Optimal Technology Choice Research Articles

Drilling fluid for drilling permafrost rocks

Relevance. The article provides an overview of the problem of drilling wells for oil and gas in conditions of permafrost. When constructing wells for various purposes in conditions of permafrost rocks, special requirements are imposed on the selection of the optimal drilling fluid. Deposits in the permafrost zone have significant differences from conditions where rocks have a positive temperature. Aim. For permafrost conditions, the choice of optimal drilling technology plays an important role. The temperature of the drilling fluid during drilling should be equal to the temperature of the rocks being drilled or be slightly lower. Methods. An analysis of the types of flushing agents used for drilling permafrost has been carried out, and the main technologies used in this case have been considered. A description of the developed flushing liquid is given, and its optimal composition is determined. Results and conclusions. The objectives are solved by developing a clay-free polymer drilling fluid with antifreeze additives, which has a freezing point of minus 7°C. The paper considers the issues of reverse freezing of wells and the use of a thermal case in order to improve the thermal regulation of wells. The choice of thermal insulation equipment is outlined based on predicting temperature changes in the properties of rocks. It was shown that reverse freezing of rocks during the construction of oil and gas wells leads to leaks and collapse of casing columns, freezing of casing columns to the walls of the well, and failure of columns to reach a given design depth. The paper introduces the formula to determine the pressure, at which the stress in the casing reaches the yield point and collapse of the casing occurs. The article shows the diagram of the hydration of ions of the proposed drilling fluid with permafrost and the main causes of complications. Using the laboratory studies, the optimal composition of the drilling fluid was determined. The introduction of the proposed drilling fluid into the practice of permafrost drilling will make it possible to successfully construct oil and gas wells.

The main aspects of the diagnosis of dry eye syndrome in refractive patients

A comprehensive assessment of the condition of the ocular surface was carried out in patients planning keratorefractive surgery using FemtoLASIK technology (30 eyes) and refractive lenticular extraction technology (30 eyes) with initially no subjective signs of dry eye syndrome. A comprehensive diagnostic approach to assessing the condition of the ocular surface, based on subjective and objective data, forms a holistic view of the homeostasis of the ocular surface in refractive profile patients, which will subsequently determine the choice of optimal laser vision correction technology, the tactics of patient administration and the featuress course of the postoperative period.

Optimal Green Technology Choice for Firms under an Emission Trading Scheme: End-of-Pipe vs. Cleaner Production

Green technology innovation helps to improve both economic and environmental performance simultaneously. How to invest in green technology innovation under emission trading policy is a current issue worthy of attention. However, existing research has not delved into the choices of different green technology innovation models, namely cleaner production technology and end-of-pipe technology, available to firms and governments under the joint implementation of other policies. Thus, this paper studies the optimal model of green technology innovation under emission trading policy and emission tax policy by constructing a two-stage game model suitable for complex decision analysis. The results show that regardless of the value of emission trading price, the optimal green technology innovation choice of the firms is cleaner production technology. Furthermore, the results show that neither conflict nor consistency always exists between governments’ and firms’ choices. When the emission trading price is high, the choice of governments and firms is in conflict; when the emission trading price is low, the choice of the two is consistent, both prefer cleaner production. This study not only enriches the existing research in theory but also provides support for governments to guide the choice of firms and achieve a win–win situation in practice.

Digital Currencies and The Monetary System: Review and Issues

This paper is a review article on digitalization, generating issues from the discourse. The place of digital currencies in the contemporary world of banking and commerce was discussed, and so were their attractiveness and variants in the emergent trend. The evolution and the conditions for the effectiveness of digitalization, differentiated policy goals of the various central bank digital currency projects as well as the regulatory and supervisory authorities were articulated and highlighted. Three competing models of central bank digital currency concerning the allocation of the functions of issuance, the validity of transactions, ledger update, user interface, user data and customer service were identified and distinguished by the different involvement of the central bank, commercial banks and the private sector in the functions identified. The choice of optimal technology underpinning the central bank digital currency was justified. The characteristics and functions of the various central bank digital currency designs were identified and discussed. Actual and potential challenges of the various central bank digital currencies gave insights into the present and possibly the future operating procedure of the central bank digital currencies. Perceived potential risks of central bank digital currency on commercial banks, financial stability and monetary policy as well as the likely combating measures would shape the future of the monetary system. However, the drivers of the reserve currency status would most likely remain unchanged. Central bank digital currency could offer the opportunity to address the challenges of cross-border payments.

Improved assessment model for health-care waste management based on dual 2-tuple linguistic rough number clouds

The management of medical waste disposal is a major challenge faced by different cities in developing countries. The choice of optimal medical waste treatment technology is a complex multi-criteria group decision-making problem that requires consideration of multiple alternatives against conflicting criteria. Decision makers evaluating disposal municipalities may conduct random evaluations from different linguistic term sets according to different preferences and contexts. Various fuzzy numbers based approaches have been studied in HCWM (health-care waste management) process, however they have certain limitations such as lacking manipulation tools of diverse information, additional adjustments and suppositions, ignoring randomness and multi-granularity in experts’ judgements. In response, this research article proposes a novel mathematical models by integrating 2-tuple linguistic setting into rough approximations and cloud theory. First, three novel linguistic manipulation models, namely, 2-tuple linguistic clouds, 2-tuple linguistic rough numbers and dual 2-tuple linguistic rough number (D2tLRN) clouds are developed to handle uncertainty with randomness and multi-granularity simultaneously. Secondly, a hybrid weighting scheme is utilized to evaluate the relative importance of waste factors using both subjective and objective aspects of uncertainty. Thirdly, the proposed D2tLRN cloud model is integrated with the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method to design an evaluation approach for the selection of HCWM technologies. Finally, the application of the proposed method is studied with an empirical case study of health care waste management in the most crowded municipality. The sensitivity analysis of the proposed approach is also discussed in detail to study the effect of various parameters on the results. The out-performance and significance of the proposed D2tLRN cloud TOPSIS method is illustrated by comparing it with existing approaches.

Современные аспекты этиопатогенеза и диагностики синдрома сухого глаза у пациентов рефракционного профиля

Modern literature materials on the main aspects of etiopathogenesis and diagnosis of dry eye syndrome in patients who plan to undergo keratorefractive surgery are presented. There are etiopathogenetic aspects of the development of induced dry eye syndrome after keratorefractive surgery. This requires examination of the ocular surface before and after surgery. There is a phasing in performing diagnostic screening of the xerosis of the ocular surface. A comprehensive diagnostic approach to the examination’s state of the ocular surface, which consists of subjective and objective data, the results of laboratory research methods, creates a holistic view of the homeostasis of the ocular surface in refractive profile patients. This diagnostic profile will determine the choice of optimal refractive surgery technology, patient management tactics and features of the course of the postoperative period. Key words: tear film, ocular surface, dry eye syndrome, refractive surgery

Optimization of purchasing business process in Moroccan public universities based on COBIT and artificial intelligence techniques

PurposeThe main goal of this research work is the optimization of the purchasing business process in the Moroccan public sector in terms of transparency and budgetary optimization. The authors have worked on the public university as an implementation field.Design/methodology/approachThe design of the research work followed the design science research (DSR) methodology for information systems. DSR is a research paradigm wherein a designer answers questions relevant to human problems through the creation of innovative artifacts, thereby contributing new knowledge to the body of scientific evidence. The authors have adopted a techno-functional approach. The technical part consists of the development of an intelligent recommendation system that supports the choice of optimal information technology (IT) equipment for decision-makers. This intelligent recommendation system relies on a set of functional and business concepts, namely the Moroccan normative laws and Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology's (COBIT) guidelines in information system governance.FindingsThe modeling of business processes in public universities is established using business process model and notation (BPMN) in accordance with official regulations. The set of BPMN models constitute a powerful repository not only for business process execution but also for further optimization. Governance generally aims to reduce budgetary wastes, and the authors' recommendation system demonstrates a technical and methodological approach enabling this feature. Implementation of artificial intelligence techniques can bring great value in terms of transparency and fluidity in purchasing business process execution.Research limitations/implicationsBusiness limitations: First, the proposed system was modeled to handle one type products, which are computer-related equipment. Hence, the authors intend to extend the model to other types of products in future works. Conversely, the system proposes optimal purchasing order and assumes that decision makers will rely on this optimal purchasing order to choose between offers. In fact, as a perspective, the authors plan to work on a complete automation of the workflow to also include vendor selection and offer validation. Technical limitations: Natural language processing (NLP) is a widely used sentiment analysis (SA) technique that enabled the authors to validate the proposed system. Even working on samples of datasets, the authors noticed NLP dependency on huge computing power. The authors intend to experiment with learning and knowledge-based SA and assess the' computing power consumption and accuracy of the analysis compared to NLP. Another technical limitation is related to the web scraping technique; in fact, the users' reviews are crucial for the authors' system. To guarantee timeliness and reliable reviews, the system has to look automatically in websites, which confront the authors with the limitations of the web scraping like the permanent changing of website structure and scraping restrictions.Practical implicationsThe modeling of business processes in public universities is established using BPMN in accordance with official regulations. The set of BPMN models constitute a powerful repository not only for business process execution but also for further optimization. Governance generally aims to reduce budgetary wastes, and the authors' recommendation system demonstrates a technical and methodological approach enabling this feature.Originality/valueThe adopted techno-functional approach enabled the authors to bring information system governance from a highly abstract level to a practical implementation where the theoretical best practices and guidelines are transformed to a tangible application.

Analysis of Five-Extraction Technologies’ Environmental Impact on the Polyphenols Production from Moringa oleifera Leaves Using the Life Cycle Assessment Tool Based on ISO 14040

The present study examines, compares, and documents the environmental impact of five extraction techniques through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The material used was Moringa oleifera freeze-dried leaves and the assessment was based on their polyphenol content Three out of the five examined techniques are referred to in the literature as “green” techniques, namely Pulsed Electric Field (PEF), Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE). The other two examined were conventional extraction techniques and, specifically, boiling water and maceration; the latter served as a control in this study. The analysis utilized special software (SimaPro ecoinvent) for the “cradle to gate” LCA, along with a sensitivity analysis of the model examining the variation in the environmental impact based on the origin of the source of electricity (renewable sources such as photovoltaic arcs), aiming to highlight the optimal technology choice. This LCA study’s Functional Unit (FU) was one gram (g) of extracted total polyphenols (dry) produced by a case-specific number of extraction cycles for each technology under assessment (considering their technical efficiency depicted as polyphenols yields), measured by the Folin–Ciocalteu method and expressed as mg Gallic Acid Equivalents per g of dry Moringa oleifera leaves. The study outcome indicates that PEF and MAE deliver the best environmental scores. The main contributing parameters are the Moringa oleifera leaves and the amount and origin of electricity used to make 1 FU. These parameters are dominant in the categories of freshwater ecotoxicity, marine ecotoxicity, human carcinogenic toxicity, and human non-carcinogenic. The better performance of these two techniques is due to the more efficient extraction with reduced electricity consumption, which can become even more environmentally friendly if replaced with renewable sources such as photovoltaic arcs.

Research on the Prediction of Dual Credit Situation of Passenger Car Enterprises Based on Multiple Factors

Currently, China's new energy vehicle industry has entered a new stage of rapid development on a large scale. In order to ensure the advancement and innovation of the "Dual Credit Policy", the key assessment indicators such as the requirement ratio of NEV credits are in an urgent need to be made stricter. The strictness of the key assessment indicators is closely related to the development of China's energy-saving and new energy vehicle industry. However, currently, there is still a lack of systematic prediction methods for the mediumand long-term dual credit situation of passenger car enterprises in China. In this paper, a database for the prediction of the dual credit situation of passenger car enterprises is constructed using a combined "top-down" and "bottom-up" approach. Specifically, the NEV penetration rate in the industry is quantitatively evaluated using a multivariate regression model under the assumption of a discrete choice model, with the consideration of constraints such as resource endowment, charging infrastructure, and transformation costs of enterprises. The potential for fuel consumption reduction in conventional energy passenger cars of enterprises is determined using an optimal energy-saving technology choice model, which provides the annual decline in fuel consumption for enterprises. The calculation of the credits for NEV models and energy consumption is estimated using the rules of policy development and a simple conversion method. In order to make the prediction database more applicable to the real-world scenarios, it is also embedded with out-of-cycle energy-saving technologies, and research advancements in the latest policies and standards. This prediction database will greatly support the evaluation of the effectiveness of the "Dual Credit Policy" in the medium and long run, and assist enterprises in formulating credit compliance strategies.

Evaluating fuel switching options in the Swedish iron and steel industry under increased competition for forest biomass

Significant use of forest biomass in the iron and steel industry (ISI) to mitigate fossil CO2 emissions will affect the biomass availability for other users of the same resource. This paper explores the market effects of increased forest biomass competition when promoting the use of forest-based bio-products in the ISI, as well as the interactions between the ISI and the forest industries. We employ a soft-linking approach that combines a geographically explicit techno-economic energy system model and an economic partial equilibrium model of the forest industries and forestry sectors. This allows for iterative endogenous modelling of new equilibrium price developments for different biomass assortments, determining locational choice of bio-products and assessing optimal bio-products technology choices. The results indicate an upward pressure on biomass prices when bio-products are introduced in the ISI (up to 62%), which affects both forest industries and the ISI itself. Prudence is thus warranted not to render bio-production investments uneconomical ex-post by neglecting to include potential price effects in investment decisions. The estimated price effects can be mitigated by increased domestic biomass supply, adjustments of international trade or by revising relevant policies. Even though the results suggest that the price effects will affect the geographical preferences for individual bio-production plants, proximity to the ISI production facility and integration benefits are more important than the proximity to cheaper biomass feedstocks. Product gas production integrated at ISI sites emerges as particularly attractive, while charcoal production exhibits sensitivity to fluctuating markets, both regarding resulting cost for the ISI, and preferred production locations.

The choice of optimal technology for extracting wood greenery from forest dendromass

Forests and forest land in Bosnia and Herzegovina encompass an area of 3,231,500 ha out of which 1.28 mill. ha is in the Republika Srpska (RS) entity and the rest in the B&H Federation entity. In the forests of RS each year are cut down around 2.94 mill. m3 of dendromass. Of these, about 15-20% or 127,500 to 170,000 m3 makes wood greenery - twigs with needles or leaves, with 10 mm diameter at thick end, measured with bark. Based on the experience of others, first of all from Russia, the Baltic and Scandinavian countries, it is known that wood greenery represents valued raw material in different sectors of economy: agriculture, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry and others. The entire annual attack of wood greenery remains unused, with us. There are at least two reasons for this: a) because there are still no elaborated and proven practices of rational collection and concentration of raw materials to processing plants; and b) because we are not familiar enough with the methods of wood greenery processing. A detailed analysis of the technology of wood assortment production in our forestry practice has been carried out. Based on these findings, a model of integrated forest utilization was conceived, including wood greenery. Then, the technology of wood greenery processing were analyzed in the following sense: mechanical drying and fractionation processes, chemical extraction processes, thermal processes by classical heating and energy use of the microwave electromagnetic field and their combinations: mechanical-chemical methods and thermo-chemical methods. Finally, such technology of wood greenery processing has been selected to optimally matches with the integrated use of forest resources, in terms of the following criteria: minimal negative environmental impact, maximum safety at work, low energy consumption, primarily from renewable sources, maximum quality of final products.

Long-term performance and degradation analysis of different PV modules under temperate climate

The share of solar photovoltaic in the energy mix is achieving significant growth worldwide. Accurate forecasts of return on investment and a good choice of optimal PV technology for different regions require proper PV studies. Long-term performance and degradation analysis, as well as an economic investigation of three based-silicon PV technologies including amorphous silicon (a-Si), polycrystalline silicon (p-Si), and monocrystalline silicon (m-Si) have been performed in this work. This study has been done based on different performance indicators such as AC energy production (EAC), reference yield (Yr), final yield (Yf), performance ratio (PR), temperature corrected performance ratio (PRSTC), degradation rate (Dr), and levelized cost of energy (LCOE). The results of the performance ratio analysis revealed that crystalline silicon technologies are better than amorphous PV system with values of 84.25% for m-Si, 84.32% for p-Si, and 79.14% for a-Si. The degradation analysis was performed using linear regression (LR) and classical seasonal decomposition (CSD) statistical techniques. The results of these latter indicate that a-Si degrades faster than its counterparts with a ratio of 0.9 ± 0.009%/year and 0.75 ± 0.003%/year, followed by m-Si (0.53 ± 0.01%/year and 0.41 ± 0.003%/year), and p-Si (0.36 ± 0.01%/year and 0.28 ± 0.004%/year) using LR and CSD, respectively. However, these degradation rates are comparable to other degradation rates obtained in studies performed in different climates in Morocco. Finally, the LOCE results demonstrate that p-Si technology is the most cost-effective system with a value of 0.09 USD/kWh compared to 0.1 USD/kWh for m-Si, and 0.13 USD/kWh for a-Si. According to the obtained findings, p-Si is the most optimal and suitable technology to be installed in the mountain temperate climate.

Life Insurance Policy Loans, Technology Choices, and Strategic Asset-liability Matching Management

ABSTRACT We develop a two-stage contingent claim model to evaluate a life insurer’s equity. The model sequentially determines the optimal guaranteed rate and the optimal technology choice for strategic asset-liability matching management. We show that increases in policy loans decrease the insurance businesses at a reduced guaranteed rate. The shrinking life insurance businesses discourage the insurer from using advanced technology. However, we find that an increase in advanced technology involvement enhances insurance businesses at an increased guaranteed rate. An increase in the policy loan also increases the policyholder protection when considering the optimal guaranteed rate and technology choice strategies.

Reducing sulfur and nitrogen emissions in shipping economically

The abatement technology choices are complicated by the growing ban on open-loop scrubbers, the dawn of nitrogen emission control areas (NECAs) and the current drop of fuel prices. This paper develops a model to select the optimal technology choice that meets both sulfur limits and Tier III nitrogen limits, and applies it to three feeder services. The results show that the most economic choice is installing exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) with or without scrubbers, depending on different fuel prices and characteristics of ships and shipping services. Scrubber installation is more suitable for a new ship or the one with remaining lifespan equaling the lifespan of scrubbers. However, installing EGR without scrubbers is recommended for risk-averse shipowners as it is always optimal or nearly optimal. The paper also indicates that expanding the ban on open-loop scrubbers within territorial water areas only slightly impacts the technology choices for many feeder services.

Transitioning to zero-emission bus fleets: state of practice of implementations in the United States

ABSTRACT Several states and transit agencies have recently introduced zero-emission buses (ZEBs) to their fleets, including battery electric buses, fuel cell battery electric buses, and fuel cell plug-in hybrid electric buses in an effort to mitigate transportation-related impacts on air quality. The objective of this paper was to summarise information and insights from ZEB implementations across the United States (U.S.) to advance the state of practice and facilitate transit agencies’ transition to ZEBs. Information was obtained through a critical review of relevant literature from peer-reviewed journals and agency reports released by transit agencies and other relevant stakeholders, an online survey of several transit agencies that implemented or are planning to implement ZEBs, and interviews with transit agency representatives and other relevant stakeholders. This review focuses on ZEB in-service performance, cost, fuelling, and implementation strategies. In addition, challenges and lessons learned as reported by U.S. transit agencies are described. A comparison among the three technologies and conventional fuel buses (i.e. diesel and compressed natural gas) suggests that ZEBs outperform conventional buses in terms of fuel efficiency, but their procurement cost is higher. Battery electric buses present the highest fuel efficiency and lowest procurement, operation, and maintenance costs, and have been chosen by most transit agencies followed by fuel cell battery electric buses. While fuel cell hybrid plug-in buses have been implemented by several agencies over the past ten years, they have not gained popularity due to increased purchase and maintenance costs. Important factors for agencies to consider when implementing any of these ZEB technologies include: (1) fleet size: starting with a small fleet and gradually expanding; (2) technology type: understanding the technology and properly choosing the one that matches the needs and limitations of a service area (e.g. available space, existing schedule) as well as available resources and agency goals; (3) staff training: proper training for a suitable amount of time of drivers and maintenance personnel; and (4) stakeholder collaboration: having an effective level of collaboration, cooperation, and support between stakeholders. Overall, ZEBs are a viable and promising approach for reducing emissions from transit fleets. This review can assist in transit agencies’ transition to ZEB fleets by providing useful information and insights to ensure optimal technology choice and efficient implementations. It can also provide insights on ZEB implementation issues that warrant further research.

Optimal Planning and Efficient Adjustments of the Terms of Constructions

Effective planning and implementation of large capital investments, hundreds of millions of dollars can be saved. After completion of the project, it is extremely difficult to make adjustments: even the most talented plant Director, increasing labor productivity, will not be able to compensate for the costs and losses caused by the unsuccessful arrangement of equipment and irrational design of the areas. Companies often trust the choice of optimal technology and configuration to construction organizations. The article deals with the issues of effective optimization of construction scheduling. The specific methods of it mechanisms of reduction of construction time, prevention of overspending of resources, increase of economic efficiency of construction in general are offered.

Optimizing the Chinese Electricity Mix for CO2 Emission Reduction: An Input-Output Linear Programming Model with Endogenous Capital.

This study develops an input-output linear programming (IO-LP) model to identify a cost-effective strategy to reduce the economy-wide carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in China from 2020 to 2050 through a shift in the electricity generation mix. In particular, the fixed capital formation of electricity technologies (FCFE) is endogenized so that the capital-related CO2 emissions of various generation technologies can be captured in the model. The modeling results show that low-carbon electricity, e.g., hydro, nuclear, wind, and solar, is associated with lower operation-related CO2 emissions but higher capital-related CO2 emissions compared to coal-fired electricity. A scenario analysis further reveals that a shift in the electricity generation mix could reduce the accumulated economy-wide CO2 emissions in China by 20% compared to the business-as-usual (BAU) level and could help peak China's CO2 emissions by 2030. The emission reduction is mainly due to a drop in operation-related CO2 emissions of electricity, contributing to a decrease in accumulated economy-wide emissions by 21.4%. The infrastructure expansion of electricity, on the other hand, causes a rise in the accumulated emissions by 1.4%. The proposed model serves as an effective tool to identify the optimal technology choice in the electricity system with the consideration of both direct and indirect CO2 emissions in the economy.

Technology Choice under Emission Regulation Uncertainty in International Container Shipping

We present a real options approach to evaluate technology and capacity choices under regulatory uncertainty. Our two-phase, regime-switching model includes the option of investing in different technologies as well as a charter and layup option, respectively. For a base-case version of this model, we derive an analytical solution before studying the effect of regulatory uncertainty in a numerical extension that relaxes certain restrictive assumptions. We then describe three regulatory regimes, an emissions cap, an emissions tax and a cap-and-trade market, and compare how effectively each reduces emissions. Applying the model to maritime container shipping, we develop insights on the optimal technology choice for reducing SOx emissions. We find that regulatory uncertainty can increase not only project values but also owned capacity. From a regulatory perspective, an emissions cap reduces emissions more effectively whereas an emissions tax reduces the cost of regulation. The cap-and-trade market emerges in many respects as superior to an emissions tax. Finally, we show that setting the emissions cap level—or deciding on the level above which an emissions tax or emissions trade apply—is critical because reduction in total industry emissions are not necessarily continuous.

Technological features of production of copper-based composites reinforced with cast iron granules by means of casting

Increasing the operational reliability of friction units is one of the priorities for mechanical engineering, which requires the creation of effective tribotechnical materials. First of all, this applies to sliding bearings, which are used in various friction units in a wide range of operating conditions and must meet a number of requirements: low coefficient of friction, high wear resistance and fatigue resistance, as well as good thermal conductivity, workability, corrosion resistance and machinability, low coefficient of linear expansion and low cost. It is problematic to satisfy these requirements in real conditions; therefore, different friction materials that are best suited to specific conditions have been developed. In particular, cast composite materials (LCM) have been developed, which have found application in various friction units operating in severe operating conditions. Currently, the theoretical foundations of the mechanics of reinforced composite materials are well developed, and a significant progress has been achieved in their material science. However, there are still many problems associated with the choice of optimal technology ensuring the achievement in practice of the predicted composites properties by theory, control of interfacial interaction to improve the stability of the structure and properties of CM, with the development of new types of reinforcing elements that can raise the level of composite performance.In the present work results of scientific and experimental studies on the development of casting technology (solid-liquid synthesis) for obtaining composite materials with macroheterogeneous structure have been summarized. The structures of composites are studied for different methods of synthesis, as well as for different chemical composition of cast iron granules. The prospects of using white vanadium cast iron granules as a reinforcing phase are shown.

Recovery and treatment of hazardous waste. Modern management of hazardous waste in Poland

The organization of comprehensive hazardous waste management makes the number of facilities at which the hazardous waste is treated decrease. The desired result of such measure is the limitation of number of potential sources of environmental contamination and greater economic effects (than in case of individual enterprises). One cannot also omit the fact that the comprehensive hazardous waste management has a positive impact on the choice of optimal technology of disposal of hazardous waste and this in turn is related with enabling the introduction of modern technologies, full application of technological operations, increase in work efficiency, obtaining lower operating costs and ensuring the environment protection at a proper level. In case of waste disposal, residues coming from that process can be utilized economically. Economic and ecological considerations require minimizing the consumption of primary raw materials from nature and use of any waste arising at different stages of cargo turnover and material trading to the border of economic profitability.In the article legal acts regulating the management of hazardous waste have been analyzed. Methods of recovery and treatment of hazardous waste applied in the Malopolska province have been discussed. Economic and technological criteria for the selection of technology of hazardous waste disposal have been analyzed.