Optical Disk Technology Research Articles

Multiplex Quantification of Exosomes via Multiple Types of Nanobeads Labeling Combined with Laser Scanning Detection.

In recent years, exosomes have attracted attention in many aspects from basic research to clinical application, including therapeutic reagents or biomarkers for liquid biopsy. The increasing understanding of exosome's heterogeneous properties is expected to lead to more advanced exosome research, and there is therefore a need for a multiplex system that can easily classify and analyze exosomes in complex biological samples according to their properties. In this study, we developed a simple and sensitive multiplexed exosome quantification system based on ExoCounter, an exosome quantification system utilizing optical disk technology, by introducing nanobeads made of different materials as exosome labeling substances. The refractive indices suitable for nanobead materials were analyzed by computer simulation of optical diffraction generated by nanobeads. The results showed that polymer (FG), Au, and Ag nanobeads exhibited superior discrimination capability in terms of the amplitude and polarity of detection pulses generated by each nanobead. The specificity and detection sensitivity of three types of nanobeads were confirmed by detecting HER2-positive exosomes with anti-HER2 antibody-conjugated nanobeads. Furthermore, CD147-positive, HER2-positive, and CD81-positive exosomes in 12.5 μL of serum were simultaneously quantified with high discrimination performance using the anti-CD147 antibody, anti-HER2 antibody, or anti-CD81 antibody conjugated for FG beads, Au nanobeads, or Ag nanobeads, respectively. A limit of detection was also evaluated as low as 210 exosomes/μL. This system is a promising tool for advanced exosome research because it enables multiplexed detection of heterogeneous exosomes in serum with high specificity, accuracy, and sensitivity without purification.

A Hyperspectral Imaging Instrumentation Architecture Based on Accessible Optical Disc Technology and Frequency-Domain Analyses

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is an emergent instrumentation technology with great potential in many applications, due to its ability to measure important spectral features. However, the widespread adoption of HSI requires the development of accessible (i.e., inexpensive and uncomplicated) HSI instrumentation architectures. In this paper, we present, design, develop, and evaluate an accessible HSI instrumentation architecture, with snapshot operation, based on the integration of readily available components and frequency multiplexing with Fourier analyses. In the experimental work, an incident image beam is divided into spatial image channels, each with an assigned dynamic binary code via a dynamic coded aperture. This dynamic coded aperture is constructed from repurposed diffractive optical disc technologies and is patterned with strategic opaque and transparent regions. When it is rotated by a motor, dynamic binary codes are used, along with Fourier analyses, to identify the diffraction of each spatial image channel. The spatially overlapped spectra from the diffraction are directed onto a charge-coupled device sensor, and each spatial image channel is distinguished through Fourier analyses. The resulting Fourier amplitude spectra are transformed into corresponding functions of wavelength, and this transformation is based on the experimental instrumentation geometry. The performance of the HSI instrumentation architecture is evaluated using a comparison with data from a commercial spectrometer. The presented HSI instrumentation architecture can be adapted for 2-D operation. Ultimately, the presented HSI instrumentation architecture can benefit regions of the world that have limited financial resources and a need for accessible HSI technologies.

Development of a Highly Sensitive Device for Counting the Number of Disease-Specific Exosomes in Human Sera

Although circulating exosomes in blood play crucial roles in cancer development and progression, difficulties in quantifying exosomes hamper their application for reliable clinical testing. By combining the properties of nanobeads with optical disc technology, we have developed a novel device named the ExoCounter to determine the exact number of exosomes in the sera of patients with various types of cancer. In this system, individual exosomes were captured in the groove of an optical disc coated with antibodies against exosome surface antigens. The captured exosomes were labeled with antibody-conjugated magnetic nanobeads, and the number of the labeled exosomes was counted with an optical disc drive. We showed that the ExoCounter could detect specific exosomes derived from cells or human serum without any enrichment procedures. The detection sensitivity and linearity with this system were higher than those with conventional detection methods such as ELISA or flow cytometry. In addition to the ubiquitous exosome markers CD9 and CD63, the cancer-related antigens CD147, carcinoembryonic antigen, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) were also used to quantify cancer cell line-derived exosomes. Furthermore, analyses of a cross-sectional cohort of sera samples revealed that HER2-positive exosomes were significantly increased in patients with breast cancer or ovarian cancer compared with healthy individuals and those with noncancer diseases. The ExoCounter system exhibits high performance in the direct detection of exosomes in cell culture and human sera. This method may enable reliable analysis of liquid biopsies.

Optical bistability in shape-memory nanowire metamaterial array

Non-volatile temperature-induced structural phase transitions such as those found in chalcogenide glasses are known to lead to strong changes in optical properties and are widely used in rewritable optical disk technology. Herein, we demonstrate that thermally activated optical memory can be achieved via the nanostructural reconfiguration of a metallic nanowire metamaterial array made from a shape-memory alloy: A nickel-titanium film of nanoscale thickness structured on the subwavelength scale exhibits bistability of its optical properties upon temperature cycling between 30 °C and 210 °C. The structure, comprising an array of NiTi nanowires coated with a thin film of gold to enhance its plasmonic properties, can exist in two non-volatile states presenting an optical reflectivity differential of 12% via nanoscale mutual displacements of alternating nanowires in the structure. Such all-metal shape-memory photonic gratings and metamaterials may find applications in bistable optical devices.

Optical Disc Technology for Long-term Preservation of Digital Archive

Optical Disc Technology for Long-term Preservation of Digital Archive

Optical Disk Technology and Open System

Optical Disk Technology and Open System

Managing Complexity For Creating Breakthrough Inventions: Focusing On Collaboration Teams And Prior Art

Inventing processes are often greatly complex, resulting in the difficulty of creating breakthrough inventions. But the relationship between the complexity of inventing and the creation of breakthrough inventions and ways of dealing with the complexity of inventing have received little research attention. This study focuses on the effect of coupling, one of the causes of complex inventing, on the likelihood of creating breakthrough inventions and suggests two moderating factors: the size of collaboration teams and the oldness of prior art. Based on U.S. granted patents in optical disc technology domains applied during 1997–2001, the empirical results showed the negative effect of coupling on the likelihood of creating breakthrough patents and the weakening moderating effect of the number of inventors involved in generating patents.

Optical Disc Technology for Long-term Preservation of Digital Archive

Optical Disc Technology for Long-term Preservation of Digital Archive

Optical disc technology-enabled analytical devices: from hardware modification to digitized molecular detection.

Beyond their essential applications in portable data storage for the past 30 years, optical discs and corresponding recording/reading technologies have been extensively explored with the ultimate goal of creating novel analytical tools for on-site chemical analysis and point-of-care (POC) medical diagnosis. In particular, the disc media (CD, DVD, and BD) are proven to be inexpensive and versatile substrate materials for the preparation of various biochips and microfluidic systems; conventional computer drives and disc players are widely adapted for biochip signal reading and microscopic imaging. Herein we provide an overview of such optical disc technology-enabled analytical devices, e.g., integrated systems developed from specifically fabricated analog disks, modified optical drives, or adapted software algorithms.

Using the comprehensive patent citation network (CPC) to evaluate patent value

Most approaches to patent citation network analysis are based on single-patent direct citation relation, which is an incomplete understanding of the nature of knowledge flow between patent pairs, which are incapable of objectively evaluating patent value. In this paper, four types of patent citation networks (direct citation, indirect citation, coupling and co-citation networks) are combined, filtered and recomposed based on relational algebra. Then, a method based on comprehensive patent citation (CPC) network for patent value evaluation is proposed, and empirical study of optical disk technology related patents has been conducted based on this method. The empirical study was carried out in two steps: observation of network characteristics over the entire process (citation time lag and topological and graphics characteristics), and measurement verification by independent proxies of patent value (patent family and patent duration). Our results show that the CPC network retains the advantages of patent direct citation, and performs better on topological structure, graphics features, centrality distribution, citation lag and sensitivity than a direct citation network; The verified results by the patent family and maintenance show that the proposed method covers more valuable patents than the traditional method.

Low-cost ultrahigh areal density optical disc system towards 400 Gbyte/disc

We introduce a new 400 Gbyte disc system, which has twice as much areal density as BDXL™ does, retaining the use of the conventional optical head and disc technology. Our proposal is based on the application of code modulations with enlarged minimum run length (d) and land/groove (L/G) geometry to increase linear recording density and track density by 1.5 and 1.33 times, respectively. Also, saw tooth wobble (STW) was introduced for a multilayered L/G disc system to suppress readout signal fluctuations. Here, we demonstrated that the linear recording density increased to 45.5 Gbyte/layer by applying d = 3 to a commercially available BDXL™. Also, we checked that crosstalk, which is a major concern in an L/G disc with a track pitch of 240 nm, was suppressed to below −30 dB by choosing the proper groove depth. Moreover, the investigation of the effect of track width modulation on the write/read performance demonstrated that an adverse influence can be suppressed by employing STW.

Life Cycle Analysis of the Optical Disc Industry Market Innovation and Development

The rapid advancement of the global optical disc industry results from systematic changes during the product life cycles of digital audio-visual technology. Compact discs (CD) and Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) sales reached record highs in 2004 and 2006 respectively, and the markets continue to shrink as CDs, DVDs, and related consumer electronic products have entered the mature stage of development following the entry of Blu-ray DiscTM (BD) products. This research explores the history, evolution, and systematic innovation driven by consumer demands for these products. The research provides a life cycle analysis of technology and market trends for the optical disc industry. Logistic curves are used to model the patent statistics and market values of DVD and BD technologies to document data trends from the mid-1990s till now. The results show that BD technology patent filings rapidly reached the decline point two years after DVD technology matured. The results also show that systematic innovation of optical disc technology is consumer demand driven with BD technology forecasted to replace DVDs in a very short period of time. Technology and market growth curves are used to model the entry times of DVDs and BDs into the mature stage of the product life cycle. The patent based forecasts indicate that new DVD entrants should be cautious since there will be decreasing economic benefits as the new BD technologies gain popularity and market share. The most valuable contribution of this research is the use of the quantitative logistic analytic techniques for technology forecasting incorporating both patent and marketing data. The methodology enables the integrated analysis of technology and marketing intelligence and can be applied to other industry domains and assist the allocation of research funding in their systematic innovation development.

Ultrahigh-Sensitivity Biomarker Sensing System Based on the Combination of Optical Disc Technologies and Nanobead Technologies

The detection of biomarkers in body fluids is useful for the early detection of diseases or preventive medical care. Various types of equipment that detect biomarkers have been developed and used for various occasions. It is expected that further improvement of the detection sensitivity of biomarkers will enable the extension for their applications to various diseases. In this paper, we propose a new biomarker sensing system with higher sensitivity. In the system, by combining optical disc technologies and nanobead technologies, we developed a new sensing method. Target biomarkers are specifically immobilized onto the optical disc surface through an antigen-antibody reaction, then the nanobeads are immobilized on top of the biomarkers. Since the biomarkers and beads bind to each other one-on-one, the number of target biomarkers can be measured by counting the number of nanobeads using an optical pickup. The most significant advantage of this method is that measurement can be carried out in a fully digital scheme, in contrast to current sensing systems which measure light intensity in an analog scheme.

International Standards and off Line Archiving Through the use of Recordable Optical Discs

What does the phrase “CD-R, DVD-R Recordable Optical Discs” bring to mind? Does it have negative connotations like “old technology”, “limited capacity” or “unreliable archiving?” If it does, then you need to take another look at this technology. Recordable optical disc technology is an established technology that is widely regarded as a state-of-the-art solution used on servers, medical instrumentation and for “must not be altered” data storage needed for trials and law enforcement records. Furthermore, DVD-R capacity (4.7 GB) is enough to store approximately 20,000 PDF pages, assuming 250 KB per page (up to 50,000 pages with compression). It is also enough capacity for 120 minutes of digital master sound data (24-bit, 96 kHz). DVD-R's are an excellent storage solution and provide sufficient capacity when organization size and purpose is taken into consideration. DVD-R is also a solution for long-term archiving. We will discuss three extremely important things you should know about archiving using recordable optical discs.

Method of compensating for pixel migration in volume holographic optical disc (VHOD)

Volume holographic optical disc (VHOD) technology is simpler than the angular multiplexing holographic system. However, disc rotation usually causes pixel migration, thus reducing signal quality. This study proposes a special geometrical arrangement to counteract pixel migration. Using paraxial approximation analysis, an optimal geometrical distance ratio, K, is calculated to compensate for pixel migration and improve image quality during disc rotation. The results of approximation analysis are confirmed by both simulation and experimental results.

Influenza A virus infection diagnosis based on DVD reader technology

Diagnosis tests for Influenza A require rapidity and cost-effectiveness for on-site analysis. The optical Compact Disk technology is a potential candidate to provide such requirements. In this paper, a simple, competitive assay for Influenza diagnosis is set up that demonstrates the great potential of the developed methodology in problems such as the massive analyses for mass populations. The polycarbonate surface chemical modification of commercial DVDs to covalently attach Influenza-capture antibodies is reported, along with the full characterization of each modification step and the development of the detection sandwich immunoassay employing a standard DVD reader for quantification. The method includes positive and negative controls for each sample, as well as internal standards, if necessary, to normalize the signal. The assay is seen to be very sensitive with a detection limit of 29 ng mL−1. Furthermore, real spiked saliva samples were analyzed with quantitative recoveries in all cases.

Convergent Consortia: Format Battles in High Definition

n 31 March 2006 Japanese consumer electronics manufacturer Toshiba Corporation shipped the world’s first highdefinition disc player to retailers. Backed by NEC Corporation and operating under the jurisdiction and support of the cross-industrial body governing DVD technology, the DVD Forum, Toshiba hoped to establish dominance in next-generation optical disc technology devices by being first to the market. With content support from Universal Studios, Warner Bros., and computer software and hardware giants Intel Corporation and Microsoft Corporation, hopes were high that HD DVD would quickly secure a victory over its chief competitor, Sony’s Blu-ray. Some three short months later, after several delays from developers Sony and Panasonic, Samsung shipped the world’s first Blu-ray player to retailers. With nine consumer electronics manufacturers supporting the technology, Blu-ray offered consumers a choice in their conversion to high-definition disc player. In the process Sony initiated the first home entertainment format war since Betamax versus VHS. Flash-forward to 19 February 2008, as the Toshiba Corporation announced that it would no longer pursue manufacturing, development, and marketing efforts related to HD DVD. Citing “recent major changes in the market,” President and CEO Atsutoshi Nishida ceded the format battle victory for next-generation DVD to Sony’s Blu-ray technology (“Toshiba Announces”). The two-year period between HD DVD’s launch and its defeat by Sony’s Blu-ray was a period of sustained growth in global markets marked by increasing convergence in the filmed entertainment, consumer electronics, gaming, and IT industries. Franchise films returned record revenues at the box office as well as in ancillary markets. In the consumer electronics market high-definition televisions, new video game consoles and software, and laptop computers returned healthy profits for their makers. The format battle Convergent Consortia: Format Battles in High Definition bryan sebok

Analysis and Validations of Fluid Dynamic Bearing for Spindle Motors of High-Density Optical Disc Players

In recent times, the need to reduce the profiles of spindle motors in optical data storage devices without sacrificing their performance has become apparent. With the advent of high-density optical disc technology and reduction in the track pitch, spindle motors must have stable performance while tracking on narrow-pitch disks. In this paper, we present the structure and validations of the performance of a newly developed spindle motor (height 6.1 mm) using fluid dynamic bearing (FDB) for portable optical storage devices. The dynamic characteristics of the spindle motor before and after the accelerated life test are investigated experimentally. The noncontact phenomenon of the motor's shaft and FDB is also verified by using a laboratory-built apparatus. It was observed that the decrease in the axial repeatable runout (RRO) of the developed motor was up to 50% of that of the conventional spindle motor. All of the above validations prove that the developed FDB spindle motor has the potential for minimizing RRO, lowering acoustical noise, and improving reliability in portable optical storage devices.

Hybrid Catadioptric System for Holographic and Disk Application

In this paper, we reveal a new device for use as an optical data storage system. The system is made up of Cassegrain-like structures. The volume (35×20×20 mm3) of the system is the size of a pickup head used in conventional optical storage. It has compatibility with several conventional optical disk technologies. Namely, the system provides a platform for integration with compact disc (CD), digital versatile disc (DVD), Blu-ray disc (BD) and holographic systems. The full width half maximums (FWHMs) of the spot size for a CD have been measured in this system and are 0.98 and 0.95 µm in the tangential and radial directions, respectively.

Spectral encoding on Gold Nanorods Doped in a Silica Sol–Gel Matrix and Its Application to High‐Density Optical Data Storage

AbstractMetallic nanorods exhibit fascinating optical properties due to surface plasmons—collective oscillation of the electron cloud within a particle. They exhibit two principle absorption bands that correspond to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) along the longitudinal and transverse directions of the nanorod. Most importantly, the longitudinal band can be tuned with the aspect ratio of the rod, making it a spectrally tuneable optical material, which can be applied to a variety of devices from bioimaging to high‐density optical storage. Here, spectral encoding for high‐density optical storage applications is demonstrated on two sizes of gold nanorods (aspect ratios of three and five) doped in a silica sol–gel matrix by femtosecond pulsed laser irradiation. It is widely known that high‐power pulsed laser irradiation causes metal nanorods to undergo shape transformations via the process of melting or fragmentation. The process is enhanced if the laser wavelength is tuned at the longitudinal surface plasmon resonance peak of the nanorods, which results in a significant reduction or shift in the surface plasmon resonance peak. As such a shape change occurs only on the subpopulation of rods that have a longitudinal plasmon band matching the laser wavelength, a size‐ or spectrum‐selective shape transition is possible in a rod mixture with varying aspect ratios. The current spectral encoding technology can be incorporated into existing optical disc technology, such as three‐dimensional bit‐by‐bit and holographic, and can increase the capacity limit by utilizing the spectral domain.