Opposite Shore Research Articles

From “Living in History” to “Ghost Town”: Hasankeyf’s Lost Social Values

ABSTRACT In 2020, the Ilısu Dam partially flooded the historic town of Hasankeyf in southeast Türkiye. To mitigate the impact of flooding, the government launched a program to relocate the town’s residents, along with some historic monuments and archaeological remains, to a new town situated on the opposite shore. Hasankeyf’s heritage embodied strong social values for its residents and had a central presence in their daily, spiritual, and recreational lives. The mitigation efforts, however, failed to recognize these values, and the townspeople played no role in the decision-making processes. This article examines the adverse impacts of the Ilısu Dam project on Hasankeyf’s social values by bringing to the fore local relocation experiences and discussing the sociocultural and economic outcomes that have emerged in the post-relocation context. As the case of Hasankeyf illustrates, mitigation efforts that overlook local concerns might result in heritage destruction for dam-affected populations.

Approaches to substantiating the placement of industrial facilities within the sanitary protection zones of surface watercourses

Introduction. The article considers an approach to be used to delineate the source water protection area for the surface water bodies without putting manufacturing plants within the delineated areas out of action. The approach is based on the assessment of the disposals produced by plants on the water quality at the surface water intake point during the plant’s accident-free operation and both accidents within and beyond the design basis. Materials and methods. The article used the water protection area laws and regulations, the data observed of the disposal dispersion in the large rivers, and the original articles presented in databases and information systems: RSCI, CyberLeninka, Scopus, Web of Science. The solute transport analytical solutions for the dilution of the linear source in the flow serve as the methodological framework. Results. The article results have shown the local disposal into the river to form dispersion halo. Due to the specific dispersion processes, an area of a strip-like shape on the opposite shore can be formed where an anthropogenic influence is not present or negligible. This can be considered the background for the safe cooperative operation of the water intake and a manufacturing plant located within the water protection area. Limitations. The present article outlines the analytical approach for estimating the dilution of wastewater in river waters. The methodologies proposed are subject to several constraints, including the assumption of a constant river channel width and profile, steady discharge of contaminated wastewater, absence of water inflow losses or replenishment, lack of interaction with suspended particulate matter, uniform mixing across all segments of the river, and neglect of wind-induced effects on pollutant dispersion near the water surface. Failure to meet any of these assumptions necessitates recourse to more sophisticated numerical modelling techniques for accurate calculation. Conclusion. The use of the approach presented in the paper allows justifying the manufacturing plant’s operation within the source water protection area for the surface water bodies.

메이지시기에 발행된 조선지도와 국경

This study categorizes and analyzes the characteristics of maps depicting Korea published during the Meiji era, focusing on the representation of borders. Approximately 100 such maps were published during this period, with publication peaks coinciding with significant events in Japan-Korea relations, such as the Unyō Incident, the Imo Mutiny, the Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War, and the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty. The maps of Korea published in Japan during this era can be classified into five types based on their border representations. Type A maps, which include the Manchurian region south of the Heilong (Amur) River, were only published before the Unyō Incident. Type B maps, incorporating neutral zones on the opposite shores of the Yalu and Tumen Rivers, were published only until the Sino-Japanese War. Both A and B type maps reflect an extended territorial perception of Korea north of the Yalu and Tumen Rivers. Type C maps, depicting the Yalu River, Mount Baekdu, and the Tumen River as borders, became the predominant representation of Korea during the Meiji era. These maps reflected more accurate topographical information from late Joseon period maps adopted by Japan. Type D maps, which exclude Mount Baekdu, were published from immediately after the Imo Mutiny until shortly after the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War. They were frequently used in Northeast Asian maps to represent Korea. Type E maps, including Gando 間島 as Korean territory, began to appear in 1894 and were published intensively during the Russo-Japanese War period, continuing until 1910. The concentrated publication of these maps around the Russo-Japanese War reflects Japan’s growing interest in Gando as it aimed to advance into Manchuria. The surge in demand for maps of Korea followed the rise of Seikanron (the “Conquest of Korea” debates) after the Meiji Restoration. Initially, due to insufficient geographical data from direct surveys, Japan had to rely on re-edited versions of previously collected historical Korean maps. As Japan conducted more direct surveys of Korea, their understanding of Korean borders became clearer, particularly around the time of the Sino-Japanese War.

Why Windsor deindustrialized differently than Detroit

ABSTRACT This paper examines the divergent trajectories of automotive investment and employment in Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario. Located on opposite shores of the Detroit River, in the United States and Canada respectively, Detroit and Windsor are the founding cities of the North American auto industry. Long dominated by the Big Three, their factories have produced vehicles for the same continental market since 1965. Each has weathered parallel challenges since then, including spikes in the price of oil, the Big Three’s loss of market share, the transition to lean production, and the near-collapses of Chrysler and GM. Yet Detroit began deindustrializing decades earlier and lost much more employment than Windsor. To determine why, we compared their automotive sectors from 1900 to the 2010s. Since the Depression, each city has repeatedly confronted the prospect of deindustrialization, but three factors have made Windsor more resilient: (1) federal and provincial interventions on its behalf, (2) Windsor’s greater competitiveness with respect to factor costs, quality, and innovation, and (3) Windsor’s annexation of outlying territory to capture new factories. These differences show how national, subnational, and regional/local policies have mediated corporate decision-making to produce a variegated North American Rust Belt, with Canada outperforming the United States.

Holocene gigascale rock avalanches in Vaigat strait, West Greenland—Implications for geohazard

Abstract Rock avalanche–triggered displacement waves (also termed tsunamis) have recently occurred in Greenland and Alaska, and they illustrate the presence of such hazards in polar regions. To improve understanding of the magnitude of this hazard for these areas, we investigated gigascale subaerial rock avalanches impacting a partially confined water body within the Vaigat strait (western Greenland). We present a new combined subaerial to subaqueous digital elevation model, alongside a new compilation of seismic data, which revealed nine deglacial to Holocene rock avalanche complexes that are between one and two orders of magnitude larger than nearby historical rock avalanches. The three largest complexes have deposit thicknesses up to 300 m, runout distances reaching 19 km, and best-estimate volumes from 1.7 to 8.4 km3. Based on the morphology and the volume–angle of reach relations, it is likely that each complex represents a single or few events, thus making them among the largest displacement wave–generating subaerial to submarine rock avalanches on Earth. We estimated displacement wave magnitude up to 280 m on the opposite shore. The ages of the deposits are poorly constrained but the main rock avalanche activity is referable to early Holocene times. With significant climatic changes predicted in the Arctic, we recommend that hazard assessments account for events not only from the historical record but also those from the recent geological past.

Vznik a zánik narativu na příkladu putování jedné svatojánské sochy

Using the example of the statue of St John of Nepomuk outside Saint John the Baptist Church (Na Prádle) in Prague’s Lesser Town, the author presents a reflection on the wide range of ideas upon which the narrative of a historical monument located in the city’s landscape depends on. This sculpture is especially admired as an example of Baroque art. The location of this statue in front of Saint John the Baptist Church is one of the factors that creates the impression of a picturesque and visually attractive spot. At the same time, however, this statue is known to have been originally located on the opposite shore of the Vltava River. Until the beginning of the 20th century, it was part of a religious cult, and its presence in the Cattle Market (now Charles Square) was seen as part of a greater pilgrimage site in which St John of Nepomuk was revered. By studying sources and literature, the author gradually uncovers layers of meanings intertwined with this particular work. At the same time, the author reflects on the possible consequences of transferring (not only) religious monuments from their original locations, especially with regard to the city’s memory.

Forecast of changes in the beach condition of the Yuzhne city under the influence natural factors

The study of the factors of degradation and the forecast of the state of recreational areas of the coast to prevent their negative changes is relevant. Purpose. Forecast of changes in the condition of the Yuzhne beach, provision of general proposals for its protection from degradation. Methods. Mathematical statistics, linear analysis and mathematical modeling, comparative analysis, cartographic and grapho-analytical studies. Results. The beach of Yuzhne is located on the coast of the Black Sea. Its length is approximately 700 m. The southern direction in the sector 180±22.5⁰ is dangerous for waves. The distance from the beach to the opposite shore (wave acceleration) is 540-610 km. The boundary between the shallow and deep water zones is at a distance of approximately 200 km with a depth of 75 m. With southerly winds, recurring once every 25 years, on the approach to the shallow water zone with a depth of 50-75 m, a developed disturbance with extreme wave parameters is formed, which, transforming in the shallow water zone, significantly affects the coast. A profile of relative dynamic equilibrium with a length of 1,200 m and a depth at this distance of 11.2 m is formed during the calculated disturbance. From the water cut, the boundary between the near-cut and surf zones is located at a distance of 220 m with a depth of 3.6 m. Regardless of the standing water level, the calculated storm destroys the original shore at the extreme parts of the beach. When the sea level is high, the disturbance moves the destroyed material with the beach material into the cut-off zone, while the water cut at the 0.0 m BS mark does not change its planned location. The amount of beach material on the upper part of the coastal slope may decrease significantly. At an average level of the sea, the washing away of destroyed and beach material is accompanied by the advance of the water cut toward the sea for a distance of up to 20 m, but at the same time, a decrease in beach material on the above-water part of the coastal slope is also observed. Conclusion. Without taking special protection measures, the beach of the Yuzhne city will degrade in the future. In areas of the beach, in order to prevent its erosion, it is necessary to erect a retaining wall with a backfilling layer. An option for an active method of protection can be the construction of permeable bunkers on the beach or an intermittent breakwater at a distance from the shore. Such protection will not impede the alongshore transport of sand. Dunes or waves will contribute to the accumulation of sand on the beach. At the same time, after strong storms from the southern direction, with high sea level, episodic additions of sand to the beach are necessary

An optimized DEM‐SPH model for surge waves induced by riverside landslides

AbstractRiverside landslides can induce surge waves during the process of entering water. The landslide‐induced surge wave is often regarded as a significant secondary disaster, as its impact region is likely to be even more remarkable than the landslide itself. Due to the large deformation of the soil landslide and water body during the evolution of surge waves, commonly adopted multi‐phase flow models and mesh‐based methods coupled with discrete element models have some limitations, such as weak accuracy, and simulation distortion with immature coupling algorithms. As a result, the pure meshless method of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) coupling discrete element methods (DEM) become promising. Modified from the traditional empirical formulae‐based coupling algorithm, this study proposes a semi‐resolved algorithm that effectively eliminates the particle distortion at the fluid‐solid coupling interface. The proposed model demonstrates its superiority through a comparison of the pressure and porosity near the coupling interface. Furthermore, the optimized DEM‐SPH model is applied to simulate landslide‐induced surge waves, and the simulation results have also validated the accuracy of the model. This model is capable of accurately simulating the entire propagation process from landslide entry into water to the wave reaching the opposite shore, and therefore provides an effective tool for the prediction and mitigation of wave hazards caused by landslides.

Could secondary flows have made possible the cross-strait transport and explosive invasion of Rugulopteryx okamurae algae in the Strait of Gibraltar?

Presently, the Strait of Gibraltar is undergoing an unprecedented invasion of the alien alga Rugulopteryx okamurae of North Pacific origin. According to the scarce literature, the algae first settled in the south shore, probably following commercial exchanges with French ports where it was accidentally introduced together with Japanese oysters imported for mariculture. There is no certainty, however, that the algae first colonized the south shore of the Strait and, from there, spread to the north. It could well have been the opposite. Whatever the case, it spread all over the Strait and surrounding areas with amazing rapidity. Human-mediated vectors (algae attached to ship hulls or fishing nets, for example) can be behind the spread from the shore initially settled to the algae-free shore on the opposite side. But it could also have happened by means of hydrodynamic processes without direct human intervention. This possibility is assessed in this paper by revisiting historical current meter profiles collected in the Strait of Gibraltar searching for secondary cross-strait flows. All the stations present an intermediate layer of northward cross-strait velocity near the interface of the mean baroclinic exchange along with a surface layer above of southward velocity, whose lower part also overlaps the interface zone. The first one would back the south-to-north transport of algal fragments, the second one, the north-to south. In both cases, algae must reach the depth of the interface. The vertical velocity field in the area, which far exceeds the small sedimentation velocity of the algae, allows their vertical displacements throughout the water column. Its endurance to survive under the weak or no light conditions that will prevail during the cross-strait transport and its capability of reactivating the metabolism after this unfavorable period, offers chances for colonizing the opposite shore. Therefore, the propagation of the algae by hydrodynamic processes, without human intervention, cannot be ruled out.

전통 법제에서 포락(浦落) 및 이생(泥生)에 관한 관습

In this study, I traced the custom of paddy field loss(浦落), which is recognized as the cause of the loss of land ownership in the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court decision. The paddy field loss was not judged as the cause of the loss of ownership from the Chosun Dynasty to the enlightenment period. According to the custom in the traditional society, when the paddy field loss was caused due to flooding and the land was submerged in a river, and a new land(泥生地) was created by the mud formation on the opposite shore or downstream of a river, the landowner of the paddy field loss could obtain the ownership of the new land. In addition, it can be seen that the legal principles of paddy field loss(浦落) and mud formation due to flooding(泥生) in the Chosun Dynasty are similarly applied to civil trials in the enlightenment period. However, the custom on paddy field loss and mud formation due to flooding has been no longer recognized by the decision of the Chosun High Court on November 1918. And in 1927, the Chosun Stream Order(朝鮮河川令) was enacted, which specified that the land which has become the public stream due to paddy field loss is not the subject of ownership in the text of the law. After liberation, the Supreme Court had faithfully succeeded the regulations of Chosun Stream Order(朝鮮河川令) and the decision by Chosun High Court. Therefore, the decision of supreme court has maintained that 'the land ownership is lost due to paddy field loss. In the traditional society, paddy field loss and mud formation due to flooding were approached in terms of the efficiency of the national tax administration. On the other hand, in the modern society after the Japanese colonial period, there is a difference in approaching paddy field loss and mud formation due to flooding as a matter of who belongs to land ownership.

Identifying marine debris source position using adjoint marginal sensitivity method and stranded beach litter data in Singapore

Movement of marine debris is transboundary and complex, travelling vast distances and accumulating on shorelines. These marine debris wash ashore as stranded beach litter. The objective of this work is to identify release sources of marine debris accumulated along the Singapore coastlines collected by applying a time-backward adjoint marginal sensitivity method and citizen science data of stranded beach litter by a voluntary beach clean-up group. A popular tourist hotspot on the opposite shore was estimated as a possible release source contributing to the marine debris accumulation. This analytical result was validated by population density, industry types, rainfall, and inference from product packaging labels. The use of the citizen science data also illustrated potential as a data source for baseline monitoring and long-term cross-border research that influence policymaking. Future research can be conducted in an expanded domain, considering monsoon effects and instantaneous release events.

Mediterranean Captivity through Arab Eyes, 1517–1798

Mediterranean Captivity through Arab Eyes, 1517–1798

Fugitive Archives: Translation, Sea, and History in Indian Ocean Fiction

Abstract This article explores the representation of multilingual Indian Ocean pasts in novels by Amitav Ghosh and Abdulrazak Gurnah, two key contemporary postcolonial writers from the opposite shores of the ocean. It theorizes the historical impulse in the novels as anarchival drift, which refers to the self-conscious mode of rewriting the past that subjects the archive to the instability and fluidity of the sea. Ghosh’s Sea of Poppies (2006) and Gurnah’s Paradise (1994) both tell stories of forced displacements in the nineteenth-century Indian Ocean; both rewrite colonial archives in order to depict cross-cultural interactions, employing various self-reflexive textual strategies that draw attention to the linguistic and archival mediations operating in those encounters. This article examines these textual moments alongside the novels’ archival sources—specifically, nineteenth-century colonial dictionaries and Swahili travelogues—to argue that the self-reflexivity results from the multiplicity of linguistic registers on which these texts operate, making visible the translative processes imbricated in transoceanic historical forces. While both novels appeal to the linguistic aspects of cross-cultural interactions, the article traces the divergent ways in which the semantic drift among languages stage the materiality and historicity of trans-oceanic encounters.

Anthropogenic impact on the shores and the bottom of the Jebriyan bay in the Northwestern part of the Black Sea


 
 
 
 The Jebriyan Bay is located in the northern part of the Kiliya Danube Delta, at a junction of the delta cone and the indigenous coast. This is a zone of very high anthropogenic impact on the Danube Biosphere Reserve. The two opposite shores of this bay are fundamentally different. Along the northern shore, the Northwest coastal sand sediment flows discharge from the Cape of the Great Fontanne to the Jebriyan Bay. That is why the northern coast of the bay is made up of sandy forms of coastal topography (marine accumulative terrace and spit). The southern coast is deltaic; composed of a mixture of muddy, siltstone and sandy sediments. The area of the bay is limited to isobaths –11 m and is about 80 km2. The bottom of the bay has a gentle relief, made up of smooth outlines, with an average depth of 6.2 m. The shape of the transverse profile of the underwater slope is mostly convex. The natural system of the bay was affected by fishing, recreation, shipping and industrial sand production on coastal accumulative landforms. Coastal fishing uses a system of fixed bottom seines and small motorized floating equipment. Recreational facilities are designed to serve about 350 thousand people during the warm period each year. The impact of shipping was expressed in the construction and operation of the seaport of Ust-Dunaysk, together with suitable canal and the technical canal between the sea and the branch of the delta breakthrough the system of the large Ochakov branch. The ladle port had an area of about 1.5 km2, a maximal depth of 16 m, and an average depth of 13.7 m. The trough was connected to the Ochakov branch of the Danube Delta by a technical canal with a depth of 4 m. Vessels could enter the harbor of Ust-Danube through an access navigation channel with a depth of 11–12 m and a bottom width of 125 m. The port was used for the transshipment of large containers, general forest cargo from ocean vessels (displacement of 60–100 thousand tons) on regular sea lines from the countries of Southeast Asia to the Black Sea, to the Danube and further to the countries of Central Europe and to the ports of the North and the Baltic Seas. But it was unfortunate that the port construction site did not last as expected. Between 1980–2010 the harbor and approach canal of Ust-Dunaysk were filled with Danube river sediments. The example of Jebriyan Bay has shown that when executing any type of sustainable nature management project, it is very important to take into account the natural milieu.
 
 
 

Discovering the opposite shore: How did hominins cross sea straits?

Understanding hominin expansions requires the comprehension of movement processes at different scales. In many models of hominin expansion these processes are viewed as being determined by large-scale effects, such as changes in climate and vegetation spanning continents and thousands or even millions of years. However, these large-scale patterns of expansions also need to be considered as possibly resulting from the accumulation of small-scale decisions of individual hominins. Moving on a continental scale may for instance involve crossing a water barrier. We present a generalized agent-based model for simulating the crossing of a water barrier where the agents represent the hominin individuals. The model can be configured to represent a variety of movement modes across water. Here, we compare four different behavioral scenarios in conjunction with a set of water barrier configurations, in which agents move in water by either paddling, drifting, swimming or rafting. We introduce the crossing-success-rate (CSR) to quantify the performance in water crossing. Our study suggests that more focus should be directed towards the exploration of behavioral models for hominins, as directionality may be a more powerful factor for crossing a barrier than environmental opportunities alone. A prerequisite for this is to perceive the opposite shore. Furthermore, to provide a comprehensive understanding of hominin expansions, the CSR allows for the integration of results obtained from small-scale simulations into large-scale models for hominin expansion.

The First Italo-Ethiopian Clash over the Control of Eritrea and the Origins of Rome’s Imperialism

In the wake of Italy’s unification, the country’s expansionist designs were aimed, as expected, toward the opposite shore of the Mediterranean. The barrage of developments that took place in this strategic area would shape the country’s future alliances and colonial policies. The fear of French aggression on the coast of North Africa drove officials in Rome to the camp of the Central Powers, a diplomatic move of great importance for Europe’s evolution prior to World War I. The disturbance of the Mediterranean balance of power, when France occupied Tunisia and Britain held Cyprus and Egypt, the inability to find a colony in proximity to Italy, and a series of diplomatic defeats led Roman officials to look to the Red Sea and to provoke war with the Ethiopian Empire.

The First Italo-Ethiopian Clash over the Control of Eritrea and the Origins of Rome's Imperialism

Abstract In the wake of Italy's unification, the country's expansionist designs were aimed, as expected, toward the opposite shore of the Mediterranean. The barrage of developments that took place in this strategic area would shape the country's future alliances and colonial policies. The fear of French aggression on the coast of North Africa drove officials in Rome to the camp of the Central Powers, a diplomatic move of great importance for Europe's evolution prior to World War I. The disturbance of the Mediterranean balance of power, when France occupied Tunisia and Britain held Cyprus and Egypt, the inability to find a colony in proximity to Italy, and a series of diplomatic defeats led Roman officials to look to the Red Sea and to provoke war with the Ethiopian Empire.

Ballad

Ballad MICHALIS GANAS (Translated by Avi Sharon) Days come where I forget my name. Rain-soaked nights come cotton fogs the flour becomes grain then cornstalk peak July with countless scythes whispers in the middle of winter. I see the fabric of the world unravel the hand that untwines it invisible and I shudder if the thread were cut. Thread of water warp without memory transparent drop on moss and lichen snow-down on the mountains leaf-lashing hail and suddenly a warm dive suit in the ark of the womb. Archaic night melts and groans the flame that licks it immaculate. Congregations of waters downpours ancestors glaciers still in the hoarfrost of anonymity. arion 29.1 spring/summer 2021 64 ballad Days come where I forget my name. Mineral nights arrive loose-combed memory founders and reappears volcanic and black with grass-blades from the meadow acorns shells a dim and distant light—drizzle of nostalgia. And I leave for other eras. Laden with bodies. Years arrive snows that scald me blood that gallops and a full-moon glance from the opposite shore. A villager tall honest—one of the sorrowful— with a woman halo of thorns on his head and love untold in his breast. And I prophesy the past words never before spoken and I say Michalis Ganas 65 Every time I saw you you were farther away. And more foreign. Wife of my brother already pregnant with Andreas and me just fourteen. You held a cracked jar that night in the cellar shining a candle for me. What a difficult transfusion as if it were blood and not wine and we with our four hands eyes that avoid each other and if they cheat regret it fixed upon the coursing flow the thread of drunkenness that bound us like a birth-cord changing the bread and wine of our bodies in holy communion. 66 ballad Was I listening or speaking? Fertile sorrow inside me ripened to a starry blur bounteous as a summer harvest and deeper still the black grass which requires two for pasture was undulating raw sodden and bitter before it reached our eyes and hurled us into the white dark. Michalis Ganas 67 I gaze into a well. It stares back. We stare at each other for a long time like contrary siblings. One-eyed darkness lures me on and I descend stone by stone a vertiginous painting. Sotiri. It’s your fingers that hold me it’s my own body at risk I slip and you call out to me: “Constantine.” My curly hair is falling out and my yellow moustache like a sick child I whisper my evening prayer 68 ballad A mother I did seek to find at her side daggers nine and her only daughter. I find her among the basil leaves amid five horrific dreams and in the wayside cloveroot. If a downpour now would only break to startle Konstantis awake and send him homeward sopping. Let him have dry clothes to wear and quietly reproach him there . . . Michalis Ganas 69 Mother—it’s not the mountains. It’s their shadow that steps on me. Nor is it the cypresses. It’s the slithering grass. Crashing down upon me. It’s a golden bee from the world above. She finds me in the flowers and turns me into wax—not honey. That I may be her venom. I will burn in a country chapel melting the meager darkness before the oily fingers of the sacristan can blot me out. In this way mother they choke the flame without blowing lest the souls catch fire and set all the underworld ablaze. Profound dawn. He bends down to gather water and enters the tomb again through the cypress tree. Bee-swarm of birds. 70 ballad Night of the Cimmerians. Abrupt descent and I follow blindly the black ram. No branch or root to grab onto my bones creaking. The air carries here and there the scent of dry laurel and a scarf like a bat’s wing startles me. This is no place for children—what am I looking for with my short pants and shaved head calling out for...

Arctic tsunamis threaten coastal landscapes and communities – survey of Karrat Isfjord 2017 tsunami effects in Nuugaatsiaq, western Greenland

Abstract. On the 17 June 2017, a massive landslide which mobilized 35–58 million m3 of material entered the Karrat Isfjord in western Greenland. It triggered a tsunami wave with a runup height exceeding 90 m close to the landslide, ca. 50 m on the opposite shore of the fjord. The tsunami travelled ca. 32 km along the fjord and reached the settlement of Nuugaatsiaq with ca. 1–1.5 m high waves which flooded the terrain up to 9 m a.s.l. (above sea level). Tsunami waves were powerful enough to destroy the community infrastructure, impact fragile coastal tundra landscape, and unfortunately injure several inhabitants and cause four deaths. Our field survey carried out 25 months after the event results in documentation of the previously unreported scale of damage in the settlement (ca. 48 % of infrastructure objects including houses and administration buildings were destroyed by the tsunami). We have observed a recognizable difference in the concentration of tsunami deposit accumulations between areas of the settlement overwashed by the wave and areas of runup and return flow. The key tsunami effects preserved in the coastal landscape were eroded coastal bluffs, gullied and dissected edges of cliffed coast in the harbour, and tundra vegetation compressed by boulders or icebergs rafted onshore during the event.

Detection of the cloud liquid water path horizontal inhomogeneity in a coastline area by means of ground-based microwave observations: feasibility study

Abstract. Improvement of cloud modelling for global and regional climate and weather studies requires comprehensive information on many cloud parameters. This information is delivered by remote observations of clouds from ground-based and space-borne platforms using different methods and processing algorithms. Cloud liquid water path (LWP) is one of the main obtained quantities. Previously, measurements of LWP by the SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager) and AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) satellite instruments provided evidence for the systematic differences between LWP values over land and water areas in northern Europe. An attempt is made to detect such differences by means of ground-based microwave observations performed near the coastline of the Gulf of Finland in the vicinity of St Petersburg, Russia. The microwave radiometer (RPG-HATPRO, Radiometer Physics GmbH – Humidity And Temperature PROfiler), located 2.5 km from the coastline, is functioning in the angular scanning mode and is probing the air portions over land (at an elevation angle of 90∘) and over water (at seven elevation angles in the range 4.8–30∘). The influence of the land–sea LWP difference on the brightness temperature values in the 31.4 GHz spectral channel has been demonstrated, and the following features have been detected: (1) an interfering systematic signal is present in the 31.4 GHz channel, which can be attributed to the humidity horizontal gradient, (2) clouds over the opposite shore of the Gulf of Finland mask the LWP gradient effect. Preliminary results of the retrieval of LWP over water by the statistical regression method applied to the microwave measurements by HATPRO in the 31.4 and 22.24 GHz channels are presented. The monthly averaged results are compared to the corresponding values derived from the satellite observations by the SEVIRI instrument and from the reanalysis data.