Optimal Extraction Conditions Research Articles

Enhancing the oil extraction process and exploring phytochemical composition and bioactivities of bitter melon seeds (Momordica charantia L.)

This study was conducted to determine the phytochemical composition of bitter melon seeds (Momordica charantia L.) grown in Long An province (Vietnam), to investigate optimal conditions for lipid extraction, and to evaluate the extracted lipid’s quality. The seeds had a moisture content of 5.27%, total ash of 1.85%, total flavonoid content of 91.10 mg/100 g, and total polyphenol content of 478.95 mg/100 g. The seeds were also free of highly toxic metals such as lead and cadmium. Using the Soxhlet method, optimal lipid extraction was achieved with a material-to-solvent ratio of 1:80 (w/v) over 4 hours, resulting in a lipid extraction efficiency of 13.74%. The acid, saponification, ester, and peroxide values were 1.01 mg KOH/g, 355.60 mg KOH/g, 354.59 mg KOH/g, and 3.82 meq O2/kg, respectively, in compliance with the quality requirements of Vietnam and Codex standards. The extracted lipids had antioxidant activity at an IC50 value of 119 mg/mL and inhibited the growth of two microbial strains Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii. These findings suggest that bitter melon oil has potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

Optimization and Chemical Characterization of Extracts Obtained from Ferula persica var. latisecta Aerial Parts and Roots and Their Neuroprotective Evaluation

Background/Objectives: The genus Ferula has been traditionally used for the treatment of various illnesses, but the potential of Ferula persica var. latisecta against different Alzheimer’s disease (AD) hallmarks has never been achieved. Methods: In this work, a pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) method was optimized to extract F. persica L. aerial parts and roots. Four different solvents (water, ethanol, ethyl acetate (EtAc), and cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME)) were first tested, and the extraction yield, total phenolic content, reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition activity were evaluated. Results: The results indicated that EtAc and CPME were the best solvents to be used, with the results obtained from the aerial parts being better than those obtained from the root samples. Thereafter, the PLE method was further optimized by combining these solvents in different percentages (100% EtAc, 100% CPME, and 50:50% (v/v) EtAc:CPME) and temperatures (50, 115, and 180 °C). Response surface methodology was then applied to analyze the data, and two optimum extraction conditions were obtained: EtAc:CPME (79:21%) at 180 °C for the aerial parts and 100% CPME at 180 °C for the roots. At these conditions, the total flavonoid content (TFC) and the inhibitory capacities against butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes were also evaluated, indicating that the aerial part extracts had higher TFC and LOX inhibitory capacity than the root extracts but lower activity against BChE. The comprehensive LC/GC-MS chemical characterization allowed for the tentative identification of 222 compounds belonging to 66 chemical subclasses, the abundancies of which widely varied depending on the matrix and the extraction conditions used. Conclusions: The results obtained together with the application of advanced statistical analysis and molecular docking simulations suggested several sesquiterpenoids, such as selina-3,7(11)-diene, guaiol acetate, α-cyperone, and farnesyl acetate, as the molecules responsible of the in vitro results observed, with good neuroprotective potential against AD.

Development of an HPLC–UV method for quantification of posaconazole in low-volume plasma samples: design of experiments and machine learning models

Posaconazole (PCZ) is a triazole antifungal agent with a broad-spectrum activity. Our research aims to present a novel approach by combining a 2-level fractional factorial design and machine learning to optimize both chromatography and extraction experiments, allowing for the development of a rapid method with a low limit of quantification (LOQ) in low-volume plasma samples. The PCZ retention time at the optimized condition (organic phase 58%, methanol 6%, mobile pH = 7, column temperature: 39 °C, and flow rate of 1.2 mL/min) was found to be 8.2 ± 0.2 min, and the recovery of the PCZ at the optimized extraction condition (500 µL extraction solvent, NaCl 10% w/v, plasma pH = 11, extraction time = 10 min, and centrifuge time = 1 min) was calculated above 98%. The results of machine learning models were in line with the results of experimental design. Method validation was performed according to ICH guideline. The method was linear in the range of 50–2000 ng/mL and LOQ was found to be 50 ng/mL. Additionally, the validated method was applied to analyze PCZ nanomicelles and conduct pharmacokinetic studies on rats. Half-life (t1/2), mean residence time (MRT), and the area under the drug concentration–time curve (AUC) were found to be 7.1 ± 0.6 h, 10.5 ± 0.9 h, and 1725.7 ± 44.1 ng × h/mL, respectively.Graphical

Natural acidic deep eutectic solvent-mediated microwave-assisted simultaneous hydrodistillation, hydrolysis, and extraction for obtaining essential oils, gallic acid and ellagic acid from Liquidambar formosana leaves and fruits

In this study, an improved method of naturally acidic deep eutectic solvent-mediated microwave-assisted simultaneous hydrodistillation, hydrolysis, and extraction (MSHDHE) was employed to obtain essential oils, gallic acid and ellagic acid from Liquidambar formosana leaves and fruits. The obtained target analytes were then analyzed via GC‒MS and HPLC. The optimal extraction conditions were identified via a Box–Behnken design. Compared with fruits, L. formosana leaves contain more gallic acid and ellagic acid, which have more essential oils. GC‒MS analysis revealed few variations in the composition and content of L. formosana leaves and fruit essential oils. A total of 36 components in the essential oil of L. formosana leaves and 55 components in the essential oil of the fruits were detected via GC‒MS. Compared with classical hydrodistillation and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation, natural acidic deep eutectic solvents outperform conventional extraction solvents (pure water), providing a scientific foundation for the extraction of natural acid deep eutectic solvents consisting of choline chloride and natural organic acids.

Mechanochemical-assisted Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent as a platform for an olive leaves biorefinery: Extraction of bioactive compounds and methane production

This study introduces an innovative biorefinery process aimed at maximizing the utilization of olive leaves. The proposed approach seeks to extract valuable phenolic compounds, lignocellulosic material, and biomethane from olive leaves. To achieve this, a combined technique involving mechanochemical extraction and sustainable solvents, specifically natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), was employed. Unlike conventional methods, NADES were simultaneously formed and utilized for extraction within a ball mill. The optimal conditions for maximum extraction of high-value compounds were 0.5 g of OL using 10 mL of ChCl:Gl (3:1) and 1.1 h in a ball mill. The recovered yields were 14.5 ± 2.9 g/kg OL of lignocellulosic fraction and 1.3 ± 0.3 g gallic acid eq./kg OL of phenolic compounds. OL waste generated after the optimized extraction process was evaluated for methane production, obtaining 142 ± 53 mL CH4/g VS OL waste compared to 126 ± 30 mL CH4/g VS untreated OL. Therefore, NADES represent promising solvents for the biorefinery process and reduce dependence on organic solvents.

Comparative analysis of antioxidant activity and structural changes of Gastrodiae Rhizoma polysaccharides between sulfur-fumigation and nonsulfur-fumigation

IntroductionGastrodiae Rhizoma (referred to Tianma in Chinese), the dried tuber of Gastrodia elata Bl. (Orchidaceae), is utilized as a medicine-food homology product. Sulfur fumigation is commonly employed in the processing of Gastrodiae Rhizoma (GR). Polysaccharides are a crucial active substance produced in GR, yet the impacts of sulfur fumigation on them remain unelucidated.MethodsThis study aimed to optimize the hot water extraction conditions of polysaccharides from sulfur-fumigated GR (SGCPs) and nonsulfur-fumigated GR (NGCPs). The research explored the effects of sulfur fumigation on the structure and antioxidant activity of GR polysaccharides.Results and discussionThe results showed that the optimal extraction conditions for SGCPs and NGCPs were 67°C for 31 min with a liquid-to-material ratio of 15 mL/g and 64°C for 32 min with a liquid-to-material ratio of 17 mL/g, respectively. Compared with NGCPs, SGCPs exhibited significantly reduced DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical, ABTS+ radical scavenging activity, and Fe2+ chelating ability. Moreover, both NGCPs and SGCPs offered significant protective effects against H2O2−induced oxidative damage in RAW264.7 cells, but the protective effect of SGCPs was significantly lower than that of NGCPs. NMR analyses revealed that the main chain connections of SGCP3 and NGCP3 were both →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, and sulfur fumigation increased the number of repeating unit structures →4)-D-Glcp-(1 → in GR polysaccharides. SGCP3 and NGCP3 had the same monosaccharides composition but different molar ratios, with molecular weights of 727,650 and 39,991 Da, respectively. In general, sulfur fumigation reduced the antioxidant activities of GR polysaccharides by altering their structure and composition.

Optimized Extraction of Sargahydroquinoic Acid, Major Bioactive Substance, from Sargassum yezoense Using Response Surface Methodology

Sargahydroquinoic acid (SHQA), a bioactive compound found in certain Sargassum species, exhibits significant health benefits. This study optimized the extraction of SHQA from Sargassum yezoense using response surface methodology (RSM) and evaluated its antioxidant effects through in vitro and in vivo assays. A Box–Behnken design (BBD) was effectively employed to investigate the effects of incubation temperature, time, and ethanol concentration on SHQA yield, achieving a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.961). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) validated the model’s reliability (F = 13.86, p = 0.005) and highlighted ethanol concentration as a highly significant factor (p < 0.001). Optimal extraction conditions were identified as 52.8 °C, 8.3 h, and 74.1% ethanol. The SHQA-maximized extract (SME) contained 67.8 ± 0.6 mg SHQA/g and 25.00 ± 1.01 mg phloroglucinol equivalent/g. SME exhibited antioxidant capacity of 26.45 ± 0.66 mg and 28.74 ± 2.30 mg vitamin C equivalent/g in ABTS and DPPH assays, respectively, and 0.29 ± 0.02 mM FeSO4 equivalent/g in the FRAP assay. Additionally, SME at 50 µg/mL and SHQA at 1 µg/mL inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in an H2O2-induced zebrafish model. This study presents the first optimization of SHQA extraction using RSM and demonstrates SHQA’s ROS inhibition in a zebrafish model.

Synthesis of a bimetal-organic framework-cobalt oxide nanoflowers (Ni/Co-MOF@Co3O4 NFs) for sensitive tebuconazole extraction from fruit juice and water samples using micro-solid phase extraction-HPLC-DAD

Tebuconazole (TBZ) is a widely used triazole fungicide that poses potential risks to human health and the environment due to its persistence in food and water. Effective monitoring of TBZ residues is crucial for ensuring food safety and environmental protection. This study presents a novel method for synthesizing Ni/Co-MOF@Co3O4 nanoflowers (NFs) and their application in extracting TBZ from water and fruit juice samples via micro-solid phase extraction (µ-SPE). Ni/Co-MOF@Co3O4 NFs was synthesized using the hydrothermal technique followed by calcination. The synthesized nanoflowers were characterized through SEM, XRD, and FT-IR analyses. Optimal extraction conditions were established at pH 8, using 10 mg of adsorbent, with adsorption and desorption times of 3 and 2 min, respectively. TBZ analysis was conducted using HPLC with a Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column and a diode array detector (DAD). The method demonstrates excellent recovery rates (90–102 %) and RSD% of 3.7 % in spiked fruit juice and natural water samples. The analytical performance showed a wide linear range (1–2000 µg L−1) with a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9998), a detection limit of 4.0 ng L−1, and a quantification limit of 13.0 ng L−1. This approach is fast, simple, and highly sensitive, offering a reliable technique for detecting trace levels of TBZ in food and water environments.

Ultrasonic‐assisted Extraction, Structural Characteristics and Activity of Polysaccharides from Gymnocladus Chinensis Baill.

In this study, the response surface method (RSM) was used to determine the optimal parameters of ultrasonic assisted extraction of Gymnocladus chinensis Baill. polysaccharides (GCBP). The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: a liquid‐solid ratio of 50.4 mL/g, an extraction temperature of 60 °C, an extraction time of 43 min, and an extraction power of 240 W. Under these conditions, the extraction rate of GCBP reached 50.1%. Three fractions of GCBP‐40, GCBP‐60 and GCBP‐80 with sugar contents of 64.33%, 59.16% and 59.46% were obtained by different concentrations of ethanol purification. All the three fractions were consisted of six monosaccharides with different ratio, namely Man, Rha, Gal, Glu, Ara and Xyl. From Congo red test, it is confirmed that all three fractions could have a triple helix structure. In addition, the antioxidant and hypoglycemic experiments showed that all three components had excellent antioxidant activity (DPPH free‐radical scavenging activity, ABTS free‐radical scavenging activity, and OH‐ free‐radical scavenging activity) and hypoglycemic activity (α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity).

The property differences of essential oils extracted by two methods from Dolichos lablab flowers: chemical composition, anti-microorganism and cholinesterase inhibition activities

In this study, the essential oils of Dolichos lablab (syn. Lablab purpureus) flowers (EOFs) were extracted by enzymatic pretreatment plus microwave extraction (EP-ME) method, and the key factors affecting yield of essential oils were investigated. The kinetic curves of essential oils extracted by EP-ME method were fitted, and the results showed that the first-order kinetic model was more appropriate for essential oils extracted by EP-ME method. Under the optimal extraction conditions, EP-ME method not only had high extraction yield, but also had low consumption time. The yield of essential oil extracted by EP-ME method (0.41 ± 0.021% g/g) was 51.9% higher than that by traditional hydro-distillation (HD) method (0.27 ± 0.013% g/g), and the time and energy consumption were 53.33% and 18.62% of the HD method, respectively. The results of GC-MS showed that the contents of main substances in the essential oils by EP-ME method were remarkably increased, including hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (+11.05%), 9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (+5.26%), (Z)-9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (+3.85%), methyl hexadic-9-enoate (+3.11%), methyl linoleate (+2.68%), linalool (+1.83%), and methyl stearate (+1.18%). In vitro activity results revealed that EOFs extracted using EP-ME method not only had certain anti-microorganism activity, but also possessed good cholinesterase inhibition activity, and its semi-inhibition concentrations (IC50) against acetyl-cholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase were 2.48 and 2.31 mg/mL, respectively. Therefore, the EP-ME method was a kind of green and effective method for extracting high-quality essential oils from Dolichos lablab flowers.

Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) polysaccharides: Extraction efficiency, antioxidant activity, and structure features

This study investigated the effect of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE) on the extraction efficiency, antioxidant activity, and structural properties of jujube polysaccharide (JPS), with hot water extraction (HWE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and enzymatic-assisted extraction (EAE) serving as controls. Optimal extraction conditions were determined through a multi-index weighted scoring method that comprehensively accounted for yield, duration, and antioxidant activity. Results demonstrated that the JPS yield obtained by UAEE at 22/33 kHz was 10.5 % to 16.3 % higher than those achieved by the other methods, significantly enhancing antioxidant activity. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that UAEE increased the content of key mono-sugars in JPS. Additionally, assessments of molecular weight distribution, zeta potential, and rheological properties showed that UAEE reduced the molecular weight and apparent viscosity of JPS, resulting in a looser structural configuration. These structural modifications were observed in scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, which revealed a filamentous branched morphology in JPS obtained through UAEE. Further observations using the atomic force microscope (AFM) indicated that the polysaccharide chains extracted by UAEE were shorter in length, lower in height, and free from aggregation

Effect of cellulase-assisted cold isostatic pressure extraction on the characteristics and functional properties of polyphenol extracts from camellia sinensis seeds

In this experiment, polyphenolic substances were extracted from Camellia sinensis seeds (CSS) using a synergistic treatment of cold isostatic pressure (CIP) and cellulase. The effects of pressure, treatment time, and cellulase addition on the experiment were investigated. And the optimal extraction conditions were established by single factor experiment and Box-benhken experiments: the pressure applied by CIP was 408.649 MPa, the treatment time was 10.995 min, and the cellulase addition was 4.098 %. The polyphenols in the extract were characterized and quantified using LC-MS/MS. By comparing the different treatments, it was found that the synergistic treatment of CIP and cellulase resulted in a higher extraction yield. FTIR, XRD and SEM mapping showed that CIP synergistic pretreatment with cellulase was able to disrupt the microstructure of the plant and promote the influx of the active ingredients into solution. Finally, the activity of the extracts was detected by using in vitro antioxidant experiments and RAW264.7 cellular anti-inflammatory experiments, which indicated that CIP and cellulase synergistically treated polyphenol extracts had high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity. This experiment provides a new pretreatment method for extracting active substances from CSS.

Anthocyanin Extraction from Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Calyces: A Microwave-Assisted Approach Using Box-Behnken Design

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is a widely consumed edible flower, often utilized as a natural coloring agent. The bright red color of roselle is due to its anthocyanin content. Beyond their role as colorants, anthocyanins are known for their potent antioxidant properties, which have drawn significant interest for their potential health benefits. To fully harness the advantages of roselle's anthocyanins, developing a reliable extraction method is crucial. This study aimed to establish a fast, efficient, and environmentally friendly extraction technique using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Key factors, such as temperature (30, 65, and 100 °C), solvent concentration (30%, 50%, and 70% ethanol in water), and solvent-to-solid ratio (10:1, 25:1, 40:1), were optimized using the Box-Behnken design combined with response surface methodology. The extraction time (5-30 minutes) was also evaluated to maximize anthocyanin recovery. Two major anthocyanins, delphinidin-3-sambubioside and cyanidin-3-sambubioside, were identified using UHPLC-PDA-QToF-MS and quantified using a cyanidin-3-glucoside calibration curve. The optimal extraction conditions were found to be 72 °C, using 70% ethanol in water with a 40:1 solvent-to-solid ratio for 15 minutes. This method was validated with high accuracy (>98% recovery) and precision (CV <6%). It was successfully applied to quantify the anthocyanin content in both purple and red roselle varieties. This rapid and effective MAE method offers a more sustainable, energy-efficient, and time-saving alternative to conventional extraction methods, benefiting industries that rely on natural colorants and antioxidants.

Physicochemical and processing properties and in vitro fecal fermentation characteristics of Prunus cerasifera Ehrhart polysaccharide

Prunus cerasifera Ehrhart fruit polysaccharide (PCP) was obtained after determining the optimal extraction conditions for complex enzyme-assisted hot buffer extraction based on single-factor experiments and response surface methodology, followed by characterization of its physicochemical, processing, rheological, and biological properties. PCP was a thermally stable carbohydrate with acidic functional groups and a molecular weight of 1398.69 kDa, exhibiting smooth, dense flake and honeycomb network microstructures. PCP had favorable hygroscopicity, moisturizing properties, water and oil-holding capacity, proemulsification capability, and in vitro antioxidant activity. The apparent viscosity of PCP in an aqueous system was dependent on concentration and temperature and was altered by the variety and amount of metal ions added; its aqueous solutions exhibited strong viscosity and hydrogel-forming tendencies at suitable concentrations, along with excellent hydrogel properties after gelation. Furthermore, PCP favored the growth of beneficial gut microbiota and associated microbes responsible for producing essential short-chain fatty acids. Overall, PCP displayed high potential as a multifunctional additive for applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Polyphenol Extraction and Antioxidant Activity from Papaya Peel Using Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network

The objective of the present study is to determine the optimal conditions of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) such as microwave power (MWP), irradiation time (I-time), ethanol concentration (EtOH%), and solvent-to-solid ratio (S/S) for maximizing total polyphenol content (TPC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity from papaya peel. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used considering MWP 300–600 W, I-time 60-120 s, EtOH% 30-70%, and S/S 30-70 mL/g. Additionally, response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) were employed for modelling, with cross-validation to enhance reliability. These models were combined with the desirability function (DF) and/or genetic algorithm (GA) optimization approaches. Maximizing TPC and DPPH activity while maintaining MWP, I-time, EtOH%, and S/S within their respective ranges using hybrid optimization approaches (RSM-DF: TPC = 1058 mgGAE/100g, and DPPH = 83%, RSM-GA: TPC = 1064 mgGAE/100g and DPPH = 79%, and ANN-GA: TPC = 1086 mgGAE/100g, and DPPH = 83%,) yielded consistent optimal results. An additional optimization approach (RSM-DF: TPC = 955 mgGAE/100g, and DPPH = 90%), aimed at minimizing MWP, I-time, EtOH%, and S/S while maximizing TPC and DPPH activity, showed a significant reduction of approximately 3 L in ethanol consumption for each 100 g of dry samples. The maximized TPC and DPPH activity in all four approaches showed a significant (p < 0.05) alignment with their corresponding validation tests, demonstrating the better performance of these modelling and optimization processes. In terms of assessing the effectiveness of microwave assistance, conventional solvent extraction was also performed, maintaining a 70 mL/g S/S ratio of 55% ethanol at 60°C for 2 h. This method resulted in lower values of TPC (857 ± 23 g GAE/100g) yield and DPPH activity (72 ± 5%) compared to the optimized condition of MAE.

Extraction and characterization of Plantago major L. mucilage as a potential natural alternative over synthetic polymers for pharmaceutical formulations

The growing demand for natural cosmetic ingredients with minimal environmental impact has spurred the search for novel alternatives to synthetic materials. In this context, mucilage from Plantago major L., an exotic plant widely spread in Brazil, presents a promising option. This study focused on optimizing mucilage extraction from Plantago major L. seeds, drying the extracted solution, characterizing the dried product, and evaluating its rheological properties for potential cosmetic use. An extraction procedure was developed using a baffled-jacketed stirred vessel with the addition of Teflon® particles to improve seed attrition and enhance seeds’ mucilage removal. The mucilage solution was filtered, precipitated by ethanol addition, and then dried on various surfaces, with Teflon® proving the most effective. The product’s suitability was evaluated in gel formulations and compared with established commercial polymers. The results showed an optimum extraction yield of 18.4% from the seeds, at the optimum extraction conditions of 140.5 minutes, solvent-to-seed mass ratio of 0.0284, and a temperature of 80.2 °C. The dried purified mucilage yielded a thermally stable product up to 300°C, with a structure featuring the fingerprint region between 800 and 1200 cm⁻1, characteristic of carbohydrates. The gel formulation obtained with the product exhibited a non-Newtonian, pseudoplastic rheological profile, resembling the ones prepared with the natural and semi-synthetic polymers such as xanthan gum and hydroxyethyl cellulose, commonly used in cosmetic formulations. This study highlights the potential of mucilage from Plantago major L. seeds for applications in pharmaceutical formulations.

Microwave-assisted high-pressure CO2-water extraction of pectin from baobab fruit (Adansonia digitata L): Effects on yield and characterization

Pectin, extensively used in the industry for various purposes, is abundantly present in baobab fruit (Adansonia Digitata L.). This study aimed to investigate the microwave-assisted high-pressure CO2-water (MCAPE) technique, an innovative and environmentally friendly method, to extract this valuable compound. This approach utilizes the combination of microwave technology, high pressure, CO2, and water (instead of organic solvent), achieving an effective and rapid process to produce hazard-free pectin. The optimization of the MCAPE system was carried out using the Box-Behnken design of the response surface methodology. Extraction time (2–7 min), temperature (60–80 °C) and pulp to water ratio (1:10–1:20 g/ml) were selected as the process variables. The optimum extraction conditions to obtain the highest extraction yield (32.42 %) were determined as a temperature of 73° C, extraction time of 4.3 min, and pulp to water ratio of 1:18 g/mL. The pectin obtained by the MCAPE technique at optimum conditions was compared to the pectin obtained by the conventional pectin extraction in terms of pectin yield, moisture content, ash content, protein content, degree of esterification, galacturonic acid content, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and structural characterization. Overall, the results revealed that the MCAPE was a novel, fast, effective, and green technique for extracting the pectin from food materials.

The development of the technology of a thick extract for the treatment of cheilitis

Aim. To substantiate the parameters of the technological process for obtaining an aqueous thick extract based on the medicinal plant raw material for the treatment of cheilitis. Materials and methods. The study objects were experimental samples of a phytocomplex (large burdock root: oak bark: pot marigold flower buds 5: 1: 1.5) and an aqueous thick extract obtained on its basis. During the development of the technology for obtaining a thick extract and its standardization, organoleptic, physicochemical and pharmacotechnological research methods were used in accordance with the methods and recommendations given in the SPhU 2.0. The results of the research were statistically processed in accordance with the requirements of monograph 5.3 of the SPhU 2.3. Results. The pharmacotechnological properties of the phytocomplex for the prevention and treatment of cheilitis – large burdock root: oak bark: pot marigold flower buds (5: 1: 1.5, respectively) were experimentally studied. The optimal conditions for extraction of the complex with purified water were determined; they were: temperature – 95-100 ºС; three-stage remaceration method; the total ratio of the raw material: finished extract (1:10). The technological parameters were worked out; the technological flowsheet of the process for obtaining an intermediate product – an aqueous thick extract under the conditional name “Phytol” was developed. Conclusions. Based on the studies conducted, the technological parameters of the extraction process for the phytocomplex proposed have been determined; the technology for obtaining an aqueous thick extract has been substantiated step-by-step, and its technological flowsheet has been drawn up.

New family of type V natural hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents based on thymol-acetamide/acetanilide: Characteristics, intermolecular interactions and applications in liquid–liquid extraction

To develop type V hydrophobic thymol-based Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) with low viscosity for liquid–liquid extraction, this work briefly reviews the thymol-based DESs reported in the literature, along with their various applications, and investigates the potential for DES formation between thymol and new materials. For this purpose, 39 combinations of thymol with different amino acids (5), acids (10), carbohydrates (13), amides (2), alkylammonium halides (4), and other compounds (5) were screened, resulting in the preparation of two new thymol-acetamide and thymol-acetanilide-based DESs. To identify the optimal molar ratios for DES formation, various combinations of thymol with acetamide and acetanilide were prepared, and their abilities to form stable liquids at room temperature, along with their thermal properties, were evaluated. Based on the solid–liquid equilibria (SLE) phase diagrams, it was found that stable liquids at ambient temperature were formed within the composition ranges of xACM = 0.29–0.40 (2.5:1–1.5:1) for THY:ACM and xACN = 0.29–0.33 (2.5:1 – 2:1) for THY:ACN. The mixtures with a molar ratio 2:1 were selected for further study, and their intermolecular interactions, characteristics, and applications in dye extraction were analyzed. FT-IR and NMR analyses were performed to investigate the structure and hydrogen bond formation between the DES components. Additionally, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were conducted to examine the molecular structure and formation mechanisms of these DESs. The results indicated that hydrogen bonds are formed between the hydroxyl group (OH) of thymol and the carbonyl group (CO) of acetamide/acetanilide. Thermodynamic models, including regular solutions, NRTL, and Wilson, were employed to correlate the SLE phase diagrams of the studied mixtures, as determined by the DSC method. The physical properties of the prepared DESs, such as melting point, density, speed of sound, refractive index and viscosity, were measured at different temperatures. Due to their hydrophobic nature, the DESs demonstrated stability in aqueous solutions and thus can be used to extract various analytes from aqueous environments. The obtained solvents were applied for the extraction of methylene blue, methyl orange, and rhodamine B from aqueous solutions, as well as from real textile wastewater samples. Finally, to achieve optimal extraction conditions, the effects of various factors on extraction efficiency were investigated.

Optimization of the Microwave-Assisted Extraction Conditions for Phenolic Compounds from Date Seeds

Optimization of the Microwave-Assisted Extraction Conditions for Phenolic Compounds from Date Seeds