing the fracture. This selection is highly dependent on the plate's stability, which is influenced by factors like the stresses generated in the plate due to the load on the bone, as well as the plate's length, thickness, and number of screw holes. Minimizing these stresses is essential to reduce the risk of implant failure, ensuring optimal stress distribution and promoting faster, more effective bone healing. In the present work, the finite element and statistical approach was used to optimize the geometrical parameters of the implant plate made of SS 316L steel and Ti6Al4V alloy. A 3D finite element model was developed for analyzing the stresses and deformation, and implant plates were manufactured to validate the results with the help of an experiment conducted on the universal testing machine. A strong correlation was observed between the experimental and predicted results, with an average error of 8.6% and 8.55% for SS316L and Ti6Al4V alloy, respectively. Further, using the signal-to-noise ratio for the minimum stress condition was applied to identify the optimum parameters of the plate. Finally, regression models were developed to predict the stresses generated in SS316L and Ti6Al4V alloy plates with different input conditions. The statistical model helps us to develop the relation between different geometrical parameters of the Tibia implant plate. As determined by the present work, the parameter most influencing is implant plate length. This outcome will be used to select the implant for a specific patient, resulting in a reduction in implant failure post-surgery.

Clinical insights into tooth extraction via torsion method: a biomechanical analysis of the tooth-periodontal ligament complex.

Traditionally, extracting single, flat- or curved-rooted teeth through twisting is unfeasible. However, our clinical practice suggests that such teeth can be extracted efficiently through moderate twisting in a minimally invasive manner. Given the lack of studies on biomechanics of the tooth-periodontal ligament (PDL) complex during torsion, which has further constrained its application, we assessed the feasibility of the torsion method for extracting single-rooted teeth and evaluated its minimally invasive potential. Using three-dimensional finite element analysis, we examined the stress distribution of the tooth and PDL during torsion. Then, we examined changes in the optimal torsion angle (OTA) and stress distribution across various anatomical scenarios. During torsion loading, stress concentration was primarily observed on the sing-rooted tooth surface near the alveolar crest, whereas molars at the root furcation. The OTA was found to increase under conditions such as narrowing of root width, decrease in the root apical curvature, change from type I to IV bone, alveolar bone loss, and shortening of root length. Moreover, the clinically validated model demonstrated that 74% of outcomes fell within the standard OTA range. In conclusion, the decrease in PDL area necessitated a larger angle for complete PDL tearing. Single-rooted teeth with root width-to-thickness ratios of ≥0.42 and apical curvatures of ≤30°are suitable for extraction using the torsion method. This study confirms the feasibility of the torsion method for minimally invasive tooth extraction and expands its indications, laying the theoretical foundation and essential insights for its clinical application.

Multiphysics analysis of mechanical responses in micro-reactors under varied operating conditions

Micro-reactors are a promising alternative for power production applications where traditional methods may not be feasible (e.g., space missions). Their design requires critical selection of materials, especially for moderator and fuel, to ensure long-term operation and optimal performance. This research focuses on developing computational analysis models for micro-reactors, aiming to explore their structural behavior under thermal and mechanical loadings. The micro-reactor model is based on the Zero Energy Breeder Reactor Assembly (Zebra) Kilowatt (kW) reactor design conceptualized at Los Alamos National Laboratory. This study investigates the thermal and mechanical responses of three distinct reactor models considering factors, such as boundary conditions, material properties, and thermal-mechanical loading. In this study, Beryllium Oxide (BeO), Beryllium (Be), Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3), and Magnesium Oxide (MgO) are chosen as materials for the reflector. Yttrium Hydride (YH) and Zirconium Hydride (ZH) are chosen as moderators. Uranium Nitride (UN) and Uranium Molybdenum (UMo) are chosen as reactor fuel materials. The thermal analysis predicts the deformation due to the thermal expansion within the reactor under steady operating conditions at 25 kWth, mimicking the maximum rated power of the Zebra kW design. The mechanical study simulates the system's response to forced vibration loads applied along the cooling channels, matching the natural frequency of the system. The results from both analyses show that Beryllium Oxide, Yttrium Hydride, and Uranium Nitride demonstrate the most optimal stress distribution in the system compared to other configurations investigated here. The results of this study can be developed into datasets to facilitate future machine learning studies, enabling the prediction of mechanical and thermal responses for micro-reactors.

Biomechanical design of lightweight full contacted insole based on structural anisotropy bespoke

PurposeA biomechanical design method of lightweight full contacted insole based on structural anisotropy bespoke (SAB) is proposed, which can better redistribute the stress distribution of SAB designed personalized insole.Design/methodology/approachThe reconstructed joint biomechanics are simulated using finite element analysis (FEA) to develop a lightweight full contact insole. Innovatively, the anisotropic properties of the triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structure, which contribute to reducing insole weight, are considered to optimize stress distribution. Additionally, porosity and manufacturing time are included as design objectives. To validate the lightweight insole design, FEA is employed to simulate the stress distribution of the ergonomic insole, which can be fabricated by additive manufacturing (AM) with TPU.FindingsWith a little 0.924% loss in porosity, the maximum stress of lightweight SAB designed insoles is extremely decreased by 19.2917%.Originality/valueThe biomechanical design of the lightweight full contact insole based on SAB can effectively redistribute stress, avoid stress concentration and improve the mechanical properties of the ergonomic individual insole.

Burst pressure performance comparison of type V hydrogen tanks: Evaluating various shapes and materials

Hydrogen, as a clean energy carrier, presents a significant step toward sustainable energy solutions but faces challenges in storage due to its low energy density and high volatility. This study addresses the optimization of Type V hydrogen storage tanks by investigating the burst pressure performance of spherical, cylindrical, and toroidal shapes. Using finite element analysis (FEA) and first-order shear deformation theory, we examined how these geometries impact burst pressure outcomes across a range of composite materials and layup configurations. The materials tested included carbon T700/epoxy, Kevlar/epoxy, E-glass fiber/epoxy, and basalt/epoxy. Results demonstrate that the toroidal shape significantly outperforms spherical and cylindrical designs in stress distribution and burst pressure, with basalt/epoxy composites exhibiting superior burst pressure performance (12.7 MPa) compared to Kevlar/epoxy (10.8 MPa), E-glass fiber/epoxy (11.4 MPa), and carbon T700/epoxy (8.9 MPa). Kevlar/epoxy toroidal tanks outperform other materials in weight performance, having a structural performance index of 0.0305 Mpa.m3/kg and hydrogen density per unit mass of 0.0251 kg H2/kg. The stacking sequence [-45/45]s optimized stress distribution for the toroidal shape across all materials. The findings highlight that toroidal designs offer significant advantages for high-pressure hydrogen storage, providing efficient stress management and improved safety. This paper underlines the potential of toroidal vessels for enhancing hydrogen storage efficiency and emphasizes the importance of material selection and stacking sequences in achieving optimal burst pressure performance for international organization for standardization (ISO) certification.

Optimization of multi-criteria decision-making for dental implant selection

The long-term biomechanical performance of dental implants is significantly influenced by material composition, anticipated loads, and the geometry of the interface between the implant and the bone. This study applies multi-criteria decision-making methods to select an optimal construction strategy. Through finite element analysis, variables such as implant geometry and stress distribution during loading are integrated into the decisionmaking process. By processing the results of alternative implants, we ranked these alternatives using an Excel implementation of the VIKOR decision support method commonly used in the literature. Results indicate that the optimal stress distribution depends on the size and shape of the implant. Selecting symmetric fixation points and optimal distances may enhance implant stability and long-term performance.

Calcar reconstruction in bipolar hemiarthroplasty for unstable intertrochanteric fractures

: The increasing popularity of primary bipolar hemiarthroplasty for comminuted and osteoporotic intertrochanteric femur fractures is well-documented. However, the absence of posteromedial calcar support due to fracture presents a unique challenge: implant instability and varus collapse. Existing solutions, relying on stem modifications or bone cement void filling, encounter limitations in cost-effectiveness and biomechanical performance.: This study evaluated the efficacy of posteromedial calcar reconstruction using autologous cortical grafts harvested from the extracted femoral head and neck in 30 patients with intertrochanteric femur fractures. Following strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, primary bipolar hemiarthroplasty was performed with meticulous graft implantation. Weight-bearing and range-of-motion exercises commenced on postoperative day 1. Functional and radiological outcomes were assessed at 12 months follow-up. The demographic distribution revealed a 50:50 split between patients above and below 75 years old. 73.33% (n=22) fractures were right-sided, and AO 31-A2.2 emerged as the most prevalent fracture pattern (46.67%, n=14). An acceptable functional and radiological outcome was achieved in 93.33% (n=28) patients. Two complications (superficial infection and implant breakage) resulted in unacceptable outcomes. Notably, the calcar grafts demonstrated robust healing in patients with favorable functional outcomes (Excellent and Good), as evidenced by a mean Harris Hip Score of 93.11 at 1 year follow-up. This study demonstrates the potential of a well-shaped, wedged autologous cortical graft harvested from the femoral head and neck as an effective strategy for calcar reconstruction in intertrochanteric femur fractures. This technique facilitates graft union, prevents implant subsidence, and offers enhanced biomechanical stability with optimal stress distribution. Furthermore, it eliminates the need for allograft or donor site morbidity, leading to reduced costs and patient burden.

Finite element method analysis of bone stress for variants of locking plate placement

This study investigates the optimal placement of locking plate screws for bone fracture stabilization in the humerus, a crucial factor for enhancing healing outcomes and patient comfort. Utilizing Finite Element Method (FEM) modeling, the research aimed to determine the most effective screw configuration for achieving optimal stress distribution in the humerus bone. A computer tomography (CT) scan of the humerus was performed, and the resulting images were used to create a detailed model in SOLIDWORKS 2012. This model was then analyzed using ANSYS Workbench V13 to develop a finite element model of the bone. Four different screw configurations were examined: 4 × 0°, 4 × 10°, 4 × 20°, 2 × 20°; 2 × 0°. These configurations were subjected to bending in the XZ and YZ planes, as well as tension and compression along the Z axis. The research identified the 2 × 20°+2 × 0° configuration as the most beneficial, with average stress values below 30 MPa and peak stress values below 50 MPa in 3-point bending at the first screw. This configuration consistently showed the lowest stress values across all loading scenarios. Specifically, stress levels ranged from 20 MPa to 50 MPa for bending in the XZ plane, 20 MPa–35 MPa for bending in the YZ plane, 20 MPa–30 MPa for extension in the Z-axis, and 18 MPa–25 MPa for compression in the Z-axis. The 4 × 10° and 4 × 20° configurations also produced satisfactory results, with stress levels not exceeding 70 MPa. However, the 4 × 0° configuration presented considerable stress during bending and compression in the Z-axis, with stress values exceeding 100 MPa, potentially leading to mechanical damage. In conclusion, the 2 × 20°; 2 × 0° screw configuration was identified as the most effective in minimizing stress on the treated bone. Future work will involve a more detailed analysis of this methodology and its potential integration into clinical practice, with a focus on enhancing patient outcomes in bone fracture treatment.

Constructing a Stable Integrated Silicon Electrode with Efficient Lithium Storage Performance through Multidimensional Structural Design.

Silicon (Si) stands out as a highly promising anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. However, its low intrinsic conductivity and the severe volume changes during the lithiation/delithiation process adversely affect cycling stability and hinder commercial viability. Rational design of electrode architecture to enhance charge transfer and optimize stress distribution of Si is a transformative way to enhance cycling stability, which still remains a great challenge. In this work, we fabricated a stable integrated Si electrode by combining two-dimensional graphene sheets (G), one-dimensional Si nanowires (SiNW), and carbon nanotubes (CNT) through the cyclization process of polyacrylonitrile (PAN). The integrated electrode features a G/SiNW framework enveloped by a conformal coating consisting of cyclized PAN (cPAN) and CNT. This configuration establishes interconnected electron and lithium-ion transport channels, coupled with a rigid-flexible encapsulated coating, ensuring both high conductivity and resistance against the substantial volume changes in the electrode. The unique multidimensional structural design enhances the rate performance, cyclability, and structural stability of the integrated electrode, yielding a gravimetric capacity (based on the total mass of the electrode) of 650 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles at 3.0 A g-1. When paired with a commercial LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode, the resulting full cell retains 84.8% of its capacity after 160 cycles at 2.0 C and achieves an impressive energy density of 435 Wh kg-1 at 0.5 C, indicating significant potential for practical applications. This study offers valuable insights into comprehensive electrode structure design at the electrode level for Si-based materials.

Development of a Large-Range XY-Compliant Micropositioning Stage with Laser-Based Sensing and Active Disturbance Rejection Control.

This paper presents a novel design and control strategies for a parallel two degrees-of-freedom (DOF) flexure-based micropositioning stage for large-range manipulation applications. The motion-guiding beam utilizes a compound hybrid compliant prismatic joint (CHCPJ) composed of corrugated and leaf flexures, ensuring increased compliance in primary directions and optimal stress distribution with minimal longitudinal length. Additionally, a four-beam parallelogram compliant prismatic joint (4BPCPJ) is used to improve the motion decoupling performance by increasing the off-axis to primary stiffness ratio. The mechanism's output compliance and dynamic characteristics are analyzed using the compliance matrix method and Lagrange approach, respectively. The accuracy of the analysis is verified through finite element analysis (FEA) simulation. In order to examine the mechanism performance, a laser interferometer-based experimental setup is established. In addition, a linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) is developed to enhance the motion quality. Experimental results illustrate that the mechanism has the capability to provide a range of 2.5 mm and a resolution of 0.4 μm in both the X and Y axes. Furthermore, the developed stage has improved trajectory tracking and disturbance rejection capabilities.

Investigating the fatigue performance of conventional reinforced concrete CRTS III ballastless track structures using a fatigue damage constitutive model

Compared to prestressed track structures, the mechanisms underlying fatigue degradation in conventional reinforced concrete track structures under high-cycle train loads remain elusive. This paper introduces a finite element model for CRTS (China Railway Track System) III slab ballastless track. In this model, fatigue damage constitutive relationships for both concrete and reinforcement are incorporated as material subroutines. The study focuses on investigating the fatigue characteristics of composite plate structures, which consist of track slabs and self-compacting concrete (SCC). An accelerated calculation method for high-cycle fatigue issues is utilized. Several key findings emerge from this study. First, the onset of fatigue cracks is observed on the lower surface of the SCC, directly beneath the applied load. These cracks tend to propagate laterally from the most critical location toward the slab edge. Second, a significant interrelationship exists between material fatigue degradation and stress redistribution. Traditional decoupled fatigue analysis methods are likely to overestimate the rate of fatigue evolution at critical points. Third, increasing the stiffness of geotextiles can partially optimize stress distribution within the track structures, thereby extending the time to initial cracking.

Biomechanical optimization of the magnesium alloy bionic cannulated screw for stabilizing femoral neck fractures: a finite element analysis.

The magnesium alloy bionic cannulated screw (MABCS) was designed in a previous study promoting cortical-cancellous biphasic healing of femoral neck fractures. The main purpose was to analyze the bore diameters that satisfy the torsion standards and further analyze the optimal pore and implantation direction for stabilizing femoral neck fractures. The MABCS design with bionic holes with a screw diameter of less than 20% met the torsion standard for metal screws. The MABCS was utilized to repair the femoral neck fracture via Abaqus 6.14 software, which simulated the various stages of fracture healing to identify the optimal biomechanical environment for bionic hole size (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) and implantation direction (0°, 45°, 90°, and 135°). The stress distribution of the MABCS fracture fixation model is significantly improved with an implantation orientation of 90°. The MABCS with a bionic hole and a screw diameter of 10% provides optimal stress distribution compared with the bionic cannulated screw with diameters of 5%, 15%, and 20%. In addition, the cannulated screw fixation model with a 10% bionic hole size has optimal bone stress distribution and better internal fixation than the MABCS fixation models with 5%, 15%, and 20% screw diameters. In summary, the MABCS with 10% screw diameter bionic holes has favorable biomechanical characteristics for stabilizing femoral neck fractures. This study provides a biomechanical foundation for further optimization of the bionic cannulated screw.

ANALYTICAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF SOLID CYLINDER MADE OF RADIALLY NONUNIFORM MATERIAL UNDER EXTENSION

Functionally graded materials are inhomogeneous composite materials, composed of two or more constituents selected to achieve desirable properties for specific applications. In this work, a solid cylindrical tube made of inhomogeneous composite materials under tensile action was analyzed within the context of three-dimensional elasticity theory. An analytical solution was obtained for computing the displacement and stress fields. It has been assumed that the elastic stiffness is varying through the functionally graded material according to radial variation laws: linear, power, and exponential laws, while Poisson's ratio is considered as constant. In order to check the relevance of the analytical solution, a finite element model of the cylindrical tube was constructed, taking into account variations in Young's modulus. Very good agreement has been found between the numerical results and the predictions of the analytical solution, which confirms the accuracy of our model. Numerous curves were plotted by adjusting the inhomogeneity parameter and the elongation value, revealing a significant effect. Thus, the inhomogeneity in material properties can be exploited to optimize stress distribution. Indeed, by tailoring the material properties to match the stress distribution in a specific load scenario, stress concentrations can be minimized in high-stress areas.

Tailoring stresses in piezoresistive microcantilevers for enhanced surface stress sensing: insights from topology optimization

In assessing piezoresistive microcantilever sensitivity for surface stress sensing, the key is its capacity to translate surface stress into changes in resistance. This change hinges on the interplay between stresses and piezoresistivity. Traditional optimization has been constrained by rudimentary 1D models, overlooking potentially superior designs. Addressing this, we employed topology optimization to optimize Si(100) microcantilevers with a p-type piezoresistor. This led to optimized designs with up to 30% enhanced sensitivity over conventional designs. A recurrent “double-cantilever” configuration emerged, which optimizes longitudinal stress and reduces transverse stress at the piezoresistor, resulting in enhanced sensitivity. We developed a simplified model to analyze stress distributions in these designs. By adjusting geometrical features in this model, we identified ideal parameter combinations for optimal stress distribution. Contrary to conventional designs favoring short cantilevers, our findings redefine efficient surface stress sensing, paving the way for innovative sensor designs beyond the conventional rectangular cantilevers.

Impact of humeral stem length on calcar resorption in anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty

Use of standard-length anatomic total shoulder (TSA) humeral stems has been associated with high rates of medial calcar bone loss. Calcar bone loss has been attributed to stress shielding, debris-induced osteolysis, and undiagnosed infection. Short stem and canal-sparing humeral components may provide more optimal stress distribution and thus lower rates of calcar bone loss related to stress shielding. The purpose of this study is to determine whether implant length will affect the rate and severity of medial calcar resorption. A retrospective review was performed on TSA patients treated with three different-length humeral implants (canal-sparing, short, and standard-length designs). Patients were matched 1:1:1 based on both gender and age (±4 years), resulting in 40 patients per cohort. Radiographic changes in medial calcar bone were evaluated and graded on a 4-point scale, from the initial postoperative radiographs to those at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. The presence of any degree of medial calcar resorption demonstrated an overall rate of 73.3% at one year. At 3 months, calcar resorption was observed in 20% of the canal-sparing cohort, while the short and standard designs demonstrated resorption in 55% and 52.5%, respectively (P=.002). At 12 months, calcar resorption was seen in 65% of the canal-sparing design, while both the short and standard designs had a 77.5% rate of resorption (P=.345). The severity of calcar resorption for the canal-sparing cohort was significantly lower at all time points when compared to the short stem (3 months, P=.004; 6 months, P=.003; 12 months, P=.004) and at 3 months when compared to the standard-length stem (P=.009). Patients treated with canal-sparing TSA humeral components have significantly lower rates of early calcar resorption with less severe bone loss when compared to patients treated using short and standard-length designs.

Minimization of thermal stress in perforated composite plate using metaheuristic algorithms WOA, SCA and GA

In this study, an attempt is made to achieve optimal thermal stress distribution in symmetric composite plates with non-circular holes under uniform heat flux by using metaheuristic optimization algorithms. The analytical solution is based on the thermo-elastic theory and the complex variable method. In addition, the stress analysis of laminated composite plates with circular holes is extended to non-circular holes using the appropriate mapping function. To determine the optimum thermal stress, the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) which is inspired by the lifestyle of humpback whales in nature, the sine cosine algorithm (SCA) that is inspired by the calculation of sine and cosine functions and the genetic algorithm (GA) are utilized. The effect of hole orientation, stacking sequence of laminates, bluntness and hole shape as significant parameters on optimum thermal stress distribution around the holes are studied. The laminate is made of graphite/epoxy material with stacking sequences of [0/90] s , [45/-45] s and [30/0/–30] s . The cost function is considered as the maximum value of thermal stress surrounding the hole. The performance of optimization algorithms is examined. It is found out that the circular shape for hole may not necessarily be the optimum geometry for all stacking sequences.

From atomic modification to structure engineering: layered NiCo–MnO2 with ultrafast kinetics and optimized stress distribution for aqueous zinc ion storage

This work proposes layered NiCo–MnO2 as the cathode for ZIBs. The ordered nanostructure and atomic engineering endow NiCo–MnO2 with uniform stress distributions and excellent electrochemical performance.

Experimental and numerical verification of stress distribution in additive manufactured cylindrical pressure vessel — A continuation of the dished end optimization study

The presented paper refers to the recent study of shape optimization of dished ends with the aim of reducing the maximum von Mises stress. An adequate method is sought to manufacture pressure vessel models with optimized dished end. Following the results of the static tensile test, Multi Jet Fusion technology is selected to manufacture the models. After evaluating the mechanical properties of PA12 material, the dished end shape is reoptimized. Manufactured models are pressurized and strain gauge measurements are taken. Finally, the optimized stress distribution is compared with the numerical and experimental results, indicating a good agreement between them.

Unlocking the Potential of Vanadium Oxide for Ultrafast and Stable Zn2+ Storage Through Optimized Stress Distribution: From Engineering Simulation to Elaborate Structure Design.

Compared with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), aqueous zinc batteries (AZIBs) have received extensive attention due to their safety and cost advantages in recent years. The cathode determines the electrochemical performance of AZIBs to a large extent. Vanadium-based materials exhibit excellent capacity when used as AZIB cathodes. However, unexpected structural stress is inevitably induced during cycling and high current densities, which can gradually lead to structural deterioration and capacity decay. In fact, the stress/strain distribution in nanomaterials is crucial for electrochemical performance. In this work, the optimized stress distribution of the hierarchical hollow structure is verified by the finite element simulation of COMSOL software firstly. Guided by this model, a simple solvothermal method to synthesize hierarchical hollow vanadium oxide nanospheres (VO-NSs), consisting of ≈10nm ultrathin nanosheets and ≈500nm hollow inner cavities, is employed. And a highly disordered structure is introduced to the VO-NSs by in situ electrochemical oxidation, which can also weaken the structural stress during Zn2+ insertion and extraction. Benefiting from this unique structure, VO-NSs exhibit high-rate and stable Zn2+ storage capability. The strategy of engineering-driven material design provides new insights into the development of AZIB cathodes.