Optical Cross Sections Research Articles

Research on an Echo-Signal-Detection Algorithm for Weak and Small Targets Based on GM-APD Remote Active Single-Photon Technology

Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode (GM-APD) is a single-photon-detection device characterized by high sensitivity and fast response, which enables it to detect echo signals of distant targets effectively. Given that weak and small targets possess relatively small volumes and occupy only a small number of pixels, relying solely on neighborhood information for target reconstruction proves to be difficult. Furthermore, during long-distance detection, the optical reflection cross-section is small, making signal photons highly susceptible to being submerged by noise. In this paper, a noise fitting and removal algorithm (NFRA) is proposed. This algorithm can detect the position of the echo signal from the photon statistical histogram submerged by noise and facilitate the reconstruction of weak and small targets. To evaluate the NFRA method, this paper establishes an optical detection system for remotely detecting active single-photon weak and small targets based on GM-APD. Taking unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as weak and small targets for detection, this paper compares the target reconstruction effects of the peak-value method and the neighborhood method. It is thereby verified that under the conditions of a 7 km distance and a signal-to-background ratio (SBR) of 0.0044, the NFRA method can effectively detect the weak echo signal of the UAV.

Considerations for electromagnetic simulations for a quantitative correlation of optical spectroscopy and electron tomography of plasmonic nanoparticles

Abstract The optical cross sections of plasmonic nanoparticles are intricately linked to their morphologies. Accurately capturing this link could allow determination of particles’ shapes from their optical cross sections alone. Electromagnetic simulations bridge morphology and optical properties, provided they are sufficiently accurate. This study examines key factors affecting simulation precision, comparing common methods and detailing the impacts of meshing accuracy, dielectric function selection, and substrate inclusion within the boundary element method. To support the method’s complex parameterization, we develop a workflow incorporating reconstruction, meshing, and mesh simplification, to enable the use of electron tomography data. We analyze how choices of reconstruction algorithm and image segmentation affect simulated optical cross sections, relating these to shape errors minimized during data processing. Optimal results are obtained using the total variation minimization (TVM) reconstruction method with Otsu thresholding and light smoothing, ensuring reliable, watertight surface meshes through the marching cubes algorithm, even for complex shapes.

The Photoionization Processes of Deep Trap Levels in n-GaN Films Grown by MOVPE Technique on Ammono-GaN Substrates

In this paper, we present various theoretical models that accurately approximate the spectral density of the optical capture cross-section (σe0) obtained through the analysis of photo-capacitance transients using the deep-level optical spectroscopy (DLOS) technique applied to semi-transparent Ni/Au Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) fabricated on n-GaN films. The theoretical models examined in this study involved a variety of approaches, from the Lucovsky model that assumes no lattice relaxation to more sophisticated models such as the Chantre–Bois and the Pässler models, which consider the electron–phonon coupling phenomenon. By applying theoretical models to the experimentally determined data, we were able to estimate the photoionization (E0), trap level position (ET), and Franck–Condon (dFC) energy, respectively. In addition, the results of our analysis confirm that the photoionization processes of deep traps in n-GaN grown by the metal–organic vapor-phase epitaxy technique (MOVPE) are strongly coupled to the lattice. Moreover, it was shown that the Pässler model is preferred for the accurate determination of the individual trap parameters of defects present in n-GaN films grown on an Ammono-GaN substrate. Finally, a new trap level, Ec-1.99 eV with dFC = 0.15, that has not been previously reported in n-GaN films grown by MOVPE was found.

The Folding Potential of Elastically Scattered d+ 24Mg Employing B3Y-Fetal Interaction within the Double Folding Model Framework

Study’s Excerpt/Novelty In this study, double-folding model with the B3Y-Fetal interaction was applied to derive optical potentials for deuteron scattering from 24Mg. The research validates the efficacy of mass-dependent interactions in optical potential calculations by accurately reproducing experimental differential cross-sections across a broad energy range. This work advances the understanding of nuclear reactions by demonstrating the suitability of the B3Y-Fetal interaction in modeling elastic scattering phenomena. Full Abstract The analysis of the deuteron scattering from was performed in the elastic channel using the double-folding model to evaluate the optical potentials of the present study. Both the real and the imaginary parts of the optical potentials were computed using a mass-dependent interaction (B3Y-Fetal) in the double-folding formalism. The derived double-folding potentials were used to analyse the differential cross-sections of within the energy range of 60-170 MeV. With the derived optical potentials, the reaction and differential cross-sections of were extracted in the optical model. The plots of the computed differential cross-sections were made and the results were compared to those obtained experimentally to ascertain the suitability of the derived potentials and the B3Y-Fetal interaction. In conclusion, the optical potentials obtained using the double-folding model with the B3Y-Fetal interaction were successful in reproducing the experimental data.

Comprehensive characterization of nitrogen-related defect states in β-Ga2O3 using quantitative optical and thermal defect spectroscopy methods

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the dominant deep acceptor level in nitrogen-doped beta-phase gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3), elucidating and reconciling the hole emission features observed in deep-level optical spectroscopy (DLOS). The unique behavior of this defect, coupled with its small optical cross section, complicates trap concentration analysis using DLOS, which is essential for defect characterization in β-Ga2O3. A complex feature arises in DLOS results due to simultaneous electron emission to the conduction band and hole emission to the valence band from the same defect state, indicating the formation of two distinct atomic configurations and suggesting metastable defect characteristics. This study discusses the implications of this behavior on DLOS analysis and employs advanced spectroscopy techniques such as double-beam DLOS and optical isothermal measurements to address these complications. The double-beam DLOS method reveals a distinct hole emission process at EV+1.3 eV previously obscured in conventional DLOS. Optical isothermal measurements further characterize this energy level, appearing only in N-doped β-Ga2O3. This enables an estimate of the β-Ga2O3 hole effective mass by analyzing temperature-dependent carrier emission rates. This work highlights the impact of partial trap-filling behavior on DLOS analysis and identifies the presence of hole trapping and emission in β-Ga2O3. Although N-doping is ideal for creating semi-insulating material through the efficient compensation of free electrons, this study also reveals a significant hole emission and migration process within the weak electric fields of the Schottky diode depletion region.

Er3+/Yb3+ Co-Doped Fluorotellurite Glass Fiber with Broadband Luminescence.

In order to address the 'capacity crisis' caused by the narrow bandwidth of the current C band and the demand for wide-spectrum sensing sources and tunable fiber lasers, a broadband luminescence covering the C + L bands using Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped fluorotellurite glass fiber is investigated in this paper. The optimal doping concentrations in the glass host were determined based on the intensity, lifetime, and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the fluorescence centered at 1.5 µm, which were found to be 1.5 mol% Er2O3 and 3 mol% Yb2O3. We also systematically investigated this in terms of optical absorption spectra, absorption and emission cross-sections, gain coefficients, Judd-Ofelt parameters, and up-conversion fluorescence. The energy transfer (ET) mechanism between the high concentrations of Er3+ and Yb3+ was summarized. In addition, a step-indexed fiber was prepared based on these fluorotellurite glasses, and a wide bandwidth of ~112.5 nm (covering the C + L bands from 1505.1 to 1617.6 nm) at 3 dB for the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) spectra has been observed at a fiber length of 0.57 m, which is the widest bandwidth among all the reports based on tellurite glass. Therefore, this kind of Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped fluorotellurite glass fiber has great potential for developing broadband C + L band amplifiers, ultra-wide fiber sources for sensing, and tunable fiber lasers.

Activation/ Deactivation of Surface States of Heterostructure (Anatese-TiO2/Au) Via Addition of Materials with High Band Gap, Rutile TiO2 (R-TiO2) or Low Band Gap Silicon (Si), and Fabrication Strategy

The addition of high band gap or low band gap material not only modulates the optical absorption cross-section but also affects the surface state reactivity of heterostructure towards the photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Further, the deposition strategy to assemble the heterostructure also affects the effectiveness of the heterostructure. To explore such issues, we fabricated the two sets of heterostructures containing (A-TiO2, R-TiO2) and (Si, A-TiO2) via the click chemistry approach through two different strategies, i.e., layer-by-layer heterostructure (LLH), and randomly deposited heterostructure. In LLH strategy, only the addition of high band gap material R-TiO2 enhances the reactivity of the surface states. On the other hand, the addition of the low band gap material Silicon (Si) hampers the reactivity of the surface states of the heterostructure deposited via the LLH. Further, by changing the deposition strategy to RDH, the reactivity of surface states diminishes by adding either the high band gap or the low band gap material. These observations were rationalized from the framework of band structure/band-alignment in the heterostructure and also via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).In LLH, the addition of the A-TiO2 quenches electrons from the conduction band (CB) of R-TiO2, and the holes of A-TiO2 are transferred to R-TiO2. The holes from R-TiO2 participate in activating the surface states present at the surface. On the other hand, the addition of silicon to LLH, having CB above the CB of A-TiO2, does not allow the electrons to transfer from A-TiO2 to Si; hence, the CB electrons from A-TiO2 transfer to surface states, which enhances the energy level of surface states, making it more negative than the VB of Si. The negative shift of surface states of A-TiO2 makes it the recombination center. Interestingly, changing the fabrication strategy from LLH to RDH makes the nature of surface states from reactive to recombination states due to the interfacing of all materials with the underlying substrates.EIS was utilized to measure and analyze the low-frequency capacitance due to the reactive surface state. The low-frequency capacitance of LLH with A-TiO2 shows the maxima at onset potential, confirming the role of reactive surface states. On the contrary, low-frequency capacitance increases monotonically for LLH with Si addition, showing the effect of recombination surface states. Overall, the study provides pointers on the interplay between band positions and electron-hole separation in heterostructures and how they can be effectively used to enhance surface reactivity in PEC water splitting.

A 1.55 μm laser gain medium based on Yb3+ and Er3+ co-doped KBa0.94Ca0.06Y(MoO4)3 crystal with in-situ operating temperature self-monitoring capability

The 1.55 μm laser technology is widely applied in military, information communication, biomedicine and other fields. With the deepening development of these application areas, the demand for novel 1.55 μm laser gain media is becoming increasingly urgent. This study reports a novel Yb3+, Er3+ co-doped KBa0.94Ca0.06Y(MoO4)3 (KBCYM) crystal. In this crystal, Yb3+ serves as a sensitizer, significantly enhancing the emission intensity of Er3+ in both visible and near-infrared bands. Notably, when the concentration of Yb3+ reaches 6 mol%, the emission intensity peaks at 1.55 μm. Optical cross-section calculations reveal that the crystal exhibits a low laser pumping threshold at this concentration, demonstrating its potential as a laser gain medium. However, the crystal inevitably generates thermal effects during operation, which may adversely affect its performance. Therefore, real-time monitoring of the operating temperature is crucial. The thermal stability of the crystal was evaluated by measuring the temperature dependence of its luminescence intensity in the near-infrared band. Remarkably, even when the temperature rises to 553 K, the emission intensity at 1.55 μm only decreases by 10.9%. Additionally, the temperature sensing performance was evaluated using fluorescence intensity ratio techniques, yielding absolute and relative sensitivities of 0.00981 K–1 at 453 K and 1.32%/K at 303 K, respectively, highlighting its potential for optical temperature sensing. Finally, through leveraging the unique properties of Yb3+, Er3+: KBCYM crystals, we successfully developed 1.55 μm luminescent optical devices with practical applications. These devices not only exhibit efficient luminescent performance, but also possess a self-temperature measurement function, opening up new avenues for the further development of laser technology.

Direct Excitation Transfer in Plasmonic Metal-Chalcopyrite-Hybrids: Insights from Single Particle Line Shape Analysis.

Hybrid nanomaterials containing both noble metal and semiconductor building blocks provide an engineerable platform for realizing direct or indirect charge and energy transfer for enhanced plasmonic photoconversion and photocatalysis. In this work, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) nanocrystals (NCs) are combined into a AgNP@CuFeS2 hybrid structure comprising NCs embedded in a self-assembled lipid coating around the AgNP core. In AgNP@CuFeS2 hybrid structures, both metallic and semiconductor NCs support quasistatic resonances. To characterize the interactions between these resonances and their effect on potential charge and energy transfer, direct interfacial excitation transfer between the AgNP core and surrounding CuFeS2 NCs is probed through single particle line shape analysis and supporting electromagnetic simulations. These studies reveal that CuFeS2 NCs localized in the evanescent field of the central AgNP induce a broadening of the metal NP line shape that peaks when an energetic match between the AgNP and CuFeS2 NC resonances maximizes direct energy transfer. Dimers of AgNPs whose resonances exhibit poor energetic overlap with the CuFeS2 NC quasistatic resonance yield much weaker line shape broadening in a control experiment, corroborating the existence of resonant energy transfer in the AgNP@CuFeS2 hybrid. Resonant coupling between the metallic and semiconductor building blocks in the investigated hybrid architecture provides a mechanism for utilizing the large optical cross-section of the central AgNP to enhance the generation of reactive charge carriers in the surrounding semiconductor NCs for potential applications in photocatalysis.

Electron energy loss spectroscopic investigation of Mie resonances in bimetallic nanostructures

Bimetallic nanostructures can exhibit significant broadening of Mie resonances compared to monometallic nanoparticles. Here, we study these materials using Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy at a single particle level. This technique is immensely effective to probe direct structure-property correlation of nanoparticles. We are thus able to confirm the broadening of Mie resonances at a single particle level. This effect is analyzed in the context of emergence of a new dielectric constant that originates from metallic interfaces. We employ Coronado-Schatz corrections to the usual dielectric constants of the constituent metals to quantitatively simulate these materials. The resultant materials thus exhibit optical cross-sections that are 38.5 % and 4.2 % of the gold and silver nanoparticle optical cross-section at 2.5 eV and 3.45 eV, respectively. A strong agreement between theory and experiment is observed. We also confirmed the effectiveness of our approach for nanoparticles with different morphologies as well as different compositional ratios. Our study suggests an effective strategy to regulate the dielectric properties of bimetallic nanostructures through interface engineering.

Epifluorescence microscopy study of a quadruple node of triple junctions of grain boundaries in a Eu2+-decorated highly textured composite of (Cl, Br)(K, Rb) and I(K, Rb) solid solutions.

The structural nature and geometry, as well as the lattice-relative orientation, of an arrangement of crystal defects in a highly textured Eu2+-doped composite of two alkali-halide solid solutions was studied by epifluorescence microscopy (EFM) using the doping ion as a fluorochrome. A three-dimensional reconstruction and a skeleton type model, as built from a sequence of EFM images of different optical cross-sections of this arrangement, are presented. Structurally, this arrangement is a quadruple node (QN) of triple junctions of grain boundaries. The QN core geometry is that of a tetragonal tristetrahedron (TTTH), centred at the QN site, whose tetrahedron vertices and edges are on the QN triple junctions and grain boundaries, respectively, whereas the tristetrahedron tetragonal axis is nearly parallel to the lattice [001]-axis. The measured values of the angles between triple junctions and between the grain boundaries forming them are reported. The distinct chemical compositions of the composite solid solutions are discussed to be responsible, in last instance, for the tristetrahedron departure from a cubic configuration. Collaterally, certain families of translationally periodic almost-parallel (TPAP)-wall-like regions which consist of TPAP-columns of TPAP-spindle-like singularities, as well as certain zigzag arrays of columns of this like, existing into the QN grains, are reported to be observed. Three-dimensional reconstructions of typical individuals of these families and arrays as well as of their constituent parts are presented and geometrically analysed. These families and arrays are discussed to be families of tilt subboundaries, whose constituent dislocations are decorated by cylindrical second-phase europium di-halide precipitates, and regularly faceted tilt subboundaries, respectively. Crystal growing and sample preparation, composite structural characterisation by powder and single-slab X-ray diffraction (PXRD and SSXRD, respectively), microscopy and fluorescence-cube unit optics, image processing, electronic three-dimensional reconstruction and measuring methodologies, are all described in detail.

Differences and similarities in optical properties of coated fractal soot and its surrogates

Atmospheric soot (or black carbon, BC) affects climate through solar light absorption and scattering, which depend strongly on the particle morphology and composition. Initially, soot particles are fractal aggregates of spherules made of elemental carbon (EC), but condensation of atmospheric trace vapors adds non-EC materials and often results in particle compaction. The optical properties of such processed soot differ from those of fractal soot, and the changes are caused both by particle volume increase from coating addition and by restructuring of the EC backbone. In laboratory studies of soot optics, surrogates such as carbon black (CB) and nigrosin are often used in place of flame-generated soot. Our goal was to investigate if compositional and morphological differences between these surrogates and soot may produce different processing rates and optical responses. In our experiments, we generated fractal soot, compact CB, agglomerated CB (via coagulation of compact CB), and spherical nigrosin aerosol particles, subjected them to supersaturated vapor of dioctyl sebacate (DOS) to form a coating layer, and investigated the morphological response of these four particle types to coating addition and removal. Using coated and coated-denuded aerosol particles with known composition and morphology, we quantified the contributions of volume increase and restructuring to light scattering and absorption enhancements. By comparing experimental measurements against different particle optics models we show that it is crucial to account for larger, multiply charged particles present in the mobility-classified aerosol. Producing a disproportionately high contribution to absolute values of optical cross sections, such larger particles also result in lesser optical enhancements due to slower growth by vapor condensation. Scattering increases for all particle types due to the addition of a coating layer, and also due to restructuring for fractal soot (strongly) and agglomerated CB (weakly). Absorption increases only due to coating addition caused by the coating layer for all particle types. We find that simple optical models, such as Mie, are often sufficient to provide reasonable closure with experimental results for bare and coated aerosols, but only after accounting for the contributions from multiply charged particles, both in terms of their stronger optical cross sections and slower condensational growth. We conclude that CB is an appropriate surrogate for soot in aerosol aging studies where the effects of restructuring do not need to be considered and that nigrosin can be used as a general model for light-absorbing aerosols but is not representative of optical properties of soot.

Photon counting based pump-probe technique for quantitative characterization of fluorescence in a lock-in free detection manner

The stimulated emission (SE) signal in pump-probe experiment is conventionally measured with lock-in detection to differentiate the weak signals from the relatively large background of spontaneous emission and probe beam. Therefore, direct characterization of signal strength are often major limiting factors in terms of noise, speed, and data acquisition. In contrast, photon counting allows direct quantification of signal strength, while synchronized pump-probe pulse enables precise timing and the separation of signals accordingly. Herein, the SE based pump-probe method is combined with time-correlated single-photon counting to investigate the ultrafast photochemical parameters, digitally and quantitatively. As a proof-of-concept, our technique is applied to investigate, fluorescence lifetime (τ)∼3.71ns , optical absorption cross-section (σabs)∼1.23×10−16cm2 , and the SE cross-section (σSE)∼2.22×10−17cm2 , of a fluorescent dye (ATTO 647N) quantitatively. The experimental results are also compared with theoretical photon statistics to further justify the advantages including experimental and statistical critical molecular dynamics parameters extraction with excellent high accuracy.

Temperature Dependency of Insect's Wingbeat Frequencies: An Empirical Approach to Temperature Correction.

This study examines the relationship between the wingbeat frequency of flying insects and ambient temperature, leveraging data from over 302,000 insect observations obtained using a near-infrared optical sensor during an eight-month field experiment. By measuring the wingbeat frequency as well as wing and body optical cross-sections of each insect in conjunction with the ambient temperature, we identified five clusters of insects and analyzed how their average wingbeat frequencies evolved over temperatures ranging from 10 °C to 38 °C. Our findings reveal a positive correlation between temperature and wingbeat frequency, with a more pronounced increase observed at higher wingbeat frequencies. Frequencies increased on average by 2.02 Hz/°C at 50 Hz, and up to 9.63 Hz/°C at 525 Hz, and a general model is proposed. This model offers a valuable tool for correcting wingbeat frequencies with temperature, enhancing the accuracy of insect clustering by optical and acoustic sensors. While this approach does not account for species-specific responses to temperature changes, our research provides a general insight, based on all species present during the field experiment, into the intricate dynamics of insect flight behavior in relation to environmental factors.

Synthesis of Structure-Adjustable R-Au/Pt-CdS Nanohybrids with Strong Plasmon Coupling and Improved Photothermal Conversion Performance.

Noble metal nanomaterials with a localized surface plasmon resonance effect exhibit outstanding advantages in areas such as photothermal therapy and photocatalysis. As a unique plasmonic metal nanostructure, gold nanobipyramids have been attracting much interest due to their strong specific local electric field intensity, large optical cross sections, and high refractive index sensitivity. In this study, we propose a novel three-component hetero-nanostructure composed of rough gold nanobipyramids (R-Au NBPs), Pt, and CdS. Initially, purified gold nanobipyramids are regrown to form R-Au NBPs that have a certain degree of roughness. These R-Au NBP substrates with a rough surface provide more hotspots and strengthen the intensity of localized electric fields. Subsequently, Pt and CdS nanoparticles are selectively deposited onto the surface of R-Au NBPs. Pt nanoparticles can provide more active sites. Each component of this hetero-nanostructure directly contacts others, creating multiple electron transfer channels. This novel design allows for tunable localized plasmon resonance wavelengths ranging from the visible to near-infrared regions. These factors contribute to the final superior photothermal conversion performance of the R-Au/Pt-CdS nanohybrids. Under the irradiation of near-infrared light (1064 nm), the photothermal conversion efficiency of R-Au/Pt-CdS reached 38.88%, which is 4.49, 1.5, and 1.22 times higher than that of Au NBPs, R-Au NBPs, and R-Au NBPs/Pt, respectively.

Radially polarized light in single particle optical extinction microscopy identifies silver nanoplates

Quantifying the optical extinction cross section of a single plasmonic nanoparticle (NP) has recently emerged as a powerful method to characterize the NP morphometry, i.e., size and shape, with a precision comparable to electron microscopy while using a simple optical microscope. Here, we enhance the capabilities of extinction microscopy by introducing a high numerical aperture annular illumination coupled with a radial polarizer to generate a strong axial polarization component. This enables us to probe the NP response to axial polarized light, and, in turn, to distinguish flat-lying nanoplates from other geometries. Polarization-resolved optical extinction cross sections were acquired on 219 individual colloidal silver NPs of a nominally triangular nanoplate shape but, in practice, exhibiting heterogeneous morphometries, including decahedrons and non-plate spheroids. An unsupervised machine learning cluster analysis algorithm was developed, which allowed us to separate NPs into different groups, owing to the measured differences in cross sections. Comparison of the measurements with a computational model of the absorption and scattering cross section accounting for nanoplates of varying geometries beyond simple triangles provided insight into the NP shape of each group. The results provide a significant improvement of polarization-resolved optical extinction microscopy to reconstruct NP shapes, further boosting the utility of the method as an alternative to electron microscopy analysis.

Suspended sediment properties and visual clarity of the Manawatū River, New Zealand

ABSTRACT Studies of river suspended sediment typically focus on mass loads with little attention devoted to sediment properties such as particle size distribution (PSD) or light attenuation. However, environmental behaviour and ecological effects of suspended sediment vary greatly with particle properties. Visual clarity is a particularly important attribute of waters that is strongly affected by particle properties. We studied the relationship between visual clarity and suspended sediment in the Manawatū River – by combining event auto-sampling with long-term state-of-environment monitoring. We fractionated stormflow samples into sand and ‘mud’ (silt + clay) by wet-sieving at 63 μm, and the mud fraction was further analysed for organics, PSD and light beam attenuation (which controls visual clarity). Light beam attenuation correlated very closely with high-frequency field turbidity – providing an absolute optical calibration. The ratio of light beam attenuation to mass concentration (known as ‘optical cross-section’) averaged about 0.5 m2/g – somewhat higher than expected for silt particles in the measured size range, probably due to plate-shaped clays. The visual clarity regime, estimated from field turbidity, was consistent with monthly direct observations. Our study illustrates how certain sediment ‘quality’ metrics can usefully extend sediment monitoring applications, and we encourage closer integration of sediment and water quality monitoring.

Molecular processes for radiosensitizer compounds upon electron interactions

This work presents a theoretical analysis of electron impact elastic and inelastic processes for oxygen mimic and fluorinated radiosensitizer molecules over a wide energy range, spanning from ionization potential (IP) to 5 keV. The computation to determine elastic (Qel), inelastic cross sections (Qinel) and total cross sections (QT) is done through the Spherical Complex Optical Potential (SCOP) formalism and ionization cross sections (Qion) and summed excitation cross sections (∑Qexc) are deduced through the Complex Scattering Potential ionization contribution (CSP-ic) formalism. Additionally, a recently developed an alternative approach for complex and large molecules (55≤Z≤95), namely the Two Parameters Semiempirical Method (2p-SEM), for impact energy 50 eV to 5 keV is employed to estimate Qel and QT. These radiosensitizer molecules, imidazole, 2-nitroimidazole, 2-nitrofuran, 4(5)-nitroimidazole, pentafluorobenzoic acid, perfluorothiophenol are of particular interest due to their applications in cancer therapy treatment. Cross sections allow us to assess the probability of various molecular Processes occurring due to electron interaction. This work is the first report of the estimation of this electron driven molecular processes for these radiosensitizers except for imidazole and 2-Nitroimidazole where previous Qion results are available. Our Present results are in good accordance with available data from existing literature. The study incorporates various correlations to show size dependency of various cross sections and linear correlation of Qion vs. impact energy, Qel vs. impact energy, QT vs. impact energy and linear correlation of Qion (Max) vs. αI to confirm the credibility and consistency of the present results.

Fiber dispersion as a quality assessment metric for pultruded thermoplastic composites

Fiber-reinforced polymer composites are often assessed by measuring void content via thresholding of optical microscope cross-sectional images, relying on contrast to differentiate between voids and surrounding material. This is effective when dealing with primarily closed voids, a characteristic common to thermoset matrix composites. However, composites that exhibit fiber impregnation issues, often due to high matrix viscosity as in thermoplastic composites, will typically contain open pores which are infiltrated by the mounting resin used to embed the sample for grinding and polishing. Voids filled with this resin can be difficult to optically distinguish from the matrix, leading to inaccurate void content measurements. To circumvent this, a strategy for assessing impregnation quality based on fiber dispersion is proposed. During impregnation processes, the fiber network exhibits a tendency to become locally compacted by flow fronts, leading to low permeability regions with fiber clusters that are less likely to become fully impregnated. Fiber dispersion quantifies the percentage of non-clustered fibers from positional data and provides information on degree of impregnation and the locations of interfiber voids. The effects of processing speed and temperature on fiber dispersion are investigated in the production of continuous carbon fiber-reinforced polyetherimide (PEI) additive manufacturing feedstock material from commingled yarn using multi-die pultrusion. Fiber dispersion is observed to increase with slower pultrusion speeds, correlating with higher flexural strength and stiffness properties. This increase in fiber dispersion with longer die residency time indicates that the decompaction of fiber clusters is highly time-dependent and occurs by migration of fibers away from cluster boundaries.

Silicon photonics-based high-energy passively Q-switched laser

Chip-scale, high-energy optical pulse generation is becoming increasingly important as integrated optics expands into space and medical applications where miniaturization is needed. Q-switching of the laser cavity was historically the first technique to generate high-energy pulses, and typically such systems are in the realm of large bench-top solid-state lasers and fibre lasers, especially in the long wavelength range >1.8 µm, thanks to their large energy storage capacity. However, in integrated photonics, the very property of tight mode confinement that enables a small form factor becomes an impediment to high-energy applications owing to small optical mode cross-sections. Here we demonstrate a high-energy silicon photonics-based passively Q-switched laser with a compact footprint using a rare-earth gain-based large-mode-area waveguide. We demonstrate high on-chip output pulse energies of >150 nJ and 250 ns pulse duration in a single transverse fundamental mode in the retina-safe spectral region (1.9 µm), with a slope efficiency of ~40% in a footprint of ~9 mm2. The high-energy pulse generation demonstrated in this work is comparable to or in many cases exceeds that of Q-switched fibre lasers. This bodes well for field applications in medicine and space.