Optimal Protection Research Articles

A GEOSPATIAL FRAMEWORK FOR SELF-SUSTAINING URBAN METABOLISM IN SOUTH TANJUNG DUREN AREA, WEST JAKARTA

Urban metabolism plays a crucial role in shaping the sustainable development of regions since it relates to how resources are consumed, transformed, and disposed of dynamically. In an increasingly urbanized world, effective regional planning is essential to address challenges such as resource depletion, environmental degradation, and socio-economic issues. This study aims to create an implementation framework for urban metabolism in South Tanjung Duren, West Jakarta, selected as part of a larger urban metabolism model. The research introduces a practical approach for urban designers, architects, and local authorities to establish self-sustaining urban areas. The methodology consists of two stages. In the first stage, the study thoroughly assesses the object of the study. This includes profiling the essential aspects of the object study, environmental impact assessments, mapping material and energy flows, and categorizing groups to optimize urban metabolism. Findings from this stage shape the second stage, which uses urban infill strategies via four approaches: Collecting Resources, Creating Biotopes, Channeling Energy, and Catalyzing. These strategies are simulated on the study site to analyze flows of goods, people, waste, biota, energy, food, water, sand, clay, and air, creating a geospatial framework for self-sustaining urban metabolism. The findings underscore that South Tanjung Duren has strong potential for implementing an urban metabolism framework, with simulations revealing increased resource efficiency, effective waste reduction, improved green space, and minimized environmental impact. This framework not only enhances resource optimization and environmental protection but also fosters sustainable development, positioning South Tanjung Duren as a replicable model for resilient, self-sustaining urban neighborhoods.

Wave forces and dynamic pressures on pile-supported breakwaters with inclined perforated plates under regular waves

The use of pile-supported breakwaters can be a cost-effective solution for wave energy dissipation when traditional rubble mound breakwaters are not suitable. For a cost-effective design of these barriers, it is essential to obtain accurate estimates of dynamic pressures and wave forces. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the dynamic pressures and forces on a novel pile-supported breakwater with inclined perforated plates. The analysis focused on various wave and structural parameters, including incident wave height, wave period, plate porosity, and plate configuration. For double-layer configurations with the same porosity, dynamic pressures on the single-layer or front plate were significantly higher than on the rear plate, with rear plate forces being 20% to 60% less. The dynamic pressure on the rear plate exhibited a uniform vertical distribution. Varying plate porosity at different locations significantly impacted structural forces. Gradually decreasing porosity improved wave dissipation and reduced forces on the plates, with front and back plate forces reaching approximately 70% of those on single-layer plates. Optimal protection across various wave periods can be achieved by adjusting porosity and plate arrangement. These findings provide valuable insights for designing pile-supported breakwaters in coastal protection engineering.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prevention: Perception and willingness of expectant parents in the Netherlands

BackgroundRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of infant respiratory disease. Recent approval of preventive measures like a long-acting monoclonal antibody and a maternal vaccine signals a potential shift in early-life RSV infection control. However, success hinges on acceptance. MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey among pregnant women and partners in the Netherlands, recruited via healthcare professionals, social media platforms, and the 9-Months Fair. The survey assessed willingness and motivation for maternal RSV vaccination and neonatal RSV immunization, including strategy preferences and informational needs. ResultsIn total 1001 pregnant women (mean age: 31.1 years) and their partners (mean age: 33.2 years) completed the survey. On average, they were 24 weeks pregnant at the time, and 54.6 % had no other children yet. The majority was Dutch-born (95.2 % of women); with 68.3 % of women having completed higher education and with overall strong pro-vaccination attitudes (93.9 % of partners intended to vaccinate their expected newborn). The overall acceptability to vaccination and immunization was high, with 87 % of respondents indicating they would (likely) accept both strategies. A positive attitude towards both methods was associated with previous experience with severity of RSV, intention to vaccinate the newborn and parental vaccination status during childhood and current pregnancy. When the choice was given, the majority of participants, in particular those with children and the intention to breastfeed, favoured maternal vaccination over passive immunization of infants (75.3 % of the pregnant and 71.6 % of the partners). A majority of the respondents cited optimal protection for the child and knowledge of RSV as important factors for accepting RSV prophylaxis. ConclusionsWhile most participants would accept both strategies for RSV protection of their infant, a majority, especially those with other children, favoured maternal vaccination, due to concerns about infant safety and awareness of RSV severity.

Secure EHR access in the cloud: an alloy-based formalization of ABAC in ‎‎collaborative and non-collaborative models‎

The approach proposed in this article integrates the Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) ‎model and the Alloy modeling tool to enhance security in cloud environments, whet alher ‎collaborative or non-collaborative. Cloud computing facilitates data management, particularly ‎in collaborative environments that promote teamwork, but this increased flexibility introduces ‎more complex security challenges. In contrast, non-collaborative environments offer stricter ‎access control, thereby improving security while limiting the flexibility of interactions. The ‎ABAC model allows for the definition of fine-grained access policies based on user roles, ‎context, and data sensitivity, making it an ideal solution for protecting Electronic Health ‎Records (EHR). With dynamic access management, only authorized individuals can view or ‎manipulate sensitive data. The use of Alloy enables the formalization and testing of these ‎security policies by simulating different access scenarios to verify the consistency of the rules ‎and understand the trade-offs bet alween security and flexibility. Thus, the combination of ‎ABAC and Alloy provides a robust solution for managing access in complex cloud ‎environments while ensuring optimal protection of sensitive data.‎

A new record of avian reovirus genogroup clusters isolated and molecularly characterized in chickens in Egypt

BackgroundThe global poultry industry has been experiencing increasing condemnation at slaughterhouses since 2011, due to the emergence of avian reovirus (ARV) variant strains. Recently seven ARV genogroup clusters were identified based on the σC sequence of the S1 segment that was used as a genetic marker to characterize and classify ARV.ResultsAmong ninety-seven suspected broilers, breeders, and commercial grandparent’s homogenates, ARV was PCR confirmed in thirty-five (36%). Samples were collected from different governorates in Egypt, including Giza–Ismailia–Sharqia–Menoufia, and Behira, between 2020 and 2023. A viral isolation trial was performed on weak positive samples, successfully isolating sixteen samples on the LMH cell line forming the characteristic giant cells of ARV infection. Partial sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the σC gene of ten ARV PCR positive samples revealed the circulation of ARV genogroup clusters 1, 2, 4, and 5, eight samples being distinguished from commercially available vaccine strains with a low percentage of nucleotides and amino acid identities.ConclusionsThis research demonstrated that the ARV isolates were distinct compared to commercially available vaccine strains based on partial σC sequence. Detection, isolation, and classification of ARV as genogroups 1, 2, 4, and 5 are recorded. A vigilant surveillance to evaluate the ARV situation in Egypt is urgent. We recommend re-evaluating the ARV commercial vaccines by challenging them with circulating Egyptian field isolates, as well as their cross-protection. In addition, the development of autologous vaccines from both classical and variant strains to provide optimal protection.

Adaptation of High-Altitude Plants to Harsh Environments: Application of Phenotypic-Variation-Related Methods and Multi-Omics Techniques.

High-altitude plants face extreme environments such as low temperature, low oxygen, low nutrient levels, and strong ultraviolet radiation, causing them to adopt complex adaptation mechanisms. Phenotypic variation is the core manifestation of ecological adaptation and evolution. Many plants have developed a series of adaptive strategies through long-term natural selection and evolution, enabling them to survive and reproduce under such harsh conditions. This article reviews the techniques and methods used in recent years to study the adaptive evolution of high-altitude plants, including transplantation techniques, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics techniques, and their applications in high-altitude plant adaptive evolution. Transplantation technology focuses on phenotypic variation, which refers to natural variations in morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, exploring their key roles in nutrient utilization, photosynthesis optimization, and stress-resistance protection. Multiple omics technologies, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, have revealed genes, regulatory pathways, and metabolic networks associated with phenotypic variations at the genetic and molecular levels. At the same time, the limitations and deficiencies of current technologies used to study plant adaptation to high-altitude environments were discussed. In addition, we propose future improvements to existing technologies and advocate for the integration of different technologies at multiple levels to study the molecular mechanisms of plant adaptation to high-altitude environments, thus providing insights for future research in this field.

Structural characterization of human monoclonal antibodies targeting uncommon antigenic sites on spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV.

The function of the spike protein N terminal domain (NTD) in coronavirus (CoV) infections is poorly understood. However, some rare antibodies that target the SARS-CoV-2 NTD potently neutralize the virus. This finding suggests the NTD may contribute in part to protective immunity. Pan-sarbecovirus antibodies are desirable for broad protection, but the NTD region of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 exhibit a high level of sequence divergence, and therefore, cross-reactive NTD-specific antibodies are unexpected, and there is no structure of a SARS-CoV NTD-specific antibody in complex with NTD. Here we report a monoclonal antibody COV1-65 encoded by the IGHV1-69 gene that recognizes the NTD of SARS-CoV S protein. A prophylaxis study showed the MAb COV1-65 prevented disease when administered before SARS-CoV challenge of BALB/c mice, an effect that requires intact Fc effector functions for optimal protection in vivo. The footprint on the S protein of COV1-65 is near to functional components of the S2 fusion machinery, and the selection of COV1-65 escape mutant viruses identified critical residues Y886H and Q974H, which likely affect the epitope through allosteric effects. Structural features of the mAb COV1-65-SARS-CoV antigen interaction suggest critical antigenic determinants that should be considered in the rational design of sarbecovirus vaccine candidates.

Optimized shock-protecting microstructures

Mechanical shock is a common occurrence in various settings, there are two different scenarios for shock protection: catastrophic protection (e.g. car collisions and falls) and routine protection (e.g. shoe soles and mattresses). The former protects against one-time events, the latter against periodic shocks and loads. Common shock absorbers based on plasticity and fracturing materials are suitable for the former, while our focus is on the latter, where elastic structures are useful. Further, we optimize the effective elastic material properties which control the critical shock parameter, maximal stress, with energy dissipation by viscous forces assumed adequate. Improved elastic materials protecting against shock can be used in applications such as automotive suspension, furniture like sofas and mattresses, landing gear systems, etc. Materials offering optimal protection against shock have a highly non-linear elastic response: their reaction force needs to be as close as possible to constant with respect to deformation. In this paper, we use shape optimization and topology search to design 2D families of microstructures approximating the ideal behavior across a range of deformations, leading to superior shock protection. We present an algorithmic pipeline for the optimal design of such families combining differentiable nonlinear homogenization with self-contact and an optimization algorithm. We validate the effectiveness of our advanced 2D designs by extruding and fabricating them with 3D printing technologies and performing material and drop testing.

Integrating fault detection and classification in microgrids using supervised machine learning considering fault resistance uncertainty

Microgrids (MGs) can enhance the consumers’ reliability. Nevertheless, besides significant outcomes, some challenges arise. Regarding the intermittent nature of Renewable Energy Resources (RESs), MGs are not operated radially. Accordingly, the reliable protection of MGs considering uncertainty in RESs is crucial for planners and operators. This paper uses data analysis to extract knowledge from locally available measurements using RMS values of symmetrical components. The learning-based characteristic of the suggested technique with a low computational burden exempts the need for an available communication infrastructure in the MG. The Support Vector Machine (SVM) technique is applied to train the Intelligent Electronic Devices to have a reliable MG protection scheme. The proposed method, which performs fault detection and classification together, just requires local information and functions effectively to discriminate faulty from normal conditions considering different uncertainty of resistance faults. Digital simulations on an MV test network were conducted to construct an appropriate database to consider some aspects of uncertainty in the network. The various faults considering their uncertainty, the different modes of operation, the uncertainty of RESs generation, and the load levels are combined to produce myriad scenarios. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive protection approach in accurately distinguishing different system modes and consistently protecting the MG, achieving an accuracy rate of 99.75%. Furthermore, it offers the MG an optimal protection scheme that is not limited by selectivity constraints across diverse conditions.

Environmental public health research at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: A blueprint for exposure science in a connected world.

Exposure science plays an essential role in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (U.S. EPA) mission to protect human health and the environment. The U.S. EPA's Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment (CPHEA) within the Office of Research and Development (ORD) provides the exposure science needed to characterize the multifaceted relationships between people and their surroundings in support of national, regional, local and individual-level actions. Furthermore, exposure science research must position its enterprise to tackle the most pressing public health challenges in an ever-changing environment. These challenges include understanding and confronting complex human disease etiologies, disparities in the social environment, and system-level changes in the physical environment. Solutions will sustainably balance and optimize the health of people, animals, and ecosystems. Our objectives for this paper are to review the role of CPHEA exposure science research in various recent decision-making contexts, to present current challenges facing U.S. EPA and the larger exposure science field, and to provide illustrative case examples where CPHEA exposure science is demonstrating the latest methodologies at the intersection of these two motivations. This blueprint provides a foundation for applying exposomic tools and approaches to holistically understand real-world exposures so optimal environmental public health protective actions can be realized within the broader context of a One Health framework. IMPACT STATEMENT: The U.S. EPA's Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment exposure research priorities reside at the intersection of environmental decision contexts and broad public health challenges. The blueprint provides a foundation for advancing the tools and approaches to holistically understand real-world exposures so optimal environmental protection actions can be realized. A One Health lens can help shape exposure research for maximum impact to support solutions that are transdisciplinary and must engage multiple sectors.

Preparation of tannic acid-based conversion coating and corrosion protection performances for steel in chlorinated simulated concrete pore solution

A tannic acid-based conversion coating (TACC) has been developed on steel surface to protect carbon steel within a chlorinated simulated concrete pore solution (Cl-SCPS). The morphology, composition, and protective efficacy of TACC for carbon steel are examined through using SEM, FT-IR, Raman, EDS, XPS, and electrochemical measurements. The findings reveal that TACC significantly enhances the corrosion resistance of carbon steel. The TACC with a 2-min treatment showcases the optimal corrosion protection for steel, sustaining a protection efficiency of 99.84 % even after a 7-day exposure period. As the samples are exposed to the Cl-SCPS, the passivation products formed serve to fill the pores in the TACC, thereby enhancing its compactness and protective capabilities.

Mitochondrial respiratory pathways in immature rat heart tissue using different cardioplegic solutions.

Minor defects in the mitochondrial ATP-generating system and post-cardioplegia oxidative phosphorylation can negatively impact cardiac function in immature hearts. This study aimed to examine the mitochondrial respiratory pathway using three different cardioplegic solutions (Custodiol HTK, St. Thomas, and Del Nido) during moderate (1h) and long (3h) ischemic periods. A total of 41 male Wistar albino rats were utilized in this study. Five experiments were conducted without the use of any cardioplegic solution (CP0 group). To assess both moderate and prolonged ischemic periods, six experiments were carried out in each of the following groups: CP1 group (St. Thomas solution), CP2 group (Custodiol HTK solution), and CP3 group (Del Nido solution). After 1h, the highest mitochondrial respiration rate was observed in the CP3 group and the lowest in the CP1 group (p = 0.006). After adding ADP substrate, the highest mitochondrial ATP-production-coupled respiration was recorded in the CP3 group, which was similar to the control group CP0. After 3h, while evaluating the ratio between mitochondrial respiration ATP-production coupled and basal respiration, significant differences were found between CP1 group and CP3 group (p = 0.035), as well as between the CP1 and CP0 groups (p = 0.045). Additionally, by assessing the condition of the outer mitochondrial membrane using the Cyt C effect (Cyt/Phos [ADP]), significant differences were observed between the CP1 and CP3 group (p = 0.004), as well as between CP1 and CP0 groups (p = 0.003). Del Nido cardioplegic solution provided optimal mitochondrial protection under moderate and long myocardial ischemia conditions.

Effectiveness of Legal Protection for Whistleblowers in Corruption Cases in Indonesia

Combating corruption is a crucial priority for Indonesia, which strives to improve the quality of governance and institutional integrity. Whistleblowers play a vital role in uncovering corrupt practices, often serving as the initial source of information that reveals systemic and organized corruption. However, whistleblowers face significant risks, including intimidation and retaliatory actions. Effective legal protection is essential to shield them from these risks and encourage the public to report corruption. This study aims to review the effectiveness of legal protections for whistleblowers under Indonesian legislation and explore measures that can be enhanced to ensure their safety and well-being. Utilizing a literature review method, this research finds that although regulations exist to protect whistleblowers, their implementation remains inadequate. Obstacles such as lack of legal awareness, insufficient resources in law enforcement agencies, and a culture of fear of retaliation hinder optimal protection. Specific legal reforms, increased capacity of law enforcement agencies, and education and cultural changes that support whistleblowers are needed to improve the effectiveness of protection. Strengthening legal protections will better motivate whistleblowers to report corruption, supporting creating a more transparent and accountable government.

Flexible hybrid post-quantum bidirectional multi-factor authentication and key agreement framework using ECC and KEM

Post-quantum computing becomes a real threat in the coming years, resulting in vulnerable security protocols that rely on traditional public key algorithms. It is not evident to provide protection against it in a cost-efficient manner, especially for Internet of Things (IoT) devices with limited capabilities. There is a high variety of IoT applications, some require only short-term security (e.g. agriculture) and others long-term security (e.g. healthcare). In order to provide a unified security approach for such heterogenity in IoT, we propose a flexible hybrid authentication and key agreement framework for a client–server architecture, which relies both on the classical elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) and on a quantum secure key encapsulation mechanism (KEM). There are five versions that can be derived from the framework, going from a fully hybrid, and partial hybrid to classical construction. The trade-off between performance and security strength is demonstrated for each of these versions. The overall cost of the protocols is highly reduced thanks to the usage of multifactors in the authentication process, both on the user side by means of biometrics and the device side by means of physically unclonable functions (PUFs). We show that both Kyber and Mc Elience as KEM can offer reasonable performance, depending on the situation. The unified framework offers optimal security protection against the most well-known attacks.

Study of Flow Characteristics and Anti-Scour Protection Around Tandem Piers Under Ice Cover

The impact of an ice-covered environment on the local flow characteristics of a bridge pier was studied through a series of flume tests, and the dominant factors affecting the scour pattern were found to grasp the change laws of the local hydrodynamic characteristics of the bridge pier under the ice cover. At the same time, because the scour problem of the pier foundation is a technical problem throughout the life-cycle of the bridge, to determine the optimal anti-scour protection effect on the foundation of the bridge pier, active protection scour plate was used to carry out scour protection tests, and its structural shape was optimized to obtain better anti-scour performance. The test results show that the jumping movements of sediment particles in the scour hole around the pier are mainly caused by events Q2 and Q4, which are accompanied by events Q1 and Q3 and cause the particle rolling phenomenon, where Q1 and Q3 events are outward and inward interacting flow regimes, and Q2 and Q4 events are jet and sweeping flow regimes, respectively. The power spectral attenuation rate in front of the upstream pier is high without masking effects, while strong circulation at the remaining locations results in strong vorticity and high spectral density, in particular, when the sampling time series is 60 s (i.e., f = 1/60), the variance loss rates under ice-covered conditions at the front of the upstream pier, between the two piers, and at the tail end of the downstream pier are 0.5%, 4.6%, and 9.8%, respectively, suggesting a smaller contribution of ice cover to the variance loss.

Evaluating the efficacy of multiple concrete compositions in gamma ray and fast neutron shielding

This study comprehensively evaluates the gamma-ray and neutron shielding properties of various concrete types such as Standard Concrete, Hematite Concrete, PC00, HC50, and lead-enriched concretes (e.g., Concrete+50PbO, Concrete+50PbO2, and Concrete+50PbTiO3) using MCNP simulations and Phy-X/PSD code. The results indicate that lead-enriched concretes exhibit superior gamma-ray attenuation capabilities, with Concrete+50PbO2 showing the lowest HVL and TVL (approximately 33 % reduction compared to Standard Concrete), values at 15 MeV. Concrete+50PbO2 also demonstrated a 33 % reduction in TF at 0.662 MeV compared to Standard Concrete. Additionally, Standard Concrete demonstrated the highest fast neutron removal cross section (ΣR) of approximately 0.22 1/cm due to its high hydrogen content. The findings emphasize the critical role of heavy elements like lead in enhancing concrete's shielding performance, making them suitable for nuclear safety applications. It can be concluded that the incorporation of heavy elements into concrete compositions is essential for achieving optimal radiation protection in high-radiation environments.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of Quebec Nurses Relating to Climate Change in the Context of Their Practice with Children Aged 0 to 5 Years: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study.

Reducing children's vulnerability to climate change (CC) depends firstly on parents having the ability to adapt. The purpose of this study was to describe knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of nurses in support of parents' ability to adapt to CC to protect the physical and psychosocial health of 0-5 year olds. A cross-sectional descriptive study was used. A total of 127 pediatric nurses from the province of Quebec completed an online questionnaire documenting nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions about CC. A third of nurses have little or no knowledge of the health risks of CC for children, even though they consider it to be a major issue for children. Nurses perceive that parents don't generally consider their children to be among the most vulnerable to CC, trivialize their effects on their children's health, have little knowledge of the effects of CC mainly on their children's psychosocial health, know little about the means to use to protect them, and more readily seek help from family and friends to ensure their children's protection. Nurses affirm that they are responsible for discussing the health effects of CC with parents, introduce measures to reduce their effects, possess little knowledge and few skills for reducing their effects, and feel unprepared to deal with their effects in their practice. Greater access to training on CC-related concepts is needed to increase nurses' knowledge. Nurses' perceptions must be validated with parents to promote optimal protection of children from CC.

T lymphocyte-dependent IL-10 down-regulates a cytokine storm driven by Toxoplasma gondii GRA24.

As a model organism in the study of immunity to infection, Toxoplasma gondii has been instrumental in establishing key principles of host anti-microbial defense and its regulation. Here, we employed an attenuated uracil auxotroph strain of Type I Toxoplasma designated OMP to further untangle the early immune response to this parasitic pathogen. Experiments using αβ T cell-deficient Tcrb-/- mice unexpectedly revealed that an intact αβ T lymphocyte compartment was essential to survive infection with OMP. Subsequent antibody depletion and knockout mouse experiments demonstrated contributions from CD4+ T cells and most predominantly CD8+ T cells in resistance. Using transgenic knockout mice, we found only a partial requirement for IFN-γ and a lack of requirement for Toll-like receptor (TLR) adaptor MyD88 in resistance. In contrast to other studies on Toxoplasma, the ability to survive OMP infection did not require IL-12p40. Surprisingly, T cell-dependent IL-10 was found to be critical for survival, and deficiency of this cytokine triggered an abnormally high systemic inflammatory response. We also found that parasite molecule GRA24, a dense granule protein that triggers TLR-independent IL-12 production, acts as a virulence factor contributing to death of OMP-infected Tcrb-/- and IL-10-/- mice. Furthermore, resistance against OMP was restored in Tcrb-/- mice via monoclonal depletion of IL-12p40, suggesting that GRA24-induced IL-12 underlies the fatal immunopathology observed. Collectively, our studies provide insight into a novel and rapidly arising T lymphocyte-dependent anti-inflammatory response to T. gondii which operates independently of MyD88 and IL-12 and that depends on the function of parasite-dense granule protein GRA24.IMPORTANCEAs a model infectious microbe and an important human pathogen, the apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii has provided many important insights into innate and adaptive immunity to infection. We show here that a low virulence uracil auxotrophic Toxoplasma strain emerges as a virulent parasite in the absence of an intact T cell compartment. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes are required for optimal protection, in line with previous findings in other models of Toxoplasma infection. Nevertheless, several novel aspects of the response were identified in our study. Protection occurs independently of IL-12 and MyD88 and only partially requires IFN-γ. This is noteworthy particularly because the cytokines IL-12 and IFN-γ have previously been regarded as essential for protective immunity to T. gondii. Instead, we identified the anti-inflammatory effects of T cell-dependent IL-10 as the critical factor enabling host survival. The parasite dense granule protein GRA24, a host-directed mitogen-activated protein kinase activator, was identified as a major virulence factor in T cell-deficient hosts. Collectively, our results provide new and unexpected insights into host resistance to Toxoplasma.

Adaptive electronic relay for smart grid based on self-healing protection.

The protection system is crucial for grid stability and safeguarding essential components, including generators, transformers, transmission systems, and power connections. The smart grid system increases the flexibility and complexity of the power system, making fault detection and isolation the primary challenges for the protection system. This paper presents an optimal protection solution using an adaptive electronic relay to enhance reliability and enable self-healing. The proposed protection algorithm quickly detects faults and automatically isolates them from the rest of the healthy system in 25ms. The relay operation algorithm has been validated using MATLAB SIMULINK software. The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed smart electronic relay in various sections of the smart grid system, including transformers, transmission and distribution.

Pseudorabies virus infection triggers mitophagy to dampen the interferon response and promote viral replication.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) utilizes multiple strategies to inhibit type I interferon (IFN-I) production and signaling to achieve innate immune evasion. Among several other functions, mitochondria serve as a crucial immune hub in the initiation of innate antiviral responses. It is currently unknown whether PRV inhibits innate immune responses by manipulating mitochondria. In this study, we found that PRV infection damages mitochondrial structure and function, as shown by mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, reduction in mitochondrial numbers, and an imbalance in mitochondrial dynamics. In addition, PRV infection triggered PINK1-Parkin-mediated mitophagy to eliminate the impaired mitochondria, which resulted in a suppression of IFN-I production, thereby promoting viral replication. Furthermore, we found that mitophagy resulted in the degradation of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein, which is located on the mitochondrial outer membrane. In conclusion, the data of the current study indicate that PRV-induced mitophagy represents a previously uncharacterized PRV evasion mechanism of the IFN-I response, thereby promoting virus replication.IMPORTANCEPseudorabies virus (PRV), a pathogen that induces different disease symptoms and is often fatal in domestic animals and wildlife, has caused great economic losses to the swine industry. Since 2011, different PRV variant strains have emerged in Asia, against which current commercial vaccines may not always provide optimal protection in pigs. In addition, there are indications that some of these PRV variant strains may sporadically infect people. In the current study, we found that PRV infection causes mitochondria injury. This is associated with the induction of mitophagy to eliminate the damaged mitochondria, which results in suppressed antiviral interferon production and signaling. Hence, our study reveals a novel mechanism that is used by PRV to antagonize the antiviral host immune response, providing a theoretical basis that may contribute to the research toward and development of new vaccines and antiviral drugs.