Opisina Arenosella Walker Research Articles

Chalcidid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) of Opisina arenosella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae) on coconut palm in southern India

Eleven chalcidid pupal parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) of the black headed caterpillar (BHC), Opisina arenosella Walker, 1864 (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae) were reared from the South Indian states of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Antrocephalus lugubris (Masi, 1932), Haltichella macrocera (Waterston, 1922) and Kriechbaumerella destructor (Waterston, 1922) are newly reported as parasitoids of BHC pupae. Also reported are A. hakonensis (Ashmead, 1904), A. phaeospilus Waterston, 1922, Brachymeria atteviae Joseph Narendran & Joy, 1972, B. megaspila (Cameron, 1907), B. nephantidis Gahan, 1930, B. nosatoi Habu, 1966, B. podagrica (Fabricius, 1787), and Psilochalcis carinigena (Cameron, 1907). Diagnoses, illustrations and new distributional data given for the 11 species and they are keyed together with six other chalcidid species known to be parasitoids of O. arenosella.

Predicting the geographical potential distribution of species Opisina arenosella Walker in China under different climate scenarios based on the MaxEnt model.

As global warming increases with the frequency of extreme weather, the distribution of species is inevitably affected. Among them, highly damaging invasive species are of particular concern. Being able to effectively predict the geographic distribution of invasive species and future distribution trends is a key entry point for their control. Opisina arenosella Walker is an invasive species, and its ability to live on the backs of foliage and generate canals to hide adds to the difficulty of control. In this paper, the current and future distributions of O. arenosella under three typical emission scenarios in 2050 and 2090 are projected based on the MaxEnt model combining 19 bioclimatic variables. Filter through the variables to find the four key environment variables: BIO 1, BIO 6, BIO 11 and BIO 4. The results show that O. arenosella is distributed only in the eight provinces of Tibet, Yunnan, Fujian, Guangxi, Taiwan, Guangdong, Hong Kong and Hainan in the southeastern region. Its high suitability area is concentrated in Taiwan and Hainan. In the long run, highly suitable areas will continue to increase in size, while moderately suitable areas and poorly suitable areas will decrease to varying degrees. This paper aims to provide theoretical references for the control of O. arenosella.

Isolation and selection of active Bacillus strains that have the ability to control black-headed insect (Opisina arenosella Walker) causing damage to coconut trees in Ben Tre province

Isolation and selection of active Bacillus strains that have the ability to control black-headed insect (Opisina arenosella Walker) causing damage to coconut trees in Ben Tre province

Potential distribution of three invasive agricultural pests in China under climate change

Invasive pests reduce biodiversity and ecosystem service functions, thereby leading to economic and also agricultural losses. Banana skipper (Erionota torus Evans), red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus), and coconut caterpillar (Opisina arenosella Walker) are invasive insect pests in the palm-growing regions and they have had serious consequences for the planting of bananas (Musa nana), palms (Trachycarpus fortune) and coconut (Cocos nucifera). Based on screened occurrence data, the present research utilized Maximum Entropy model (Maxent) to simulate the distribution dynamics of these three invasive insects in China, under current and future climate (2050s, 2070s, 2090s) in two shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs: 126 and 585) of the newly released coupled model intercomparison project phase6 (CMIP6). The results show that: (1) Under current and future climate conditions, all model groups exhibited an AUC value exceeding 0.92, which shows that the model prediction results are very good;(2) The suitable habitat area of E. torus Evans remains relatively stable with some expansion in the SSP126 of 2090s and some contraction in the SSP585 of 2090s. The suitable habitat area of R. ferrugineus showed an overall contraction, with substantial contraction in the SSP585 of 2090s.The suitable habitat area of O. arenosella has an overall expansion, with the most pronounced expansion in the SSP585 of 2070s; (3) The current centroid of suitable habitats for R. ferrugineus and E. torus Evans is located in Guangxi Province and wholely shift toward the south direction under future climate. The centroid of suitable habitats for O. arenosella is currently located in the northeastern maritime area of Hainan Province and will shift toward the north direction under future climate; (4) Temperature, precipitation and Human disturbance factors (Population density and Human influence index) were crucial variables for describing the distribution of the three species. For E. torus Evans in particular, percentage contributions of Population density was up to 31.4, which is only 0.1 different from ranked first Bio19 (Precipitation of the coldest quarter). The dynamics of habitats of these three species and the correlating driver factors proposed in this work provide essential insights into future spatial management of the three invasive insects in China. Our work is necessary and timely in identifying newly areas at high risk of expansion of the three invasive insects in the future, then suggesting strategic control measures to prevent their spread, and finally providing scientific evidence for the early prevention and rapid response to the three invasive insects.

Developmental Biology of Trichospilus pupivorus Ferrière (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a Pupal Parasitoid of the Coconut Black-headed Caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae)

Background: The coconut black-headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae) has been a serious defoliator of coconut plants in many coconut producing countries including Vietnam. Trichospilus pupivorus Ferrière (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is pupal endo-parasitoid of O. arenosella with high percent parasitism and abundance in the coconut fields and appears to be a good biological control agent against the coconut black-headed caterpillar in Vietnam. The objective of this study was to investigate the developmental biology of T. pupivorus on O. arenosella. Methods: The experiment was carried out at the Faculty of Agronomy, Nong Lam University, Viet Nam during 2020 and 2021. The developmental biology of T. pupivorus on O. arenosella was studied in the laboratory at a constant temperature of 28°C and a photoperiod of 12L: 8D. Result: Total developmental time from egg to adult emergence was 14.0 days. The females laid a mean of 124.2 eggs during an average lifespan of 9.4 days. The number of progenies emergence from a single pupa of O. arenosella was 103.8. The offspring sex ratio was female-biased (8.0%). The results would contribute to the knowledge of the biology of this parasitoid to optimize a mass rearing system for a biological control program against O. arenosella.

Ecology, invasion history and biodiversity-driven management of the coconut black-headed caterpillar Opisina arenosella in Asia.

The coconut black-headed caterpillar (BHC), Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae) is an important herbivore of palm trees that originates in South Asia. Over the past decades, O. arenosella has spread to several countries in Eastern and Southeast Asia. BHC larval feeding can cause severe defoliation and occasional plant death, resulting in direct production losses (e.g., for coconut) while degrading the aesthetic value of urban and rural landscapes. In this review paper, we systematically cover taxonomy, bio-ecology, invasion history and current management of O. arenosella throughout Asia. Given that O. arenosella is routinely controlled with insecticides, we equally explore options for more sustainable management through agroecological and biodiversity-based tactics e.g., cultural control or biological control. Also, recent advances in chemical ecology have unlocked lucrative opportunities for volatile-mediated monitoring, mating disruption and mass-trapping. Substantial progress has been made in augmentation biological control, with scheduled releases of laboratory-reared parasitoids lowering BHC infestation pressure up to 95%. Equally, resident ants provide 75-98% mortality of BHC egg masses within the palm canopy. Biological control has been effectively paired with sanitary measures and good agronomy (i.e., proper fertilization, irrigation), and promoted through participatory farmer training programs. Our comprehensive listing of non-chemical preventative and curative tactics offer bright prospects for a more environmentally-sound, biodiversity-driven mitigation of a palm pest of regional allure.

Biology of Brachymeria kamijoi Habu (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a pupal parasitoid of the coconut black-headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae)

The coconut black-headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae) has been one of the most serious defoliators of coconut plants in Vietnam. Brachymeria kamijoi Habu (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) is a pupal parasitoid of O. arenosella with high percent parasitism and abundance in the coconut fields and appears to be a good biological control agent against the coconut black-headed caterpillar in Vietnam. This study was carried out at Entomology Laboratory, Faculty of Agronomy, Nong Lam University, Vietnam during 2020 – 2021 to determine some biological characteristics of B. kamijoi on O. arenosella at a constant temperature of 28 oC and a photoperiod of 12L: 8D. Total developmental time from egg to adult emergence was 13.8 days. The females laid a mean of 98.1 eggs during an average lifespan of 30.7 days. Fecundity peaked at a large range of age 7 -29 days. The results would contribute to the knowledge of the biology of B. kamijoi to optimize a mass-rearing system for a biological control programme against O. arenosella.

Influence of temperature on the development and reproduction of Habrobracon hebetor (Say), as parasitoid of Opisina arenosella Walker

Opisina arenosella Walker is a coconut leaf-eating caterpillar that invaded the Hainan Province of China in 2013. Habrobracon hebetor Say is an ectoparasitoid used as a control agent of various lepidopteran pests. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of constant temperatures (16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 °C) on the parasitism, development, survival, and reproduction of H. hebetor on O. arenosella. The results showed that developmental duration and adult longevity shortened with the increase in temperature. The preadult survival rates were higher at 20 to 32 °C (55 to 72%) than at other temperatures. The parasitism rate and the fecundity increased with the increase in temperature, and reached the highest value at 28 °C (82.03% and 325.17 eggs), then decreased at 32 °C (76.96% and 152.57 eggs). The developmental threshold (T0 ) and effective accumulated temperature (k) for completing a generation of H. hebetor were 13.71 °C and 143.28 degree days, respectively. At 28 °C, net reproductive rate (R0 ) and intrinsic rate of increase (r) were 65.03 and 0.229 d−1, respectively. These results can provide a reference for mass rearing and field release of H. hebetor on O. arenosella.

Novel frond injection method using cartap hydrochloride for the management of Opisina arenosella

The present study was carried out at farmer’s field at Halebudanur village in Mandya district in Karnataka, Indiaduring 2017–18. Frond injection method, a novel approach of insecticide administration into the coconut palm wasapplied using an eco-friendly and animal origin insecticide cartap hydrochloride (50% SP) against Opisina arenosellaWalker. The results on absorption showed that all the dilutions of cartap hydrochloride (50% SP) injected to frondswere absorbed completely within 24 h and recorded 100 % larval mortality, 7 days after imposing injection and foundsuperior over control. This method showed quicker and accurate absorption of insecticides into the coconut palmand did not cause any secondary infection of pathogen or mechanical injury to the frond tissues and can be usefulon coconut palms.

Discrete generation cycles in Coconut black headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae)

Field study was carried out to determine generation cycles and to comprehend the different developmental stages and their density at a particular time interval to assess the population structure of coconut black headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) in Mandya district, Karnataka, India. The sampled population of O. arenosella showed discrete generation. The different stages of O. arenosella viz ., larvae, pupae and adults were not observed on any single sampling date. Therefore, the definite periodicity in the appearance of O. arenosella suggested to discreet generation cycles.

A novel frond injection method against coconut black headed caterpillar opisina arenosella walker

A field study was conducted in coconut at farmer’s field in Halebudanuru village in Mandya district, Karnataka during 2017-2018. The frond injection, a novel method of insecticide application was evaluated against the black headed caterpillar Opisina arenosella Walker. The insecticides evaluated include: imidacloprid 17.8% SL, acetamiprid 20% SP, clothianidin 50% WG, thiacloprid 21.7% SC, emamectin benzoate 5% SG, spinosad 45% SC, cartap hydrochloride 50% SP and standard check monocrotophos 36% SL. Among these, it was observed that cartap hydrochloride 50%SP and monocrotophos 36% SL gave 100% mortality; all other treatments also gave significant mortality over control. The frond injection method advocated now is an easy, quicker and accurate method, without any secondary infection/ damage to the frond tissues.

Host performance of Trichogramma species on Opisina arenosella, and evaluation of their biological control efficacy

Abstract Five candidate species for biocontrol of Opisina arenosella Walker, a destructive pest of palm trees, were evaluated. To compare host performance, 5 Trichogramma species were allowed to parasitize O. arenosella eggs of different ages and egg densities. The parasitization capacity of two species, T. embryophagum and T. japonicum, were evaluated with respect to adult age. Treatments consisted of field with releases of T. embryophagum or T. japonicum set up in Danzhou, Hainan, and the pest densities was recorded periodically. The results showed that T. embryophagum, T. chilonis, and T. dendrolimi had a strong parasitic ability on 0-day-old O. arenosella eggs. In species comparisons, the parasitism rates of T. embryophagum on 1-day-old and 4-day-old eggs, and T. japonicum on 2-day-old, 3-day-old, and 5-day-old eggs of O. arenosella were significantly higher than those of other Trichogramma species. At densities of 40 and 35 eggs/tube (84.8 cm3), the numbers of eggs parasitized by T. embryophagum and T. japonicum were the highest, at 29.9 and 24.6, respectively. During the first 24-h, the numbers of eggs parasitized by T. embryophagum and T. japonicum were 110.6 and 82.2, accounting for 84.7% and 59.5%, respectively, of the total parasitized eggs. After 2 months releases, the larvae and pupa density of O. arenosella under T. embryophagum and T. japonicun treatment were 0.95 and 0.94 individuals/leaflet, respectively, were significantly lower than untreated control (1.6 individuals/leaflet). These findings encouraged that T. embryophagum and T. japonicun are able to be used for biological control for O. arenosella.

Identification and field evaluation of female sex pheromone of leaf-eating caterpillar, Opisina arenosella (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae)

AbstractThe leaf-eating caterpillar,Opisina arenosellaWalker, is the most destructive pest of coconut palm in India and Southeast Asia. The management practices employed againstO. arenosellaso far have been unsuccessful in many instances in India, due to the pest behaviour and coconut palm phenology. The life cycle, incidence and behaviour ofO. arenosellaare rather interesting and useful for the intervention of pheromone trapping technique for its management. We conducted the present study with the intention of identifying the female sex pheromone ofO. arenosellaand testing its efficacy under field conditions. Gas chromatography coupled electroantennographic detection (GC–EAD) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of female pheromone glands extract of one-day-oldO. arenosellafemales confirmed the presence of (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-tricosatriene (Z3Z6Z9-23Hy) as the dominant sex pheromone component. The male antennal response to female pheromone gland extract and syntheticZ3Z6Z9-23Hy was recorded using GC–EAD, and the results revealed that antennal response was positive to both the treatments at 0.13 mV and 0.14 mV respectively, compared to control (air), which was 0.016 mV. It was also evident from wind-tunnel experiments that the male moth response was high (80%) with the female gland extract, compared to 60% with synthetic pheromone and 0% for control (air). Male moths caught in the traps with and without lure were assessed in two field sites and recorded 69.26% and 54.25% more moth catches in the traps with the lure. We also observed a similar result in the cage experiment in which male moths caught in the traps with and without lure were 64.50% and 12.40%, respectively. The study also confirmed that 93.20% moths caught in the pheromone-baited traps were male. From the study, it is evident that the presence of (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-tricosatriene, which is the sex pheromone compound from the female gland extract ofO. arenosella, is an effective attractant in pheromone traps for the male moth under field conditions.

Existence of two strains of Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): a complex in Thailand and Japan

Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a cosmopolitan gregarious ectoparasitoid that attacks larvae of several species of Lepidoptera. Although there are two genetically different strains within H. hebetor, distribution of the strains has been poorly understood. In 2010, in Thailand, where H. hebetor has been known as a parasitoid of stored grain pests, it was found that H. hebetor attacked Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), which is an invasive pest of coconut palm. For correct identification of this H. hebetor, we conducted DNA analysis and cross tests using populations collected from O. arenosella and stored grain pests in Thailand and populations in Japan known as H. hebetor. We obtained 413 bp of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequences and 414 bp of 16S rRNA gene sequences, and both indicated that there are two distinct clades within H. hebetor: one contains insects from Thailand, Spain, India, and Barbados; the other contains insects from Japan and the USA. There were no genetic differences or sexual isolation between Thai populations from different hosts. Our results also showed that populations in Thailand were sexually isolated from a H. hebetor population in Japan.

Pheromone Trap Position: A Key Factor Considered During Mass Trapping Programme of Opisina arenosella Walker

Pheromone Trap Position: A Key Factor Considered During Mass Trapping Programme of Opisina arenosella Walker

Factors affecting catch of the black-headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker in sex pheromone-baited traps and evidence for population suppression by mass trapping

The black-headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) is a major and most destructive pest of coconut palm. Feeding habit and spatially segregated distribution with a discrete flight period of 32.44 ± 4.45 (Mean ± SD) days per generation make it difficult to employ insecticide sprays. In this study, we explored the utility of sex pheromone by exploiting its distribution and flight behaviour. The pheromone trap colour, its suspended height, density and design were evaluated. White cross-vane traps suspended in the middle of the palm canopy at a density of 40–120 traps ha−1 proved to be the most effective among tested. White cross-vane traps baited with synthetic pheromone, (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Tricosatriene for three consecutive moth emergence periods and trapped 1,34,084, 9012 and 4126 moths in Nittur, Nelamangala and Bidadi, respectively. Further, there was a reduction in larvae per leaflet from 2.28, 1.17 and 0.83, to 0.11, 0.12 and 0.06, in the three respective sites. There was subtle to no change in the larval abundance in the control plots across the generations. Our results suggest suitable mass trapping technique may substantially suppress the O. arenosella population on coconut.

Population growth potential of Bracon brevicornis Wesmael (Braconidae: Hymenoptera): A life table analysis

A laboratory experiment was conducted at the Biocontrol laboratory, Coconut Research Station, Aliyarnagar to study the life table parameters of Bracon brevicornis Wesmael, a parasitoid of the coconut blackheaded caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker on its established laboratory host, Corcyra cephalonica Stainton. Studies at 28.3±0.1 °C and 59.6±0.6% r.h. revealed that the net reproductive rate (Ro) of B. brevicornis was 39.52 females/female when reared on C. cephalonica larvae. The precise generation time (T) was 13.33 days. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was 0.2758 which was slightly higher than the innate capacity for increase (rc=0.2504). The weekly multiplication rate was 6.893 numbers while 1561.83 females could be expected in the F2 generation. Higher net reproductive rate, coupled with shorter population doubling time of B. brevicornis indicate the efficacy of the parasitoid as a suitable candidate for the management of coconut black headed caterpillar, O. arenosella, its intended host under field conditions.

Life table analysis under constant temperature for Opisina arenosella (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae), an invasive moth of palm plants

AbstractThe coconut black‐headed caterpillar Opisina arenosella Walker, which is spreading in Southeast Asia and southern China, is a significant pest of palm trees. All life stages of this species were reared at 20, 23, 26, 29, 32 and 35 °C to understand the effect of temperature on the biology of O. arenosella. Total developmental time egg to adult generally was longest (≈114 days) at 20 °C, declined significantly with increasing temperature, and shortest (≈47 days) at 32 °C. Estimated lower developmental threshold temperature was 11.5 °C, and estimated effective accumulated temperature was 996.93°days. A third‐order polynomial model estimated an optimal temperature of 32 °C for development. The predicted number of generations per year was calculated as 4–5 under average climatic conditions experienced in Hainan, China. The oviposition period ranged from 2 to 4 days and was longest at 26 °C while fecundity ranged from 30 to 180 total eggs laid per female and was greatest at 32 °C. The highest reproductive values were found at 32 °C. At this temperature, net reproductive rate (R0), generation time (T), intrinsic rate of increase (rm), finite rate of increase (λ) and doubling time (DT) were 64, 45 days, 0.09, 1.1 and 7.6 days, respectively. Knowledge of the effect of temperature on the life history characteristics of Opisina arenosella can be used to predict population growth, develop pest management strategies and mass produce insects for production of biocontrol agents.

Periodicity of adult emergence and sexual behaviour of coconut black headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae)

In Lepidoptera sexual, oviposition and adult emergence behaviour follows a specific periodicity and is limited to either the day or the night. The knowledge on biology and behaviour are prerequisites for semiochemical based pest management. The periodicity of adult emergence, calling, courtship, mating and oviposition behaviour of Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) was studied under laboratory conditions. Results revealed that males emerged 3-7 days prior to female. Both males and females emerged during 1st to 7th h of scotophase. Peak emergence of male and female was recorded on 2nd and 3rd hrs, respectively. Calling of virgin females started 1-2 hrs after emergence and there is no sexual maturation time. The female calling starts at 4th h of the scotophase and end during 7th h but is slightly delayed for females who emerged the same night. While male wing fanning start from 3rd h of scotophase continued to 11th h. Peak mating occurred on 5th h of scotophase with mean mating duration of 58.83±0.804 min. Oviposition required 2 days maturation period. Peak oviposition occurred during 3rd and 4th scotophases. Oviposition by females started in early hours of scotophase and peaked at 6th h. The female fecundity was 273.63±64.01. Adult emergence, calling, mating and oviposition pattern of the moths showed periodicity occurring precise time of scotophase.

Integrated Pest Management of Important Insect Pests of Coconut1

IPM or Integrated pest management is a strategy that integrates various methods of cultural, physical, mechanical, biological control and selection of pesticides as the last option. IPM is not only cost effective but simultaneously prioritized human and environmental safety. IPM is based on farmer’s local knowledge, acceptance and education. Several insects were reported as coconut pests in Asia and Pacific region. Among these pests, rhinoceros beetle, red palm weevil, coconut hispine beetle, coconut black headed caterpillar and coconut scale currently causing severe damage to coconut palms in the region. Rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. Management of this pest is a combination of sanitation in plantations and surrounding, biological control by using Metarhizium anisopliae, Oryctes virus and pheromone trapping. Red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) outbreaks usually occur after infestation of rhinoceros beetle. Keeping the rhinoceros under control results in keeping the red palm weevil under control too. Pheromone trapping is also developed for reduction of this pest. Coconut hispine beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomellidae), is an invasive pest occurs in Southeast Asia and Pacific region. Biological control of the pest is recommended by releasing two species of parasitoids, Asecodes hispinarus Boucek (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Tetrastichus brontispae Ferriere (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Coconut black headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) is one of the key pests of coconut in South Asia and invaded Thailand in 2008. Management of this pest in its native region consisted of: 1) removing and burning of the infested leaves; 2) biological control by releasing parasitoids such as Goniozus nephantidis (Muesebeck), Bracon brevicornis (Wesmael), Brachymeria nephantidis Gahan; and 3) chemical control by trunk injection and applying systemic insecticides in the holes. Bacillus thruringiensis has been recommended for biological control of the black headed caterpillar in Thailand. Coconut scale, Aspidiotus destructor Signoret (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) has been reported as a serious in Philippines. Predators are significant biological control agents in limiting A. destructor populations. The most common natural enemies associated with the coconut scales are the coccinellid beetles Chilocorus spp., Azya trinitatis, Cryptognatha nodiceps, Rhyzobius lophanthae and Pentilia castanea. Local parasitoids, Comperiella, Aphytis and Encarsia also play important roles in keeping the pest under control. Application of insecticides could inducee the infestation of the scale. Biological controls is recommended for suppression of other coconut pests, such as slug caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) such as Parasa lepida Cramer; coconut leaf moth, Artona catoxantha Hampton (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae); and coconut leafminer, Promecotheca cumingii Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).