Optimization Of Ultrasound-assisted Extraction Research Articles

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of astaxanthin from black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) shells using deep eutectic solvent and ethanol as a co-solvent

The study aimed to enhance the extraction of astaxanthin (ASX) from black tiger shrimp shells by combining Deep eutectic solvent (DES) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UADE). The DES used in the research consisted of choline chloride (Ch) and citric acid (CA) in a 1:2 molar ratio with 20% water. Response surface methodology (RSM) utilizing a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize the UADE conditions, considering ultrasound power (200 – 400 W), ethanol concentration in the DES (5 – 65 %), and extraction time (5 – 45 min). The optimal UADE parameters identified by BBD were 330 W ultrasound power, 35% ethanol content, and 33 min of extraction, resulting in the highest ASX content of 47.42 μg/g, closely matching the predicted value of 48.65 μg/g. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed structural alterations in samples treated with DES-based UAE, setting it apart from soxhlet extraction, maceration, and ethanol-based DES extraction. The outcomes indicated that UADE outperformed traditional extraction methods like soxhlet extraction, maceration, and ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction (UAET) regarding ASX yield and antioxidant activity, while also needing shorter extraction durations. These results underscore UADE as a productive and eco-friendly approach for extracting ASX from shrimp shells.

Optimization of ultrasound assisted extraction of the Sea buckthorn leaves, characterization of the phenolic compounds, and determination of bioactive properties of the extracts

Sea buckthorn leaves are known to be rich in antioxidants and phenolic compounds. However, non-proper processing methods can result in a decrease of the beneficial properties. To address this, response surface methodology (RSM) was used in the modelling and optimizing of the ultrasound assisted extraction of the sea buckthorn leaves to obtain high yields of total phenolics content in the extract. The alike obtained extracts were subjected under investigations of bioactivities such as the antioxidant activities (FRAP and ORAC), antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and anti-inflammatory characteristics. The results indicated that the extracts obtained under the optimal process conditions of 30 min, continuous pulse, and solid to liquid ratio of 0.2 showed antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity against both Gram+ and Gram– bacteria at a moderate level. The extracts are rich in polyphenolic compounds, such as ellagic acid and flavonoids. The in vitro anti-inflammatory tests with THP-1 promonocyte model indicated that the sea buckthorn leaf extract obtained by ultrasound assisted extraction has powerful anti-inflammatory properties. These results prove that the ultrasound assisted extraction of sea buckthorn leaves provides a good source of phenolic compounds that have versatile bioactive properties and can generally be regarded as health promoting food compounds.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Carthamus caeruleus L. rhizome: Integrating central composite design, Gaussian process regression, and multi-objective Grey Wolf optimization approaches

The prediction of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) from Carthamus caeruleus L. rhizomes was conducted using a Gaussian process regression model (GPR) with a multi-objective Grey Wolf optimization approach (MOGWO). A central composite design (CCD) was employed first, examining ethanol concentration, temperature, time, and solvent-to-solid ratio as independent variables. TPC and TFC responses were analyzed under various conditions, revealing significant quadratic and interaction effects (p < 0.05). The GPR was then utilized to predict TPC and TFC, showing high accuracy with correlation coefficients near 1 and minimal root mean square error (RMSE) values. To simultaneously maximize TPC and TFC, the MOGWO was used in a multi-objective framework. Validation through CCD and GPR highlighted GPR's superior predictive accuracy. Optimal conditions (10% ethanol, 40°C, 20minutes sonication, and 50mLg-1 solvent to solid ratio) showed significant discrepancies in CCD predictions but high accuracy in GPR predictions. An interactive tool predicts TPC and TFC using CCD and GPR models. Users input extraction parameters and receive predictions, with a GWO-based optimization module for optimal conditions. The interface enables model comparison, improves process understanding, and optimizes bioactive compound extraction.

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolics from Satureja hortensis L. and Antioxidant Activity: Response Surface Methodology Approach

The extract of the plant species Satureja hortensis L. (often used as traditional ethno-therapy and in food processing) was prepared using the ultrasonic extraction technique, and contains a large quantity of secondary metabolites, with scientific evidence for antioxidant, antimicrobial, sedative, antispastic and antidiarrheal activities. Process optimization was carried out using a mathematical–statistical method (response surface methodology—RSM), which models and examines the effects of three levels and three variables on the observed response. The investigated responses were the content of total phenolic components (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFC), as well as tests of antioxidant activity at the level of radicals. The independent variables were ethanol concentration (40–80%), temperature (40–80 °C) and the liquid–solid ratio (10–30 mL/g). Results from this study were entered into a second-degree polynomial with multiple non-linear regression. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to find the most favorable environment for assessing the model’s performance and effectiveness with an ethanol concentration of 20%, temperature of 80 °C and LSR of 21.4 mL/g. ANOVA assessed the model’s significance, and a second-order polynomial model described the relationships between variables and responses. Diagnostic plots confirmed the model’s adequacy and reliability. The estimated values were 4.11 mg chlorogenic acid equivalents per gram of dry weight (CEA/g), 2.18 mg of rutin equivalents per gram of dry weight (RE/g), and 0.030 mg/mL and 0.030 mg/mL for TPC, TFC, IC50 and EC50, respectively. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) examination revealed that the prominent substance in the tested extract is rosmarinic acid (46,172 µg/mL), followed by chlorogenic acid (1519 µg/mL).

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of faba bean protein isolate: Structural, functional, and thermal properties. Part 2/2

Environmental concerns linked to animal-based protein production have intensified interest in sustainable alternatives, with a focus on underutilized plant proteins. Faba beans, primarily used for animal feed, offer a high-quality protein source with promising bioactive compounds for food applications. This study explores the efficacy of ultrasound-assisted extraction under optimal conditions (123 W power, 1:15 g/mL solute/solvent ratio, 41 min sonication, 623 mL total volume) to isolate faba bean protein (U-FBPI). The ultrasound-assisted method achieved a protein extraction yield of 19.75 % and a protein content of 92.87 %, outperforming the control method’s yield of 16.41 % and protein content of 89.88 %. Electrophoretic analysis confirmed no significant changes in the primary structure of U-FBPI compared to the control. However, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed modifications in the secondary structure due to ultrasound treatment. The U-FBPI demonstrated superior water and oil holding capacities compared to the control protein isolate, although its foaming capacity was reduced by ultrasound. Thermal analysis indicated minimal impact on the protein’s thermal properties under the applied ultrasound conditions. This research highlights the potential of ultrasound-assisted extraction for improving the functional properties of faba bean protein isolates, presenting a viable approach for advancing plant-based food production and contributing to sustainable protein consumption.

Optimization of ionic liquid-based ultrasound-assisted extraction to enhance cannabinoid recovery from hemp teas

ABSTRACT The primary objective of this study was to investigate the ability of seven ionic liquids (ILs), NaBF4 salt, and five deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to extract five cannabinoids from hemp tea. Among the solvents examined, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride (BMIMCl) proved to be a promising solvent for the recovery of cannabinoids, and it was selected for the subsequent optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized theoretical conditions were as follows: 0.071 M BMIMCl, a solvent-to-solid ratio of 24.15 mL/g of dried hemp tea material, and an extraction time of 20.80 min. These conditions resulted in theoretical extraction yields of 98.34 μg/g for sample material for cannabichromene (CBC), 1104.69 μg/g for cannabidiol (CBD), 209.64 μg/g for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), 40.43 μg/g for cannabinol (CBN), and 55.49 μg/g for cannabigerol (CBG). For comparison purposes, the optimized extraction parameters were applied to three more cannabis teas, originating from the Netherlands, Greece, and Italy. The analysis revealed varying levels of detected cannabinoids and exhibited levels of Δ9-THC, ranging from 34.93 ± 0.24 μg/g to 199.46 ± 1.02 μg/g. Consequently, these findings have significant regulatory implications, as none of the examined hemp tea samples met the permitted zero tolerance threshold for Δ9-THC.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from carob pulp using response surface methodology

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from carob pulp using response surface methodology

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of two saponins from Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis leaves using response surface methodology

Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis is one of the famous Chinese herbs, in which two saponins (polyphyllin II and polyphyllin VII) have anticancer effects. The endangerment of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis, makes the study of optimizing the extraction of polyphyllin II and polyphyllin VII from the leaves of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis more important. The study established and optimized the process of ultrasound-assisted extraction for polyphyllin II and polyphyllin VII using the Box Behnken Design method of response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions for polyphyllin II and polyphyllin VII are ethanol concentration of 73 and 70%, extraction temperature of 43 and 50°C, and number of extraction 3, respectively. Under the above conditions, the contents of polyphyllin II and polyphyllin VII were measured to be 6.427 and 19.015 mg/g (DW). The results showed that the experimental model fitted well, and the response surface methodology (RSM) was feasible to optimize the extraction process of polyphyllin II and polyphyllin VII from Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis leaves. This method provides an effective approach for the comprehensive development and utilization of non-medicinal parts of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolics from Cordia dichotoma leaves using response surface methodology

In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was employed to extract phenolic compounds from Cordia dichotoma (C. Dichotoma) leaves. The extraction process was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The C. Dichotoma tree is found in tropical and subtropical areas and has medicinal properties. The obtained extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening using standard tests, antioxidant potential, and total phenolic content (TPC) of C. Dichotoma leaf extract by 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl assay and Folin-Ciocalteu assay respectively. The impact of process parameters like different solvents, solute-to-solvent ratio, ultrasonic power, and sonication time on TPC and antioxidant activity were studied. UAE offers a more rapid and efficient extraction process when compared to conventional extraction techniques such as Soxhlet extraction due to effective mass transfer. RSM models identified that ultrasonic power of 200 W and 30:1 (mL/g) solvent-to-solute ratio, using methanol, and a sonication time of 15 min are the optimal conditions for extraction of phenolics. FTIR analysis of methanolic extract confirmed the presence of phenolic functional groups. The compounds obtained from C. Dichotoma leaf extracts were identified by GCMS. UAE proves to be a promising technique for obtaining bioactive compounds with antioxidant potential from Cordia dichotoma leaves which can be potential applications in pharmaceutical, nutraceuticals, and functional food industries.

The Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for Bioactive Compounds from Flourensia cernua and Jatropha dioica and the Evaluation of Their Functional Properties

The Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for Bioactive Compounds from Flourensia cernua and Jatropha dioica and the Evaluation of Their Functional Properties

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Emilia prenanthoidea DC. using response surface methodology and exploration of the ecological factors on total flavonoid and antioxidant activity

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of flavonoids from <i>Emilia prenanthoidea</i> DC. using response surface methodology and exploration of the ecological factors on total flavonoid and antioxidant activity

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenols from Crocus sativus by-products using sunflower oil as a sustainable solvent alternative

In the last decade, there's been a rising emphasis on eco-friendly solvents in industry and academia due to environmental concerns. Vegetable oils are now recognized as a practical, non-toxic option for extracting phytochemicals from herbs. This study presents a novel, green, and user-friendly method for extracting phenolic content from Crocus sativus L. waste using ultrasound. It replaces conventional organic solvents with sustainable sunflower oil, making the process eco-friendly and cost-effective. The effects of temperature (18–52 °C), ultrasonic time (5–55 min), and solid-solvent ratio (5–31 g/100 mL) were assessed by applying response surface methodology (RSM) and Central composite design. The combined impact of solid-solvent ratio, temperature, and ultrasonic time led to heightened phenolic content and antioxidant activity in the enriched oil. However, when these variables were at their maximum levels, there was a decline in these attributes. The specific conditions found to be ideal were a solid-to-liquid ratio of 26 g/100 mL, a temperature of 45 °C, and a duration of 45 min. The optimum extraction condition yielded the expected highest phenolic content (317.15 mg/ Kg), and antioxidant activity (89.34%). The enriched oil with flower saffron enabled the utilization of renewable natural ingredients, ensuring the production of a healthy extract or product. Also, enriched oils find diverse applications in areas such as food, aquaculture, and cosmetics.

Optimization of Ultrasound-assisted Extraction of Total Carotenoids from Orange Coral "Astroides calycularis" by Response Surface Methodology

Optimization of Ultrasound-assisted Extraction of Total Carotenoids from Orange Coral "Astroides calycularis" by Response Surface Methodology

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Free Phenolic Compounds and In Vitro Biological Activity from Peach Fruit Using Response Surface Methodology

In this study, the ultrasonic extraction (UAE) of free phenolic compounds and relative biological activities of the Bulgarian peach variety “Filina” was optimized using chemometric techniques (response surface methodology). A Box–Behnken design was used to reveal the variation in the hydro module, temperature, duration, and extractant on the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant potential, and inhibitory activity on each yield. The results revealed that the optimal conditions included a hydro module of 20, a duration of 39.33 min, a temperature of 70 °C, and an extractant of 96.64% to retrieve the highest level of bioactive compounds. The calculated parameters were discovered to be following the projected values.

Isolation and Identification of Indole Alkaloids from Aspergillus amstelodami BSX001 and Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Neoechinulin A.

This study aimed to investigate the alkaloid secondary metabolites of Aspergillus amstelodami BSX001, a fungus isolated from Anhua dark tea, and to improve the extraction yield of the active ingredients by optimizing the extraction process. The structural characterization of the compounds was investigated using mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The antioxidant activity of echinulin-related alkaloids was evaluated by determining the total reducing power and DPPH radical scavenging capacity. The extraction process of the compound with optimum activity was optimized by a single-factor test and response surface methodology (RSM) combined with Box-Behnken design (BBD). The optimized result was validated. Finally, a new alkaloid 8-hydroxyechinulin (1), and four known alkaloids, variecolorin G (2), echinulin (3), neoechinulin A (4), and eurocristatine (5), were isolated. Echinulin-related compounds 1, 3, and 4 possessed certain antioxidant activities, with IC50 values of 0.587 mg/mL, 1.628 mg/mL, and 0.219 mg/mL, respectively, against DPPH radicals. Their total reducing power at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL was 0.29 mmol/L, 0.17 mmol/L, and 4.25 mmol/L. The extraction process of neoechinulin A was optimized with the optimum extraction parameters of 72.76% methanol volume fraction, 25 mL/g solid-liquid ratio, and 50.8 °C soaking temperature. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of neoechinulin A was up to 1.500 mg/g.

Investigation on Optimized Flavonoid Extraction from Leucas zeylanica and Its Anthelmintic Activity

Extraction has been the primary method of concentrating and obtaining a crude essence of plants, and to an extend fruits and nuts. In modern times, there are many methods of extraction developed from simple maceration to using Soxhlet extractor to microwave assisted extraction and ultrasound assisted extraction. However, the more time saving and energy efficient method for the extraction of plants needs to be investigated. This research explored optimization of ultrasound assisted extraction of flavonoids from Leucas zeylanica and the optimization was done on parameters of sonication time (minutes), water bath temperature (°C), volume of solvent to solid ratio (ml/g) and solvent concentration (%) using response surface methodology (RSM). By measuring the total flavonoid content using aluminium colorimetric method and UV visible spectrophotometry, highest flavonoid yield is achieved with 30.38% increase compared to unoptimized method. This occurred with sonication time of 42 minutes, temperature of 55°C, solvent to solid ratio of 40 ml/g and solvent concentration of 100%. The resulting extract was then tested for its anthelmintic (anti-worm) ability, obtaining 40% efficacy of that of Albendazole.

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Verbascum sinaiticum Leaves: Maximal Phenolic Yield and Antioxidant Capacity.

Verbascum sinaiticum (Qetetina or yeahya Joro) is a medicinal plant with secondary metabolites such as phenolics, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and alkaloids. This study was designed to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) parameters to enhance the phenolic content and characterize the phenolic compounds using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS), and antioxidant activities in Verbascum sinaiticum extract. Extraction time, sample-to-solvent ratio, and extraction temperature were considered for UAE optimization. It was found that UAE generated the highest extraction yield (21.6%), total phenolic content (179.8 GAE mg/g), total flavonoid content (64.49 CE mg/g), DPPH (61.85 µg/mL), and ABTS (38.89 µg/mL) when compared to maceration extraction. Metabolite analysis in this study showed the detection of 17 phenolic compounds, confirming antioxidant capacities. The optimization parameters have significant effects on phenolic compounds. Scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of structural changes when UAE was used over the maceration method. The optimized UAE parameters for extraction temperature (41.43 °C), sample-to-solvent ratio (36.32 g/mL), and extraction time (33.22 min) for TPC were obtained. This study shows the potential application for UAE of Verbascum sinaiticum leaves in the development of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products.

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polyphenols from Salvia deserta Schang flowers based on response surface methodology and deep neural network and analysis of its in vitro antioxidant activities

This study aims to establish the optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction for active compounds from Salvia deserta Schang flowers. The effect of ultrasonic time, ratio of liquid to material, ethanol concentration, and ultrasonic power on the extraction efficiency of total polyphenols and three phenolic compounds (e.g., rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, and protocatechuic acid was investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) and deep neural network (DNN) model was performed to find out the optimum extraction conditions to maximize the output using a comprehensive evaluation score in parallel. Compared with the DNN model, the optimal working conditions of the extraction procedures based on the RSM model achieves the maximum yield of active components in S. deserta Schang flowers while requiring a shorter extraction time, lower energy consumption, and greater cost effectiveness. The optimal extraction process for the active components of S. deserta Schang flowers was determined as follows: 39 min of ultrasonic time, 1:37 (g/mL) ratio of liquid to material, 55% ethanol concentration, and 200 W of ultrasonic power. Additionally, S. deserta Schang flowers exhibited promising antioxidative activity, which was verified through several in vitro antioxidant trials, including DPPH, ABTS, ·OH, and phosphomolybdate method, suggesting their remarkable antioxidant capacity. This findings contribute effective, sustainable and valuable insights into the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of valuable compounds from S. deserta Schang flower, and the more biological activity of compounds from S. deserta Schang flower remains to be further investigated.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of Imperata cylindrica polysaccharides and evaluation of its anti-oxidant and amelioration of uric acid stimulated cell apoptosis

An efficient, cost-effective and environmentally friendly ultrasound-assisted hot water method for Imperata cylindrica polysaccharide (ICPs) extraction was developed. According to the response surface results, the optimal ultrasonic time was 85 min, ultrasonic power was 192.75 W, temperature was 90.74 °C, liquid–solid ratio was 26.1, and polysaccharide yield was 28.50 %. The polysaccharide mainly consisted of arabinose (Ara), galactose (Gal), and glucose (Glc), with a molecular weight of 62.3 kDa. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of Imperata cylindrica polysaccharide (UICP) exhibited stronger anti-oxidant activity and ability to ameliorate cellular damage due to uric acid stimulation compared with traditional hot water extraction of Imperata cylindrica polysaccharide (ICPC-b). It also exhibited higher thermal stability, indicating its potential value for applications in the food industry.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of Nigella sativa seed oil for enhancement of yield and antioxidant activity

The seeds of Nigella sativa have been shown to contain a number of constituents that have nutritional and therapeutic characteristics. The oil extracted from the seeds of Nigella sativa has been traditionally used in food systems with reference to its medicinal properties. The different bioactive compounds present in the Nigella sativa seed oil consist of polyphenols which offer a fair amount of antioxidant activity to the oil. Most of these bioactive compounds are generally heat sensitive and prone to oxidation. During the processing and storage, there is loss of antioxidant activity of the oil and the associated bioactivity. This occurs primarily due to the effects of temperature and other environmental factors during processing and storage. Under this background, this study was undertaken with the aim of extracting the Nigella sativa seed oil in order to ensure the improved retention of antioxidant and bioactive characteristics in the essential oil. The extraction of Nigella sativa seed oil was carried out using ultrasound-assisted extraction technique using hexane as solvent. The process was optimized using response surface methodology in order to enhance the yield and antioxidant activity of the extracted Nigella sativa seed oil. The effect of different processing parameters was evaluated on the yield and antioxidant activity. The process variables included the extraction temperature, extraction time and solvent concentration. It was observed that all the factors had significant effect on the yield and antioxidant activity of the extracted Nigella sativa oil. The optimized conditions for maximizing the yield and antioxidant activity obtained were a solvent concentration of 42.82 mL/5 g of sample, the extraction temperature of 69.09 °C and extraction time of 86.60 min, which were validated and found close to the experiment values. Under this set of conditions, the yield was maximized to 34.53% with enhanced antioxidant activity, having IC50 value of 203.56 µg/mL.