Optimal Release Conditions Research Articles

In-silico study of drug delivery to atherosclerosis in the human carotid artery using metal–organic frameworks based on adhesion of nanocarriers

This study investigates nanocarriers (NCs) for drug delivery targeting carotid artery atherosclerosis. This targeted drug delivery mechanism is based on ligand–receptor bindings facilitated by coating NCs with P-selectin aptamers, which exhibit high affinities for P-selectin plaque receptors. Recognizing the significant advantages of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), such as their high drug-loading percentages, we chose them as nanocarriers for this research. Our evaluation considers critical factors: NC surface density (the number of attached nanocarriers per unit of plaque area), toxicity (percentage of NCs missing the target), and efficient drug transfer to plaque tissue. Employing molecular dynamics (MD) for drug loading calculations via van der Waals interactions and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for toxicity, surface density, and drug transfer assessments, we achieve a comprehensive analysis. A cardiac cycle-based metric guides optimal MOF release conditions, establishing an ideal dosage of 600 NCs per cycle. MOF-801 exhibits outstanding drug delivery performance, particularly in plaque targeting. While a magnetic field enhances NC adhesion, its impact on drug transfer is limited, emphasizing the need for further optimization in magnetic targeting for NC-based therapies. This study provides crucial insights into NC drug delivery performance in carotid artery atherosclerosis, advancing the field of targeted drug delivery for atherosclerosis treatment.

Characterizing the stress response in juvenile Delta smelt exposed to multiple stressors

The Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus), once an abundant fish endemic to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, is now on the brink of extinction. Due to the high sensitivity of this species, knowledge of their stress response will be vital to their future survival and sustainability. Understanding the magnitude and kinetics of cortisol induction in Delta Smelt will provide valuable information when interpreting the degree of environmentally relevant stressors, such as warming and predator exposure. As little is known about the primary stress response and cortisol dynamics in Delta Smelt, the first aim of this study was to measure basal and maximal whole-body cortisol prior to and following exposure to a sublethal and significant netting stress at 17 and 21 °C. Our findings reveal that juvenile Delta Smelt held at 21 °C display an exacerbated stress response and a reduction in available energy compared to fish held at 17 °C. There was no evidence of the secondary stress response to the netting stress as whole-body glucose and lactate levels in treatment groups remained similar to basal values. The second aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) predator cue, which was found to induce a significant increase in cortisol relative to control levels in juvenile Delta Smelt. Indices such as cortisol can be used as bioindicators of stress in the field and results from this study suggest that moderate temperatures and reduced predation are optimal release conditions during hatchery-based supplementation to minimize stress to this highly sensitive species.

CNN-LSTM Hybrid Model for Kinematic Feature Analysis and Parabolic Radian Prediction in Basketball Videos.

With the improvement of living standards around the world, people's love for sports has also increased; basketball is especially loved by people. It is of great importance to provide sound motor instruction for basketball. To this end, this paper comprehensively investigates the dependence between the optimal release conditions and the corresponding shooting arm movements in basketball players. We carry out kinematic feature analysis of basketball sports videos, propose a hybrid CNN-LSTM model that can predict the arc of the shooting parry, and identify the key movements of the arm joint that produce optimal release velocity, angle, and backspin in short-, mid-, and long-range shots. The experiment demonstrates that the model has three rigid planar links with rotational joints that mimic the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints of the upper arm, forearm, and hand, which are better at guiding the optimal ball release speed, angle, and backspin for different players with the fastest ball speed being about 4.6 m/s and the slowest being about 1.7 m/s.

Optimal release conditions for the javelin and the effect of the javelin tip

Optimal release conditions for the javelin and the effect of the javelin tip

Kinetics of infected insect cell osmolysis and enhanced protein release using a modified disruption method.

We have studied and characterized a cell disruption method to produce a protein extract from recombinant Baculovirus infected insect cells based on osmotic lysis. Cell lysis kinetics were measured during a 24-h incubation in lysis buffer and resulting data sets were curve fitted to a hyperbola, visually similar to the Michaelis-Menten curve, to determine the maximum concentration of released protein and the time required to reach equilibrium. Effect of parameters such as pH, ionic strength and infection phase were evaluated, and based on fittings optimal protein release conditions were obtained for total cell protein as well as the recombinant protein, HPV 16 L1. It was demonstrated that pH and the phase of infection can vastly influence the amount of release while ionic strength only effects the time required to achieve equilibrium in protein release. Osmolysis can be a mild, yet effective method to release recombinant protein with high recovery levels and hence can be used in capacities where stringent criteria regarding contamination with surfactant or non-cytoplasmic contents are observed.

Comparison of Irradiation and Wolbachia Based Approaches for Sterile-Male Strategies Targeting Aedes albopictus.

The global expansion of Aedes albopictus together with the absence of vaccines for most of the arboviruses transmitted by this mosquito has stimulated the development of sterile-male strategies aiming at controlling disease transmission through the suppression of natural vector populations. In this context, two environmentally friendly control strategies, namely the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) and the Wolbachia-based Incompatible Insect Technique (IIT) are currently being developed in several laboratories worldwide. So far however, there is a lack of comparative assessment of these strategies under the same controlled conditions. Here, we compared the mating capacities, i.e. insemination capacity, sterilization capacity and mating competitiveness of irradiated (35 Gy) and incompatible Ae. albopictus males at different ages and ratios under laboratory controlled conditions. Our data show that there was no significant difference in insemination capacity of irradiated and incompatible males, both male types showing lower capacities than untreated males at 1 day but recovering full capacity within 5 days following emergence. Regarding mating competitiveness trials, a global observed trend is that incompatible males tend to induce a lower hatching rate than irradiated males in cage controlled confrontations. More specifically, incompatible males were found more competitive than irradiated males in 5:1 ratio regardless of age, while irradiated males were only found more competitive than incompatible males in the 1:1 ratio at 10 days old. Overall, under the tested conditions, IIT seemed to be slightly more effective than SIT. However, considering that a single strategy will likely not be adapted to all environments, our data stimulates the need for comparative assessments of distinct strategies in up-scaled conditions in order to identify the most suitable and safe sterilizing technology to be implemented in a specific environmental setting and to identify the parameters requiring fine tuning in order to reach optimal release conditions.

Optimization of flight distance and robustness in the discus

This paper describes the optimal flight of a discus. Two objective functions are considered. One is the flight distance, and the other is robustness. Robustness is defined as insensitivity to deviations from the local optimal release conditions. The aim of the optimization is to maximize both flight distance and robustness. There are ten control and design variables, which include variables concerned with the skill of the thrower and with the design of the equipment. It was found that there is a trade-off between flight distance and robustness. It was also found that lower drag is preferable in the first half of flight, and greater lift and drag are preferable in the latter half of flight for the world record throw of 77 m. In order to do this, the initial angle between the velocity vector and the discus planform should be negative at the launch, even if the initial lift acts vertically downward. The attitude of the discus should be inclined at launch. The discus rolls with time during the flight, so that the discus planform becomes almost in the horizontal plane in the latter half of the flight. Lower mass is good for achieving longer flight distance, but conversely, mass should be slightly greater for robustness.

Quantitative assessment of a white seabass ( Atractoscion nobilis) stock enhancement program in California: Post-release dispersal, growth and survival

We evaluate post-release dispersal, growth and survival of hatchery-reared white seabass ( Atractoscion nobilis) released as part of an experimental stock enhancement program in California. Releases of hatchery white seabass have been carried out since 1986, year round either directly from the hatchery or after acclimation in net pens. All released fish are implanted with coded wire tags. Post-release monitoring is carried out through a research gillnet fishery for juveniles, and tag returns from the commercial and recreational fisheries. Fish dispersed from the release sites at a diffusion rate D 795 km 2 year −1, such that 50% of fish remained within 47 km and 95% within 135 km of the release site at the end their third year at large. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters for released hatchery fish were estimated at L ∞ = 975 mm SL and K = 0.21 year −1. A set of alternative survival models accounting for dispersal and size- and time-dependent natural and fishing mortality patterns was confronted with the mark-recapture data using model selection based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The model that fit the data best accounted for short-term post-release mortality dependent on season and release method in addition to a long-term size-dependent mortality. Survival of released hatchery fish was highest in Spring, moderately lower in Summer and Autumn, but much lower in Winter releases. Acclimatisation in net pens had a substantial, positive effect on survival relative to direct releases. Survival of hatchery fish to legal minimum length (600 mm SL) in the fishery was estimated at 1.5% for a release size of 200 mm, rising to 13.8% for a release size of 400 mm, under optimal conditions (Spring releases with net pen acclimatisation). Mortality rates of hatchery white seabass under optimal release conditions were substantially below average for other hatchery fish released into the wild, but remained above those expected for wild fish in both, the short-term and long-term components.

Optimal release conditions for the free throw in men's basketball

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum release conditions for the free throw in men's basketball. The study used hundreds of thousands of three-dimensional simulations of basketball trajectories. Five release variables were studied: release height, release speed, launch angle, side angle, and back spin. The free throw shooter was assumed to shoot at 70% and to release the ball 2.134 m (7 ft) above the ground. We found that the shooter should place up to 3 Hz of back spin on the ball, should aim the ball towards the back of the ring, and should launch the ball at 52° to the horizontal. We also found that it is desirable to release the ball as high above the ground as possible, as long as this does not adversely affect the player's launch consistency.

Optimizing the Release Conditions for a Free Throw in Wheelchair Basketball

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the optimal release conditions and corresponding arm movement pattern for the free throw for players classified as 3 to 4.5 on the international player classification system in wheelchair basketball. A 2-D, three-segment simulation model was used to investigate this problem. The computational process involved a two-step optimization scheme in which an outer computational loop was used to optimize the magnitude and timing of the muscle torques that generate the arm's motion, and an inner computational loop was used to determine the optimal angle and speed of the ball at the moment of release. The inner optimization loop revealed that Brancazio's (1981) and Hay's (1993) approaches to determining the optimal release angle produced identical results. The lowered seated height of the wheelchair basketball player required that the ball be released at a steeper angle with greater vertical velocity, and hence the need for greater shoulder torque. For the wheelchair player, the peak shoulder flexion torque generated by the model was reduced by approximately 43% when the upper arm was initially positioned at an angle approximately 40° below the horizontal, as compared to being positioned at an angle of 10° above the horizontal. For the wheelchair player, the optimal release angle and speed for a ball released at a horizontal distance of 4.09 m from the center of the basket, and 1.30 m below the rim, was computed to be 53.8° and 7.4 m/s, respectively.

Dependence of release variables in the shot put

When the shot is released above a horizontal plane, range from this point depends on release height, speed and angle. Measured distance is the sum of this range and horizontal distance of the release point from the throwing circle edge. Optimal release conditions can be calculated only if the dependence of release velocity on other variables, due to thrower limitations, is known. Experiments on two shot-putters investigated the hypothesis that there are constraint relationships among these four release parameters. A variable scaling scheme, using measurement of impact point and the known magnitude of g, corrected 2D data from one camera for out-of-plane motion and yielded accurate estimates of release parameters. Multivariate regression analyses determined approximate constraint surfaces limiting performance. Achievable release speed decreases with increasing release angle at about 1.7 (m/s)/rad and decreases with increasing release height at about 0.8 (m/s)/m, with only small differences in sensitivities between the throwers. Horizontal release distance also decreases with increasing release angle at about 1.7 m/rad and increases with increasing release height at about 1.3 m/m, again with only small differences between the two throwers. Optimal release conditions producing maximum range for a particular athlete can be determined using similar constraints for that athlete.

Optimum Release Conditions for the New Rules Javelin

Changes in the rules for construction of the men's javelin have dramatically altered the pitching moment profile as a function of angle of attack. Thus the optimal release conditions are different for the new javelin. Optimal release conditions are presented for nominal release velocities in the range 20 < vn < 35 m/s. Although the optimal release angle remains roughly constant near 30° over this speed range, the optimal angle of attack and pitching angular velocity change substantially with speed. The main effects of the rule change have been (a) to decrease the achievable range at a nominal velocity vn = 30 m/s by about 10% by making it impossible to take advantage of the javelin's potentially large aerodynamic lift forces, and (b) to make the flight much less sensitive to initial conditions.

Javelin Dynamics With Measured Lift, Drag, and Pitching Moment

Optimal release conditions for the javelin are studied using computer simulation. Included are two important and realistic assumptions: (1) initial velocity attainable by the thrower is dependent on the throwing angle, and (2) the aerodynamic center of pressure moves as a function of angle of attack. Aerodynamic forces and moments, previously measured in wind tunnel tests, are incorporated in the simulation. Range contours are presented in the two-space of initial angle of attack–initial flight path angle, assuming zero initial angular velocity.

Release of [ 14C]quinacrine from peripheral and central nerves

Incubations of intestinal mouse smooth muscle sheets including Auerbach's plexus and slices of the spinal cord in buffer containing low concentrations of labelled quinacrine ([ 14C]QC) result in a high affinity binding of QC to certain nerve fibres. Various means of depolarization, such as veratridine, high potassium and electrical field stimulation, were used to assess quantitatively the release of QC from nerves. Under optimal release conditions, all 3 types of depolarizations induced a clearcut increase in radioactivity of a continuously superfused buffer. When intestinal muscle sheets were incubated in high concentrations of QC (5·10 −6 – 5·10 −5 M) the depolarization-induced release was blocked. Similarly, high concentrations of QC (10 −5 M) blocked release of [ 3H]noradrenaline from adrenergic nerves. Low QC concentrations did not affect the depolarization induced release of [ 3H]noradrenaline from adrenergic nerves but caused a moderately increased spontaneous overflow of noradrenaline. The present data, together with previous studies, permit the conclusion that QC in low concentrations can be used to label selectively a population of non-adrenergic nerve fibres. This binding is closely related to the transmitter storage and release mechanisms and can be used to study the activity of such nerves.