Ophthalmic Diagnostic Tests Research Articles

Ocular examination findings and selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus).

To document ocular lesions and establish ophthalmic diagnostic test reference values in a colony of African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). Fifty one geriatric (GAGM, 19-30 years old), 10 adult (AAGM, 5-9 years old) and 10 juvenile (JAGM, <2 years old) African green monkeys housed in a single Caribbean research colony. Ocular biomicroscopy, indirect fundoscopy, Schirmer tear test (STT), rebound tonometry (TonoVet®) and corneal fluorescein staining were performed. Mixed ANCOVA tests were performed to compare STT and IOP between groups. Common ocular lesions in GAGM included vitreal degeneration (27/51, 51/102 eyes) and cataracts (21/51, 32/102 eyes). Vitreal degeneration was also common in AAGM (8/10, 16/20 eyes) and infrequent in JAGM (3/10, 6/20 eyes). Cataracts were not present in any JAGM or AAGM. All eyes in all three groups had perilimbal corneal pigmentation and faint lace-like anterior corneal stromal opacification. Median (range) STT values were 16.0 (18) mm/min in GAGM. Mean (SD) STT values were 14.2 (4.6) mm/min in AAGM, and 8.9 (3.4) mm/min in JAGM. Median (range) IOP values were 16.5 (27) mmHg in GAGM. Mean (SD) IOP values were 18.0 (2.8) mmHg in AAGM, and 14.1 (2.2) mmHg in JAGM. JAGM had significantly lower STT and IOP values compared to AAGM (p = .0449, .0057, respectively) and GAGM (p = .0002, .0130, respectively). Spontaneous ocular lesions were common in geriatric monkeys in this research colony. IOP and STT values were lower in juvenile African green monkeys relative to adult or geriatric animals.

Unilateral acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy in a convalescent COVID-19 patient

BackgroundTo report a case of unilateral acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) in a Hispanic convalescent COVID-19 female patient.Case presentationA 35-year-old Hispanic female with exposure to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was evaluated due to unilateral visual loss. Ophthalmic examination and diagnostic tests were consistent with APMPPE.DiscussionOcular changes can be observed in patients with COVID-19. A complete ophthalmic evaluation must be performed in patients with low vision after SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Computerized Ophthalmic Diagnostic Testing: An Engineer Looks Back at Lessons Learned

Computerized Ophthalmic Diagnostic Testing: An Engineer Looks Back at Lessons Learned

Ocular findings and selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in a group of young commercially available Guinea and Skinny pigs (Cavia porcellus).

The purpose of this study is to evaluate a group of young commercially available Skinny pigs, to gain information regarding ocular findings in this breed of guinea pig. Comparisons of ocular findings are to be made between Skinny pigs and haired guinea pigs. Ten haired guinea pigs and ten Skinny pigs were examined. A complete ophthalmic examination including Schirmer tear test-II (STT-II), phenol red thread test (PRTT), rebound tonometry with TonoVet PLUS, Fluorescein and Rose Bengal stain was performed. Microbiology swabs for aerobic bacterial growth were collected from conjunctiva of both eyes prior to the ophthalmic examination. The ophthalmic examination revealed seven abnormal ocular findings: trichiasis, mucopurulent discharge, hyperemia/chemosis of the conjunctiva, corneal fibrosis, corneal vascularization, and foreign body on the cornea or conjunctiva. Skinny pigs had a significantly higher amount of mucopurulent discharge (P=.0133) and a significantly higher STT-II (P<.001) than haired guinea pigs. Although not significant, trichiasis, keratitis with corneal vascularization, and foreign body presence were more common in Skinny pigs. Significantly more Skinny pigs had Pasteurellaceae isolated from their conjunctiva than haired guinea pigs (P=.0112). Antimicrobial susceptibility for the five Pasteurellaceae organisms isolated revealed susceptibility toward oxytetracycline, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin, whereas resistance was found toward erythromycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and moxifloxacin. Young Skinny pigs have a higher risk of Pasteurellaceae-associated conjunctivitis. Oxytetracycline, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin were identified as topical antibiotics that may be useful for Pasteurellaceae-associated conjunctivitis in Skinny pigs.

Ophthalmic findings in a captive population of Panamanian golden frogs: Atelopus zeteki.

The aim of this study was to describe normal ocular morphology and establish parameters for select diagnostics in a population of Panamanian Golden Frogs (PGF) Atelopus zeteki maintained at the Detroit Zoo. A total of 22 toads free of ocular disease were included in this study. Ophthalmic diagnostic tests included as follows: endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT), assessment of intraocular pressures (IOP), Rose Bengal stain, palpebral fissure width, blink rate and corneal cultures. Histology was performed on stored postmortem samples. Panamanian Golden Frogs have a distinct brow ridge and mobile third eyelid. Biomicroscopy revealed avascular, convex corneas with a shallow anterior chamber. Iris color ranged from yellow to green with dark pigmentation of the peripheral iris. Pupil shape was round. Posterior segment and fundus could not be visualized. Total number of blinks observed over a 10-minute period was one. Mean EAPPTT was 2±1mm and 3±1mm in males and females, respectively (P). Mean IOP using rebound tonometry in horizontal and vertical restraint positions were 21.6±2.28mmHg and 17.45±3.66mmHg, 21.85±2.7mmHg and 17.5±3.93mmHg in males and females, respectively. Mean palpebral fissure width was 5.02±0.46mm and 6.12±0.39mm in males and females, respectively (P). Enterococcus faecalis was isolated from one clinically normal toad. Tear production and blink rate were low and not significantly different between males and females. Intraocular pressure was significantly greater in male toads (P value <0.01). Females had a significantly larger palpebral fissure width when compared to males (P value <0.01) 5819. The ophthalmic parameters established in this study can aid in the evaluation and diagnosis of eye diseases in PGF.

Determination of baseline values for routine ophthalmic tests in bearded capuchin (Sapajus libidinosus).

Establish baseline values for ophthalmic diagnostic tests in Sapajus libidinosus. Ophthalmic diagnostic tests, namely Schirmer tear test 1 (STT-1), intraocular pressure (IOP), B-mode ultrasound, culture of the bacterial conjunctival microbiota, and conjunctival exfoliative cytology, were performed in 15 S.libidinosus. Mean values found were as follows: 2.50±2.94mm/min for the STT-1; 13.3±3.32mmHg for the IOP; 2.47±0.41mm for the depth of the anterior chamber; 2.86±0.96mm for the axial length of the lens; 10.97±0.48mm for the depth of the vitreous chamber; and 16.32±1.24mm for the axial length of the eyeball. The bacterial genus most frequently found was Staphylococcus spp. Conjunctival cytology showed intermediate epithelial, squamous superficial epithelial, and keratinized cells. Determination of baseline values for eye measurements and ophthalmic tests will assist in the diagnosis of eye diseases in S.libidinosus monkeys.

Soft transparent graphene contact lens electrodes for conformal full-cornea recording of electroretinogram

Visual electrophysiology measurements are important for ophthalmic diagnostic testing. Electrodes with combined optical transparency and softness are highly desirable, and sometimes indispensable for many ocular electrophysiology measurements. Here we report the fabrication of soft graphene contact lens electrodes (GRACEs) with broad-spectrum optical transparency, and their application in conformal, full-cornea recording of electroretinography (ERG) from cynomolgus monkeys. The GRACEs give higher signal amplitude than conventional ERG electrodes in recordings of various full-field ERG responses. High-quality topographic mapping of multifocal ERG under simultaneous fundus monitoring is realized. A conformal and tight interface between the GRACEs and cornea is revealed. Neither corneal irritation nor abnormal behavior of the animals is observed after ERG measurements with GRACEs. Furthermore, spatially resolved ERG recordings on rabbits with graphene multi-electrode array reveal a stronger signal at the central cornea than the periphery. These results demonstrate the unique capabilities of the graphene-based electrodes for in vivo visual electrophysiology studies.

THE EYE OF THE AZARA'S AGOUTI ( DASYPROCTA AZARAE): MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AND SELECTED OPHTHALMIC DIAGNOSTIC TESTS.

The purpose of this study was to carry out a descriptive investigation of the Azara's agouti ( Dasyprocta azarae) eye and to establish reference values of select ophthalmic diagnostic tests and physiologic parameters. A total of 19 healthy agoutis were used. Select ophthalmic diagnostic tests were performed, including Schirmer tear test type I (STTI), analysis of the conjunctival bacterial microflora, corneal esthesiometry, and tonometry. B-mode ultrasonic biometry, fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, and gross and histologic analysis of two eyes were also performed. Reference range parameters found for the ocular diagnostic tests were esthesiometry, 4.50 ± 0.36 cm (0.7 ± 0.01 g/mm2); tonometry, 11.61 ± 0.44 mm Hg; palpebral fissure length, 1.70 ± 0.25 mm; STTI, 9.73 ± 0.47 mm/min; corneal thickness, 0.8 ± 0.003 mm; anterior chamber depth, 1.71 ± 0.07 mm; lens thickness, 5.03 ± 0.05 mm; vitreous chamber depth, 5.12 ± 0.01 mm; and globe axial length, 14.02 ± 0.01 mm. A paurangiotic, retinal, vascular pattern with a conspicuous pigment-laden optic disc was observed. The most frequent bacteria isolated were nonhemolytic Streptococcus sp. (36.84%), followed by Enterobacter harfinia (31.58%) and Escherichia coli (28.95%). No significant differences between genders or between left and right eyes were found for any of the results. Gross and histologic evaluation of two eyes confirmed the presence of melanocytic pigment granules between optic nerve fibers. The diagnostic values and the morphologic observations described here provide a reference to veterinarians to aid in the diagnosis of ocular disease.

Reference Values for Selected Ophthalmic Diagnostic Tests in the Caatinga Parakeet (Eupsittula Cactorum) and Yellow-Chevroned Parakeet (Brotogeris Chiriri)

The aim of the present study was to determine reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in the Caatinga Parakeet ( Eupsittula cactorum) and Yellow-chevroned Parakeet ( Brotogeris chiriri). Healthy adults of undetermined gender (15 Caatinga Parakeets and 13 Yellow-chevroned Parakeets), kept at the Triage Center of Wild Animals (CETAS, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil), were used in this investigation. Ophthalmic diagnostic tests were conducted in both eyes, including culture of the conjunctival bacterial flora with antimicrobial susceptibility test, conjunctival cytology, evaluation of tear production by phenol red thread test (PRTT) and endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT), measurements of palpebral fissure length (PFL) and corneal touch threshold (CTT). There was bacterial growth in 97.5% of the evaluated samples, with predominance of Grampositive microorganisms. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed ciprofloxacin to be the most effective antibiotic. The conjunctival cytology of Caatinga Parakeets demonstrated hypocellularity with a discrete amount of squamous cells, whereas for Yellow-chevroned Parakeets, it presented hypercellularity and predominance of lymphocytes. Medians ± semi-interquartile ranges in Caatinga and Yellow-chevroned Parakeets, respectively, were: 3.51±2.2 and 1.67±1.95 mm·15 s−1 for PRTT; 8.74±2.0 and 5.89±1.48 mm min−1 for EAPPTT; 6.24±3.5 and 6.35±0.27 mm for PFL; and 4.5±1.0 and 3.5±1.95 cm for CTT. The ophthalmic parameters determined in this study may help in the diagnosis of ocular diseases in Caatinga and Yellow-chevroned Parakeets.

Evaluation of Selected Ophthalmic Diagnostic Tests in Green Iguanas (Iguana iguana)

The objective of this study was to establish reference parameters for different ophthalmic diagnostic tests in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Median ± semi-interquartile range values of phenol red thread tear test, endodontic absorbent paper point tear test, Schirmer tear test, palpebral fissure length, and intraocular pressure were 3.9 ± 1.7mm/15seconds, 8.5 ± 2.4mm/minutes, 1.0 ± 0.5mm/minutes, 12.4 ± 1.7mm, and 18.0 ± 1.7mm Hg, respectively. Bacterial growth was observed in 18 of 20 conjunctival samples, with a predominance of Gram-positive bacteria (75.8%). Staphylococcus spp. was the most frequently isolated microorganism (39.4%), and a resistance pattern to polymyxin B was demonstrated through antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the bacterial isolates. Median ± semi-interquartile range anterior chamber depth was 1.2 ± 0.2mm and 1.4 ± 0.2mm; vitreous chamber depth, 6.8 ± 0.6mm and 6.8 ± 0.5mm; lens length, 4.4 ± 0.3mm and 4.3 ± 0.3mm; and axial globe length, 12.6 ± 0.8mm and 12.5 ± 0.7mm for the sagittal and dorsal planes, respectively. Conus papillaris length was 6.0 ± 0.3mm and 5.9 ± 0.5mm, whereas the conus papillaris width was measured at 1.1 ± 0.2mm and 1.2 ± 0.2mm, with no difference between the 4.5- and 7.5-hour planes. Hypercellular samples with dense clusters of basaloid and squamous epithelial cells were observed in the conjunctival cytological samples. These results may be helpful for diagnosis and treatment of ocular disorders in green iguanas.

Reference values for selected ophthalmic tests of the blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna)

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to establish reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in healthy blue-and-yellow macaws. We investigated a total of 35 adult macaws (70 eyes) of undetermined sex and with an average weight of 1 kg, who were living in captivity in the Federal District, Brazil. Tear production using the Schirmer tear test (STT), normal conjunctival flora, intraocular pressure (IOP) using a rebound tonometer and horizontal palpebral fissure length (HPFL) were evaluated. In this study, 84.1% of samples were positive for microbial growth. Bacteria, fungi and yeasts were isolated, and Staphylococcus spp. (21.9%) and Bacillus spp. (26.8%) were the most frequently isolated microorganisms. The mean value for STT was 7.6±4.6mm/min in the right eye (OD) and 6.6±4.4mm/min in the left eye (OS) (median = 7,11±0,76mm/min). Mean IOP was 11.4±2.5mm Hg OD and 11.6±1.8mm Hg OS (median = 11.49±0.22mm Hg), prior to anesthesia, and 7.6±2.4mm Hg OD and 7.8±1.8mm Hg OS (median 7.71±0.08mmHg) after anesthesia. The IOP was significantly lower when the animals were under anesthesia as compared to when they were conscious (p≤0.05). Horizontal palpebral fissure length was 11.7±0.1mm OD and 11.8±0.1mm OS (median = 11.72±0.07mm). The STT showed a positive correlation with palpebral fissure measurement for this species. These selected ophthalmic reference values will be particularly useful in diagnosing pathological changes in the eyes of blue-and-yellow macaws.

Ophthalmic diagnostic testing and examination findings in a colony of captive brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis).

To establish reference values and report ophthalmic examination findings in a colony of captive brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis). Descriptive study. Sixty-three captive brown pelicans in Florida were examined. A complete ophthalmic examination including Schirmer tear test (STT), applanation tonometry, fluorescein stain, biomicroscopy, and direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy was performed. A-scan ultrasonography was performed to measure axial globe length (AGL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness, and vitreal chamber length. Fifty-two adults and 11 juvenile pelicans with an age range of 4months to 38years were evaluated. Twenty-nine pelicans (46%) had a normal ocular examination. Mean STT in normal pelicans was 5.45±1.88mm/min. Mean intraocular pressure (IOP) in normal pelicans was 10.86±1.61mmHg. One pelican was fluorescein positive unilaterally. Mean AGL was 20.70±0.62mm. Mean ACD was 3.38±0.19mm. Mean axial lens diameter (ALD) was 5.19±0.23mm. Mean vitreal chamber depth (VCD) was 12.15±0.53mm. Twenty-three pelicans (36.51%) had cataracts, 17 pelicans (26.98%) had vitreal degeneration, 18 pelicans (28.57%) had corneal disease, and seven pelicans (11.11%) had evidence of significant ocular trauma, which included collapsed anterior chamber or lens luxation. To the author's knowledge, this is the first report of normal ophthalmic parameters and the incidence and type of ocular disease in a captive flock of brown pelicans. This information may aid in the diagnosis and treatment of brown pelicans with ocular disease.

Ophthalmic Diagnostic Tests in Parrots (Amazona amazonica) and (Amazona aestiva)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ophthalmic parameters of Amazona amazonica and Amazona aestiva maintained in captivity in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Median ± S-IQR phenol red thread test was 21.9 ± 2.3mm/15s and 12.6 ± 2.6mm/15s, endodontic absorbent paper point tear test 14.9 ± 1.6mm/min and 13.1 ± 1.4mm/min, and intraocular pressure 8.3 ± 1.1mmHg and 9.7 ± 1.7mmHg for A. amazonica and A. aestiva, respectively. Corneal sensitivity was 0.50 ± 0.25cm for A. amazonica and 1.00 ± 0.00cm for A. aestiva. The mean ultrasonographic dimensions measured were anterior chamber depths of 2.0 ± 0.1mm and 2.0 ± 0.1mm, lens axial lengths of 3.6 ± 0.0mm and 3.6 ± 0.1mm, vitreous chamber depths of 7.9 ± 0.4mm and 8.0 ± 0.2mm, axial globe lengths of 13.5 ± 0.4mm and 13.6 ± 0.1mm, and pecten oculi lengths of 6.4 ± 0.5 and 6.3 ± 0.3mm for A. amazonica and A. aestiva, respectively. The development of complementary knowledge about the ocular morphology and histology of these parrot species can be used to contribute to advances in the ophthalmology of wild birds.

Results of selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests for clinically normal Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).

To determine values for tear production, horizontal palpebral fissure length (HPFL), eye blink frequency, and intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). 40 healthy adult Syrian hamsters (80 eyes). Tear production was measured with the phenol red thread test (PRTT), modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT), and endodontic absorbent paper points tear test (EAPPTT). The IOP was measured by use of rebound tonometry. Correlations between test results and body weight were evaluated. Mean ± SD values for the IOP, PRTT, EAPPTT, mSTT, HPFL, and blink frequency for all 80 eyes were 4.55 ± 1.33 mm Hg, 5.57 ± 1.51 mm/15 s, 4.52 ± 1.55 mm/min, 2.07 ± 0.97 mm/min, 5.84 ± 0.45 mm, and 1.68 ± 0.43 blinks/min, respectively. For all variables, values did not differ significantly between the right and left eyes or between males and females. There was no correlation between measured variables and body weight. Results for this study provided information on values for the IOP, PRTT, mSTT, EAPPTT, HPFL, and eye blink frequency in healthy Syrian hamsters. It was important to determine reference intervals for this species because they commonly are kept as pets or used as research animals.

Ophthalmic Diagnostic Tests and Ocular Findings in a Flock of Captive American Flamingos ( Phoenicopterus ruber ruber).

Seventeen adult captive American flamingos ( Phoenicopterus ruber ruber) (34 eyes) underwent a complete ocular examination, including assessment of menace response, pupillary light reflexes, dazzle reflex, palpebral and corneal reflexes, fluorescein staining, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and direct ophthalmoscopy. Birds were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups for tear production and intraocular pressure measurements. Tear production was measured by modified Schirmer tear test I (n = 9 birds) or phenol red thread test (n = 8 birds), and intraocular pressure was measured indirectly by applanation (Tonopen-XL) (n = 9 birds) or rebound (TonoVet) (n = 8 birds) tonometry. Conjunctival swab samples were taken from one randomly selected eye of all 17 birds to identify surface ocular microbial flora via aerobic bacterial culture. Additionally, 3 of the 17 birds were anesthetized for bilateral B-mode ocular ultrasonography examination to obtain axial globe measurements. Results showed that the menace response and dazzle reflex were absent in all birds. Sixteen of the 17 birds were free of significant ocular disease; a small cataract and pigment on the anterior lens capsule were noted in one eye of one bird. Mean ± SD tear production was 12.3 ± 4.5 mm/min (range, 4-20 mm/min) for modified Schirmer tear test I and 24.2 ± 4.4 mm/15 s (range, 14-30 mm/15 s) for phenol red thread test. Modified Schirmer tear test I measurements were significantly lower than phenol red thread measurements (P < .001). Mean intraocular pressure was 16.1 ± 4.2 mm Hg (range, 7-22 mm Hg) for Tonopen and 9.5 ± 1.7 mm Hg (range, 7-13 mm Hg) for TonoVet. Tonopen measurements were significantly higher than TonoVet measurements (P < .001). An Enterococcus species (9/17 eyes; 53%) and a gram-positive coccus (7/17 eyes; 41%) were the bacteria most commonly isolated from conjunctival swab samples. Mean B-mode ultrasonographic globe measurements of 6 eyes (3 birds) were axial globe length, 13.8 ± 0.16 mm; anterior chamber depth, 1.75 ± 0.05 mm; lens thickness, 4.6 ± 0.06 mm; vitreous body depth, 6.95 ± 0.10 mm; and pecten dimensions, 5.1 ± 0.38 mm length, 2.2 ± 0.14 mm width. In summary, the prevalence of ocular lesions was low in this population of captive American flamingos. Results obtained from 2 types of tear and intraocular pressure measurement tests were significantly different, indicating that a single type of each diagnostic test should be consistently used. A modification of the standard Schirmer tear test or use of phenol red thread test is recommended due to the small flamingo eye.

Tear production, intraocular pressure and conjunctival microbiota, cytology and histology of New Zealand rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

The purpose of this study was to establish reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in New Zealand rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). A total of 22 adult male rabbits were used. The ophthalmic tests included evaluation of tear production with Schirmer tear test 1(STT1) and Endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT) using two different commercial brand materials. Applanation tonometry, Culture of the conjunctival bacterial flora, , conjunctival cytology and conjunctival histology were also performed. Mean (±SD) for STT1, EAPPTTa, EAPPTTb and IOP was 7.27±2.51mm/min, 12.43±1.69mm/min, 15.24±2.07mm/min, 12.89±2.80mm Hg, respectively. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus sp. and Bacillus sp. were predominant. The cytological evaluation revealed the presence columnar epithelial cells, superficial squamous keratinized cells, lymphocytes, heterophils, red blood cells, mucus and bacteria. The histological analysis revealed a stratified epithelium, characterized by the presence of columnar epithelial cells with a large number of goblet cells. The reported data can be used for therapeutic or experimental purposes.

The eye of the red-eared slider turtle: morphologic observations and reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests.

To perform a descriptive investigation of the red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) eye, performing selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests with the aim of establishing normal reference values for this species. Thirty adult healthy red-eared slider turtles were used to establish normal ophthalmic test values in this investigation. Selected ophthalmic tests included: collection of material for bacterial culture analysis, esthesiometry, intraocular pressure (IOP), A- and B-mode ultrasonic biometry, fundus photography, and central corneal thickness (CCT). Normal parameters found for the ocular diagnostic tests were: esthesiometry: 5.84±0.48cm; IOP: 5.42±1.70mmHg; CCT: 154.5±0.14μm; palpebral fissure length: 9.71±0.55mm; modified Schirmer tear test: 2.55±3.4mm; globe axial length: 7.60±0.23mm; anterior chamber depth: 0.76±0.23mm; lens axial length: 2.45±0.28mm; vitreous chamber depth: 4.31±0.42mm. An avascular retinal pattern with nerve fibers radiating from the small white circular optic disk was observed. None of the animals had a conus papillaris. The most frequent bacteria found were Bacillus spp. (33.33%) followed by Proteus vulgaris (20.69%) and Staphylococcus aureus (18.39%). No significant differences between left and right eyes or genders were found for any of the results. Reference data and morphologic observations obtained in this investigation might help veterinary ophthalmologists to diagnose ocular diseases in the red-eared slider turtle.

Bilateral Subfoveal Neurosensory Retinal Detachment Associated With MEK Inhibitor Use for Metastatic Cancer

Bilateral central serous retinopathy-like events have been described in patients receiving drugs that inhibit the mitogen-activated protein kinase enzyme MEK for metastatic cancer. To date, the clinical details of this ocular adverse effect have not been adequately described in the literature. We report on a series of bilateral subfoveal neurosensory retinal detachments in patients with metastatic cancer undergoing systemic therapy with MEK inhibitors enrolled in clinical trials at our center. The clinical records of all patients with metastatic cancer enrolled in clinical trials requiring protocol ophthalmologic evaluation at our center were reviewed. Patients were excluded if they were receiving a non-MEK inhibitor, such as a BRAF inhibitor. Results of visual acuity and ophthalmic diagnostic tests, as well as clinical course and management, were determined. Three patients who received oral MEK inhibitors developed bilateral subfoveal neurosensory retinal detachment. Patient 1 had metastatic uveal melanoma; the findings resolved without intervention, and subsequent mild uveitis was responsive to topical corticosteroids. Patient 2 had metastatic cholangiocarcinoma, and his findings resolved after 2 weeks of observation. Patient 3 had metastatic rectal cancer, with bilateral uveitis and bilateral subfoveal retinal detachment. Her findings resolved with observation and topical corticosteroids for uveitis. No patient developed permanent ocular sequelae, and none withdrew from the clinical trial of MEK inhibitor therapy. In this series, we report the detailed clinical findings of bilateral subfoveal neurosensory retinal detachment associated with MEK inhibitor use for treatment of metastatic cancer. A clinical finding of uveitis may prompt the ophthalmologist to consider subfoveal neurosensory retinal detachment.

Ophthalmic diagnostic tests in captive red-footed tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria) in Salvador, northeast Brazil.

The aim of this study was to establish normal ophthalmic parameters for select diagnostic tests in red-footed tortoises (Chelonoides carbonaria). A total of 52 animals, approximately 20-30years old, were studied. Ophthalmic diagnostic tests included culturing of the normal conjunctival bacterial flora in summer and winter, evaluation of tear production using Schirmer tear test (STT) and endodontic absorbent paper point tear test in two different environmental temperatures (EAPPTT-1 at 32°C and EAPPTT-2 at 18°C), cytology of conjunctival cells, B-mode ultrasonography, measurement of palpebral fissure length (PFL), and applanation tonometry (in two different positions). In both seasons, Gram-positive bacteria were predominant. Median (± IQR/2) STT was 12.0±3.5mm/min, EAPPTT-1 was 15.9±0.7mm/15s, and EAPPTT-2 was 15.4±0.4mm/min (OD) and 17.8±1.0mm/min (OS). Anterior chamber depth was 1.0±0.1mm, lens axial length was 2.3±0.1mm, vitreous chamber depth was 4.3±0.2mm, and axial globe length was 7.7±0.3mm. PFL was 11.7±1.7mm. Intraocular pressure was 11.5±2.8mmHg for males and 14.0±3.5mmHg for females (dorsoventral position) and 18.0±3.2mmHg for males and 24.1±3.0mmHg for females (ventrodorsal position with inclination of 45°). The ophthalmic parameters reported here can aid in the diagnosis of eye diseases in red-footed tortoises (Chelonoides carbonaria).

Ophthalmic diagnostic tests, orbital anatomy, and adnexal histology of the broad‐snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris)

The aim of this study was to establish normal ophthalmic parameters for selected diagnostic tests, and to describe the orbital anatomy and adnexal histology of the broad-snouted caiman. A total of 35 Caiman latirostris that were free of obvious ocular diseases were used to measure the parameters in this investigation. Ages ranged from 5 to 15years. Ophthalmic diagnostic tests were conducted, including evaluation of tear production with Schirmer Tear test-1 (STT1), culture of the conjunctival bacterial flora, applanation tonometry, conjunctival cytology, nictiating membrane incursion frequency test (NMIFT), endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT), palpebral fissure length measurement (PFL) and B-mode ultrasonography. Adnexal histology and skull samples were studied. Mean (±SD) STT1 was 3.4±3.6mm/min (95% confidence interval of 2.01-4.78mm/min), intraocular pressure (IOP) was 12.9±6.2mmHg, NMIFT was 6.0±3.5, EAPPTT was 17.1±2.5mm/min, PFL was 28.9±3.0mm, anterior chamber depth was 3.1±0.3mm, lens axial length was 8.4±0.6mm, vitreous chamber depth was 7.9±0.7mm and axial globe length was 19.9±1.3mm. For all animals evaluated, Bacillus sp., Diphteroids and Staphylococcus sp. were predominant.