Optical Coherence Tomography Image Acquisition Research Articles

Ensemble learning for retinal disease recognition under limited resources.

Retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) images provide crucial insights into the health of the posterior ocular segment. Therefore, the advancement of automated image analysis methods is imperative to equip clinicians and researchers with quantitative data, thereby facilitating informed decision-making. The application of deep learning (DL)-based approaches has gained extensive traction for executing these analysis tasks, demonstrating remarkable performance compared to labor-intensive manual analyses. However, the acquisition of retinal OCT images often presents challenges stemming from privacy concerns and the resource-intensive labeling procedures, which contradicts the prevailing notion that DL models necessitate substantial data volumes for achieving superior performance. Moreover, limitations in available computational resources constrain the progress of high-performance medical artificial intelligence, particularly in less developed regions and countries. This paper introduces a novel ensemble learning mechanism designed for recognizing retinal diseases under limited resources (e.g., data, computation). The mechanism leverages insights from multiple pre-trained models, facilitating the transfer and adaptation of their knowledge to retinal OCT images. This approach establishes a robust model even when confronted with limited labeled data, eliminating the need for an extensive array of parameters, as required in learning from scratch. Comprehensive experimentation on real-world datasets demonstrates that the ensemble models constructed by the proposed ensemble method show superior performance over the baseline models under sparse labeled data, especially the triple ensemble model, which achieves the accuracy of 92.06%, which is 8.27%, 7.99%, and 11.14% better than the three baseline models, respectively. In addition, compared with the three baseline models learned from scratch, the triple ensemble model has fewer trainable parameters, only 3.677M, which is lower than the three baseline models of 8.013M, 4.302M, and 20.158M, respectively.

Denoising OCT videos based on temporal redundancy

The identification of eye diseases and their progression often relies on a clear visualization of the anatomy and on different metrics extracted from Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) B-scans. However, speckle noise hinders the quality of rapid OCT imaging, hampering the extraction and reliability of biomarkers that require time series. By synchronizing the acquisition of OCT images with the timing of the cardiac pulse, we transform a low-quality OCT video into a clear version by phase-wrapping each frame to the heart pulsation and averaging frames that correspond to the same instant in the cardiac cycle. Here, we compare the performance of our one-cycle denoising strategy with a deep-learning architecture, Noise2Noise, as well as classical denoising methods such as BM3D and Non-Local Means (NLM). We systematically analyze different image quality descriptors as well as region-specific metrics to assess the denoising performance based on the anatomy of the eye. The one-cycle method achieves the highest denoising performance, increases image quality and preserves the high-resolution structures within the eye tissues. The proposed workflow can be readily implemented in a clinical setting.

Impact of Brightness on Choroidal Vascularity Index.

The use of choroidal vascularization to diagnose and follow-up ocular and systemic pathologies has been consolidated in recent research. Unfortunately, the choroidal parameters can be different depending on the lighting settings of optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the brightness of OCT images could influence the measurements of choroidal parameters obtained by processing and analyzing scientific images with the ImageJ program. In this observational, prospective, non-randomized study, 148 eyes of 74 patients with a mean age of 30.7 ± 8.5 years (ranging from 23 to 61 years) were assessed. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmological examination including slit lamp, fundus oculi, ocular biometry, corneal tomography and spectral domain (SD) OCT evaluations of the foveal region in the enhanced depth imaging (EDI) mode. OCT images at two different brightness levels were obtained. The total choroidal area (TCA), choroidal vascularity index (CVI), stromal choroidal area (SCA) and luminal choroidal area (LCA) at both lower and higher brightness levels were measured. To avoid the bias of operator-dependent error, the lower and higher brightness TCAs were obtained using two methods: the manual tracking mode and fixed area. At the two different brightness levels, LCA, SCA and CVI measurements showed statistically significant changes (p < 0.05), whereas the TCA differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). According to the results of this study, highlighting that brightness could affect LCA, SCA and CVI parameters, care should be taken during OCT image acquisition.

Virtual Hall sensor triggered multi-MHz endoscopic OCT imaging for stable real-time visualization.

Circumferential scanning in endoscopic imaging is crucial across various disciplines, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) is often the preferred choice due to its high-speed, high-resolution, and micron-scale imaging capabilities. Moreover, real-time and high-speed 3D endoscopy is a pivotal technology for medical screening and precise surgical guidance, among other applications. However, challenges such as image jitter and non-uniform rotational distortion (NURD) are persistent obstacles that hinder real-time visualization during high-speed OCT procedures. To address this issue, we developed an innovative, low-cost endoscope that employs a brushless DC motor for scanning, and a sensorless technique for triggering and synchronizing OCT imaging with the scanning motor. This sensorless approach uses the motor's electrical feedback (back electromotive force, BEMF) as a virtual Hall sensor to initiate OCT image acquisition and synchronize it with a Fourier Domain Mode-Locked (FDML)-based Megahertz OCT system. Notably, the implementation of BEMF-triggered OCT has led to a substantial reduction in image jitter and NURD (<4 mrad), thereby opening up a new window for real-time visualization capabilities. This approach suggests potential benefits across various applications, aiming to provide a more accurate, deployable, and cost-effective solution. Subsequent studies can explore the adaptability of this system to specific clinical scenarios and its performance under practical endoscopic conditions.

Automated robot-assisted wide-field optical coherence tomography using structured light camera.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a promising real-time and non-invasive imaging technology widely utilized in biomedical and material inspection domains. However, limited field of view (FOV) in conventional OCT systems hampers their broader applicability. Here, we propose an automated system integrating a structured light camera and robotic arm for large-area OCT scanning. The system precisely detects tissue contours, automates scan path generation, and enables accurate scanning of expansive sample areas. The proposed system consists of a robotic arm, a three-dimensional (3D) structured light camera, and a customized portable OCT probe. The 3D structured light camera is employed to generate a precise 3D point cloud of the sample surface, enabling automatic planning of the scanning path for the robotic arm. Meanwhile, the OCT probe is mounted on the robotic arm, facilitating scanning of the sample along the predetermined path. Continuous OCT B-scans are acquired during the scanning process, facilitating the generation of high-resolution and large-area 3D OCT reconstructions of the sample. We conducted position error tests and presented examples of 3D macroscopic imaging of different samples, such as ex vivo kidney, skin and leaf blade. The robotic arm can accurately reach the planned positions with an average absolute error of approximately 0.16 mm. The findings demonstrate that the proposed system enables the acquisition of 3D OCT images covering an area exceeding 20 cm2, indicating wide-ranging potential for utilization in diverse domains such as biomedical, industrial, and agricultural fields.

Non-destructive Characterization of Skeletal Muscle Extracellular Matrix Morphology by Combining Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Imaging with Tissue Clearing.

Histology is an essential step to visualize and analyze the microstructure of any biological tissue; however, histological processing is often irreversible, and histological samples are unable to be imaged or tested further. In this work, a novel non-destructive protocol is proposed for morphological analysis of skeletal muscles, combining Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) imaging with Tissue Clearing. Imaging combining OCT and Propylene Glycol (PG) as a tissue-clearing agent, was performed on rat tail and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle. The results show that the extracellular matrix morphology of skeletal muscles, including muscular fibers and the whole microstructure architecture were clearly identified. PG improved OCT imaging as measured by image quality metric Contrast Per Pixel CPP (increases by 3.9%), Naturalness Image Quality Evaluator NIQE (decreases by 23%), and Volume of Interest VOI size (higher for CPP and lower for NIQE values). The tendon microstructure was observed with less precision, as collagen fibers could not be clearly detected. The reversibility of the optical effects of the PG on the immersed tissue (in a Phosphate-Buffered Saline solution) was studied comparing native and rehydrated OCT image acquisition from a single EDL sample. Optical properties and microstructure visibility (CPP and NIQE) have been recovered to 99% of the native sample values. Moreover, clearing process caused shrinkage of the tissue recovered to 86% of the original width. Future work will aim to employ the proposed experimental protocol to identify the local mechanical properties of biological tissues.

Quantifying the drug response of patient-derived organoid clusters by aggregated morphological indicators with multi-parameters based on optical coherence tomography.

Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) serve as excellent tools for personalized drug screening to predict clinical outcomes of cancer treatment. However, current methods for efficient quantification of drug response are limited. Herein, we develop a method for label-free, continuous tracking imaging and quantitative analysis of drug efficacy using PDOs. A self-developed optical coherence tomography (OCT) system was used to monitor the morphological changes of PDOs within 6 days of drug administration. OCT image acquisition was performed every 24 h. An analytical method for organoid segmentation and morphological quantification was developed based on a deep learning network (EGO-Net) to simultaneously analyze multiple morphological organoid parameters under the drug's effect. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) testing was conducted on the last day of drug treatment. Finally, a corresponding aggregated morphological indicator (AMI) was established using principal component analysis (PCA) based on the correlation analysis between OCT morphological quantification and ATP testing. Determining the AMI of organoids allowed quantitative evaluation of the PDOs responses to gradient concentrations and combinations of drugs. Results showed that there was a strong correlation (correlation coefficient >90%) between the results using the AMI of organoids and those from ATP testing, which is the standard test used for bioactivity measurement. Compared with single-time-point morphological parameters, the introduction of time-dependent morphological parameters can reflect drug efficacy with improved accuracy. Additionally, the AMI of organoids was found to improve the efficiency of 5-fluorouracil(5FU) against tumor cells by allowing the determination of the optimum concentration, and the discrepancies in response among different PDOs using the same drug combinations could also be measured. Collectively, the AMI established by OCT system combined with PCA could quantify the multidimensional morphological changes of organoids under the drug's effect, providing a simple and efficient tool for drug screening in PDOs.

Abstract 14241: Feasibility and Safety of Non-Contrast Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging Using Hydroxyethyl Starch in Coronary Arteries

Background/Objectives: Contemporary high-resolution intracoronary optical coherence tomography (OCT) requires injection of flushing media for image acquisition. There is a growing need for an alternative flushing media other than iodine contrast to reduce the risk of acute kidney injury. To address this issue, we investigated the safety and feasibility of hydroxyethyl starch (pentastarch) as a flushing media for OCT image acquisition and compared with the contrast media flushed images. Methods: We prospectively enrolled 43 patients with 70 coronary lesions (46 stented and 24 pre-stented or non-culprit lesions). Paired OCT images were obtained by manual injection of iodine contrast (average 12 mL), followed by pentastarch (average 15 mL). A total of 162 runs (81 pairs) were analyzed and each OCT pullback was assessed on a frame-by-frame basis by automated customized lumen contour and stent strut segmentation algorithm. Results: Image quality as assessed by proportion of clear image segments were comparable between the contrast media and pentastarch flushed images (93.3% vs. 93.7%; p=0.501). Pixel-based flushing capability showed no significant difference between the paired image segments (median(IQR), 0.951(0.947-0.953) vs. 0.951(0.949-0.952), p=0.264; Figure). Quantitative measurements of minimal stent area (R 2 =0.977, p&lt;0.001), minimal lumen area (R 2 =0.983, p&lt;0.001) correlated well between the paired OCT runs. There were no clinically relevant complications associated with OCT imaging with pentastarch such as anaphylaxis, life-threatening arrhythmia, or acute renal deterioration. Conclusions: Intracoronary OCT using pentastarch is safe and technically feasible without affecting the optical signal intensity and overall image quality. Non-contrast imaging with pentastarch significantly reduces the obligatory iodine contrast load, therefore, could be considered as a promising strategy in high-risk patients for renal impairment.

Visualizing Inside Conduits—Intraoperative Screening of Grafts by Optical Coherence Tomography

PurposeSaphenous vein graft (SVG) failure is a complex phenomenon, with technical, biologic, and local factors contributing to early and medium- and long-term failure after coronary artery bypass graft. Both technical and conduit factors may have significant impact on early SVG failure. DescriptionWe review the complex factors that play a pathogenic role in SVG failure, followed by review of the existing literature on potential utility of high-definition optical coherence tomography (OCT) in comprehensive intraoperative assessment of SVGs. EvaluationWe describe a new technique for intraoperative acquisition of OCT images in the harvested SVGs and introduce a classification system for pathologic processes that can be detected in the harvested SVG conduits by OCT. ConclusionsThe potential impact on early graft failure of the exclusion of segments of SVGs that are less than optimal (ie, containing fibroatheroma, retained thrombus, sclerotic valves, or procurement injury) will be examined in the randomized controlled OCTOCAB (Intraoperative Optical Coherence Tomography of the Saphenous Vein Conduit in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery) trial.

Abstract 12618: Feasibility of Non-Contrast Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging in Coronary Arteries

Background/Objectives: Contemporary high-resolution intracoronary optical coherence tomography (OCT) requires injection of flushing media for image acquisition to avoid signal attenuation by red blood cells. There is a growing need for an alternative flushing media other than iodine contrast to reduce the risk of renal dysfunction. To address this issue, we investigated the safety and feasibility of pentastarch solution as a flushing media for OCT image acquisition and compared with the contrast media flushed images. Methods/Results: We prospectively enrolled 12 patients with 15 coronary lesions (12 stented lesions and 3 non-culprit lesions). Paired OCT images were obtained by manual injection of iodine contrast (average 12 mL), followed by pentastarch (average 18-20 mL). A total of 30 runs were analyzed and each OCT pullback was assessed on a frame-by-frame basis by automated customized pixel-wise comparison algorithm. The number of clear image segments (CIS) and pre-specified quantitative measurements were compared between the paired OCT images. Image quality as assessed by proportion of CIS showed no significant difference between the contrast media and pentastarch (98.5% vs. 97.5%; p=0.850). Quantitative measurements including minimal lumen area, mean lumen area, and pixel-wise blood flushing capability correlated well between the paired image segments (p&lt;0.001) (Figure). There were no clinically relevant complications associated with OCT imaging with pentastarch administration such as anaphylactic reaction, life-threatening arrhythmia, heart failure, or acute renal deterioration. Conclusions: Intracoronary OCT using pentastarch is safe and technically feasible without affecting the optical signal intensity and overall image quality. Non-contrast imaging with pentastarch significantly reduces the obligatory iodine contrast load, therefore, could be considered as a promising strategy in high-risk patients for renal impairment.

Utilization potential of intraluminal optical coherence tomography for the Eustachian tube

Imaging the Eustachian tube is challenging because of its complex anatomy and limited accessibility. This study fabricated a fiber-based optical coherence tomography (OCT) catheter and investigated its potential for assessing the Eustachian tube anatomy. A customized OCT system and an imaging catheter, termed the Eustachian OCT, were developed for visualizing the Eustachian tube. Three male swine cadaver heads were used to study OCT image acquisition and for subsequent histologic correlation. The imaging catheter was introduced through the nasopharyngeal opening and reached toward the middle ear. The OCT images were acquired from the superior to the nasopharyngeal opening before and after Eustachian tube balloon dilatation. The histological anatomy of the Eustachian tube was compared with corresponding OCT images, The new, Eustachian OCT catheter was successfully inserted in the tubal lumen without damage. Cross-sectional images of the tube were successfully obtained, and the margins of the anatomical structures including cartilage, mucosa lining, and fat could be successfully delineated. After balloon dilatation, the expansion of the cross-sectional area could be identified from the OCT images. Using the OCT technique to assess the Eustachian tube anatomy was shown to be feasible, and the fabricated OCT image catheter was determined to be suitable for Eustachian tube assessment.

Optical Coherence Tomography-Guided Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Low-Molecular-Weight Dextran - Effect on Renal Function.

The excessive volume of contrast needed is a significant limitation of optical coherence tomography (OCT)-guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Low-molecular-weight dextran (LMWD) has been used for OCT image acquisition instead of contrast media. This study compared the effects of OCT-guided PCI using LMWD on renal function and clinical outcomes to those of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-guided PCI.Methods and Results:In all, 1,183 consecutive patients who underwent intracoronary imaging-guided PCI were enrolled in this single-center, retrospective, observational study. After propensity score matching, 133 pairs of patients were assigned to undergo either OCT-guided PCI using LMWD or IVUS-guided PCI. There was no significant change from baseline in the primary endpoint, serum creatinine concentrations, after the procedure in either group. There were no significant differences between the OCT and IVUS groups in the volume of contrast medium, the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy (1.5% vs. 2.3%; P=0.65), and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) at 30 days (2.3% vs. 6.0%; P=0.12) and 12 months (2.3% vs. 3.0%; P=0.70) after the procedure. Kaplan-Meier analysis at the 12-month follow-up revealed no significant difference in the incidence of MACE between the 2 groups (P=0.75). OCT-guided PCI using LMWD did not negatively affect renal function and achieved similar short- and long-term clinical outcomes to IVUS-guided PCI.

An assessment of the quality of optical coherence tomography image acquisition.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides excellent image resolution, however OCT optimal acquisition is essential but could be challenging owing to several factors. We sought to assess the quality of OCT pullbacks and identify the causes of suboptimal image acquisition. We evaluated 784 (404 pre-PCI; 380 post-PCI) coronary pullbacks from an anonymized OCT database from our Cardiovascular Imaging Core Laboratory. Imaging of the region-of-interest (ROI-lesion or stented segment plus references) was incomplete in 16.1% pullbacks, caused by pullback starting too proximal (63.7%), inappropriate pullback length (17.1%) and pullback starting too distal (11.4%). The quality of image acquisition was excellent in 36.3% pullbacks; whereas 4% pullbacks were unanalyzable. Pullback quality was most commonly affected by poor blood displacement from inadequate contrast volume (27.4%) or flow (25.6%), followed by artifacts (24.1%). Acquisition mode was 'High-Resolution' (54mm) in 74.4% and 'Survey' (75mm) in 25.6% of cases. The 54mm mode was associated with incomplete ROI imaging (p = 0.020) and inadequate contrast volume (p = 0.035). We observed a substantial frequency of suboptimal image acquisition and identified its causes, most of which can be addressed with minor modifications during the procedure, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Optical coherence tomography imaging after endovascular thrombectomy: a novel method for evaluating vascular injury in a swine model.

Although studies have shown that some degree of iatrogenic endothelial injury occurs during endovascular thrombectomy (EVT), the clinical significance of such injury is uncertain. Furthermore, it is likely that iatrogenic effects such as endothelial denudation, intimal dissection, and tunica media edema will have varying clinical implications. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of endovascular optical coherence tomography (OCT) in quantifying vessel injury in real time after EVT, correlate vessel injury with histological findings, and perform imaging at varying time intervals after EVT to assess the impact of prolonged direct exposure of the vessel to the thrombus. Yorkshire swine weighing 35-40 kg were selected for use as the animal model, with a total of 9 vessels from 3 swine examined. Thrombectomy was performed using a second-generation stent retriever 1, 3, and 6 hours after thrombus deposition. The presence and degree of denudation of the endothelium, detachment and separation of the layers of the tunic media, hemorrhage within the media, dissection of the vessels, and thrombus within the lumina were assessed using OCT images acquired immediately after EVT. Bland-Altman analysis indicated that these OCT findings were correlated with postmortem histological findings. OCT image acquisition was technically successful in all cases. Endothelial denudation was present in 65% ± 16%, 87% ± 8%, and 93% ± 7% of the vessel surface 1, 3, and 6 hours, respectively, after thrombus deposition and subsequent EVT. Residual intraluminal thrombus was present in vessels at all time intervals despite complete angiographic revascularization. Bland-Altman plots showed good agreement between OCT and histological analysis with respect to the degree of endothelial denudation and elevation, separation of the tunica media, and hemorrhage within the media. OCT appears to be more specific than histological analysis in detecting endothelial elevation. OCT is a feasible method that can be used to assess vascular injury after EVT with histological accuracy. Varying degrees of vessel injury occur after EVT, and residual luminal thrombus can be present despite complete angiographic revascularization.

Three-dimensional OCT Compressed Sensing using the shearlet transform under continuous trajectories sampling

Abstract Background Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is an emerging medical imaging technology. It is well suited to various medical applications requiring tissue imaging with micrometer resolution and millimeter penetration depth such as in ophthalmology and dermatology. Despite its numerous advantages, OCT has a long acquisition time for high-resolution images or volumes. This paper deals with the development of a Compressed, Sensing (CS) paradigm for faster 3-dimensional OCT image acquisition. Methods The proposed framework includes three main steps: 1) defining a random-like and parameterizable and continuous scanning trajectories that must be compatible with a smooth mechanical scan, 2) rasterizing the scanning trajectory to make it achievable by a physical system (i.e. galvanometer mirrors), and 3) incorporating a high sparsifying data technique so-called 3D shearlet transform into the compressed sensing scheme. Actually, shearlet transform is mathematically optimal for multidimensional data decomposition and has been proven more efficient than classical ones such as those obtained by wavelet or curvelet transforms. Actually, shearlet system provides a very efficient tool for encoding anisotropic features (such as edges in images) in multivariate problem classes. Results Numerical simulations and ex vivo experiments were carried out. The obtained results showed the ability of the proposed method to recover OCT images and volumes with high fidelity for different subsampling rates and scanning schemes, demonstrating the relevance of the proposed approach.

Optical Coherence Tomography as an Adjunct During Carotid Artery Stenting for Carotid Atherosclerotic Disease.

Carotid artery stenting (CAS) has been proven to decrease the risk of stroke in symptomatic patients with moderate/high-grade carotid stenosis; however, there is an increased periprocedural risk of stroke with CAS compared to carotid endarterectomy. The goal of this article is to report the utilization of endovascular optical coherence tomography (OCT) during CAS to aid in the identification of stent malapposition, plaque prolapse, and adjacent residual thrombus that could cause periprocedural stroke. Approval was obtained for endovascular OCT imaging in patients undergoing CAS. Images were obtained before and after stenting. Images were acquired with proximal balloon occlusion and saline to clear luminal blood during acquisition. Atotal of seven patients provided informed consent for imaging. There were no complications during image acquisition or the stenting procedure. Optical coherence tomography imaging revealed free intraluminal red thrombi, fibrous cap dissections, and thin cap fibroatheromas with underlying ulcerative plaques. Plaque herniation through stents was also demonstrated along with thrombus. Poor stent apposition was clearly visible. Optical coherence tomography image acquisition was found to be safe, effective, and to provide valuable information about plaque morphology and stent-vessel interactions. The role of perioperative anticoagulation after stenting should be re-evaluated given the new findings. Astudy comparing CAS with and without OCT with aclinical primary outcome such as ipsilateral stroke could help determine if OCT is an innovative tool to guide stenting and antithrombotic management.

100.05 An Assessment of the Quality of Optical Coherence Tomography Image Acquisition: Are We Doing the Basics Right?

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides excellent image resolution but requires blood displacement with contrast injection for image acquisition, as opposed to other intravascular imaging modalities. In addition, there are other small differences that make the process more challenging, such as

Mother-and-child catheter-facilitated optical coherence tomography: A novel approach to improve intracoronary imaging.

Our aim was to prospectively analyze the usefulness of mother-and-child catheter approach with the GuideLiner® (GL) catheter extension system to overcome some potential limitations associated with the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT). We included consecutive patients referred to our institution for coronary angiogram in whom OCT image acquisition was obtained using GL. From February 2015 to May 2016, a total of 19 procedures (18 patients) were prospectively included. In more than two thirds of the procedures, the OCT catheter was unable to cross the coronary stenosis prior to the use of GL. The right coronary artery was the most frequently involved coronary vessel (63%). The main reason for using GL (47% of cases) was poor engagement of the coronary ostium and lack of support of the guiding catheter (47%). Eventually, in 18 out of 19 procedures, a good quality OCT image was obtained and, when indicated, successful percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation was performed. Of note, there were no serious complications related to the use of GL during OCT imaging. Optical coherence tomography through a catheter extension system is a useful technique able to overcome some of the limitations associated with this imaging technique ensuring adequate blood clearance and thus optimal image quality.

Optical Coherence Tomography in the UK Biobank Study - Rapid Automated Analysis of Retinal Thickness for Large Population-Based Studies.

PurposeTo describe an approach to the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging in large, population-based studies, including methods for OCT image acquisition, storage, and the remote, rapid, automated analysis of retinal thickness.MethodsIn UK Biobank, OCT images were acquired between 2009 and 2010 using a commercially available “spectral domain” OCT device (3D OCT-1000, Topcon). Images were obtained using a raster scan protocol, 6 mm x 6 mm in area, and consisting of 128 B-scans. OCT image sets were stored on UK Biobank servers in a central repository, adjacent to high performance computers. Rapid, automated analysis of retinal thickness was performed using custom image segmentation software developed by the Topcon Advanced Biomedical Imaging Laboratory (TABIL). This software employs dual-scale gradient information to allow for automated segmentation of nine intraretinal boundaries in a rapid fashion.Results67,321 participants (134,642 eyes) in UK Biobank underwent OCT imaging of both eyes as part of the ocular module. 134,611 images were successfully processed with 31 images failing segmentation analysis due to corrupted OCT files or withdrawal of subject consent for UKBB study participation. Average time taken to call up an image from the database and complete segmentation analysis was approximately 120 seconds per data set per login, and analysis of the entire dataset was completed in approximately 28 days.ConclusionsWe report an approach to the rapid, automated measurement of retinal thickness from nearly 140,000 OCT image sets from the UK Biobank. In the near future, these measurements will be publically available for utilization by researchers around the world, and thus for correlation with the wealth of other data collected in UK Biobank. The automated analysis approaches we describe may be of utility for future large population-based epidemiological studies, clinical trials, and screening programs that employ OCT imaging.

Method for single illumination source combined optical coherence tomography and fluorescence imaging of fluorescently labeled ocular structures in transgenic mice

In vivo imaging permits longitudinal study of ocular disease processes in the same animal over time. Two different in vivo optical imaging modalities – optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescence – provide important structural and cellular data respectively about disease processes. In this Methods in Eye Research article, we describe and demonstrate the combination of these two modalities producing a truly simultaneous OCT and fluorescence imaging system for imaging of fluorescently labeled animal models. This system uses only a single light source to illuminate both modalities, and both share the same field of view. This allows simultaneous acquisition of OCT and fluorescence images, and the benefits of both techniques are realized without incurring increased costs in variability, light exposure, time, and post-processing effort as would occur when the modalities are used separately. We then utilized this system to demonstrate multi-modal imaging in a progression of samples exhibiting both fluorescence and OCT scattering beginning with resolution targets, ex vivo thy1-YFP labeled neurons in mouse eyes, and finally an in vivo longitudinal time course of GFP labeled myeloid cells in a mouse model of ocular allergy.