Operator Work Research Articles

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ КОНДИЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ ВОЗДУХА В КАБИНЕ ТРАНСПОРТНОГО СРЕДСТВА

The article presents the research aimed at creating a cooling system in a vehicle cabin that would have the fastest and most effective effect on the operator's body, while being environmentally friendly and cost-effective. It has been found that the efficiency of a vehicle operator's work is affected by the temperature and humidity parameters of the cabin (salon) microclimate. A multi-level approach has been applied to drawing up a heat balance for supplying and removing heat to the driver of a vehicle, taking into account the feasibility of cooling only a local area of his body. An analysis of the results of experiments on the possibility of using ventilation air flow distributors for local volumes with people there is given. It has been found that the operation of existing standard cooling and ventilation systems in a vehicle cabin is associated with significant energy costs, the consumption of a large amount of fuel, and a decrease in its environmental friendliness and efficiency. This is caused by the design complexity of the cooling system, its immobility relative to the operator's body, as a result of which the flow distributed in any direction exits the surface elements of the cabin, is washed out in the total volume, loses the required blowing speed, and, as a consequence, the cooling effect. It is possible to improve the air flow distributor of the vehicle cabin due to the channel having two truncated cones located one in the other, allowing to change the cross-section of the outlet opening and the direction of air flow distribution. The following were obtained: temperature distribution of round jets of the ventilation system of the MTZ-100 tractor at an outside air temperature of tн=29.5 °C without a cooler and with a cooler, a mathematical expression for determining the distance from the distributor. It was found that while maintaining the average heat transfer coefficient at the level of 6.5 W/m2 and the air outlet speed of 1 m/s, the total heat removal increases approximately 2.4 times.

System expanded for postural analysis (s.e.p.a.): a starting point resulting from the evolution of an idea

Background/Aim: Importance and usefulness are characteristics of postural analysis now known and documented in the literature. The absence of a standard is often a problem and a market offer, although broad and of a high level, is not always able to satisfy the needs of all professionals, also due to the non-negligible costs. The aim of this article is to describe a new postural analysis system, named System Expanded for Postural Analysis (S.E.P.A.), based on previous experiences and to promote the comparison between professionals which has allowed its realization. Materials and Methods: S.E.P.A., analyzing the problems of its previous versions, implements new strategies based on simplicity, essentiality, practicality and completeness. Added to this is a new possibility of simultaneous acquisition of the feet standing print during video recording of the subject's position, both from the top and from the feet. Results: Stability and simplicity were immediately found during the preliminary tests carried out on the system both in the hardware and software components, making the operator's work easier. Conclusions: Although the first findings are encouraging, a direct and intense use of S.E.P.A. is mandatory and essential to consolidate its characteristics and, nevertheless, the contribution of other professionals who want to use it, to be able to suggest new improving aspects.

Work Posture Analysis using the RULA and OWAS Methods in the Cement Packing Section at the Packing Plant Indarung Unit of PT. Semen Padang

PT Semen Padang is a cement manufacturer. According to preliminary observations, the cement packing process, which is done at the Packing Plant Indarung unit, is the last step of the cement production process. Due to the sideways and bowed body positions, cement bagging is performed manually with a less ergonomic working position. This is performed continuously, causing workers complaints of musculoskeletal disorders. The results of distributing the Nordic Body Map questionnaire to employees indicate that many operators experience pain due to their work positions. Based on these findings, the RULA method was used to analyze work posture, yielding a group A posture score of 7, a group B posture score of 4, and a final RULA assessment score of 7. The OWAS method assessment, meanwhile, earned a score code of 2141 and was categorized as a level 3 risk. The results of the risk assessment using the RULA method yield a score of 7, indicating that the operator's work attitude needs to change immediately, whereas the results of the assessment using the OWAS method yield a score of 3, indicating that work posture has a very significant impact on tension and needs to be corrected as soon as possible. On the basis of the results of these assessments, a recommendation was made to design a trolley work facility that can be utilized to reduce the risk of MSDs for cement packaging operators

Implementation of Label Cutting Workstations Improvement in The Jago Jaya Shuttlecock Industry to Increase Productivity Based on Ergonomic Aspects

Jago Jaya Shuttlecock Industry is an MSME in Jagalan, Surakarta, that produces shuttlecocks. Based on these conditions, a study was conducted in 2020 by Sherlinta Kaban, which produced a label cutting tool tested on a label cutting workstation. However, in the trial, there are several obstacles found in using the label cutting tool, so follow-up study to analyze and improve the label cutting tools in previous studies to produce a new design that can be re-implemented. Ergonomics aspects used in this study are analysis of work posture using REBA, measurement of standard time with Westinghouse adjustments, the study of left and right-hand map movements, and tool redesign using the Reverse Engineering method. The improvements include implementing a new label cutting tool that can improve the operator's work posture, reduce standard time, increase the number of standard outputs, and improve operator hand movements to increase productivity at label cutting work stations.

Rationale for the creation of multispectral data-processing system shock reconnaissance UAVs for use in modern warfare

In recent years, in the technically developed countries of the world, special attention has been paid to the development of the theory and practice of warfare in a single information space, changing views on the training and use of armed forces in modern wars and conflicts. An important aspect in the combat management chain is the distribution and transmission of information to support the decisions of the command and control of the armed forces. The purpose of the work is to identify typical tasks solved using a multispectral information and computing system of a reconnaissance and strike unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The analysis of tasks and the target load of UAVs in modern wars is carried out. The data on modern UAVs are systematized, in particular, on the payload used, the features of combat use in military conflicts, the main disadvantages in the functioning of control systems to achieve specific combat tasks. The modern world concepts and technologies for the development of integrated UAV information systems are presented. The hierarchical principle of obtaining information in a multispectral system and its complex processing are considered. The result of the functioning of a set of sensors in complex information processing will be the possibility of forming solutions that reduce the amount of information transmitted through data transmission channels and simplify the operator's work.

Analisis Beban Kerja Pada Operator Mesin Vacum Geiss AG Menggunakan Metode Full Time Equivalent (FTE) Di PT. XYZ

Workload analysis provides an opportunity to smooth workload or reduce work activities that do not provide added value. Detailed evaluation and analysis of each work element of a position will display a more detailed workload map. PT. XYZ requires detailed workload mapping to be able to display the load profile for each position. The results of this load mapping can be used for workload normalization analysis. This research uses the Full Time Equivalent (FTE) method. The data used in this research are job descriptions, frequency and working hours. The research results show that the FTE-based workload value of the Vacum Geiss AG operator is FIT (value 1-1.28), namely on 03-10-2023 it is 1.030 and on 04-10-2023 it is 1.030 which is fit because the FTE value is between The value is 1-1.28 so that the operator's work load is appropriate on that day, then on 05-10-2023 on the Geiss AG vacuum machine it is 0.915, it is still underload because the FTE value is below the value of 0.99 so the operator on that day is underloaded. the work is not suitable and additional work is needed.

Design of Lifting Tool and Pressing Table at Tofu Factory X Considering to the Operator's Work Posture

The X Tofu Factory on of tofu factory located in Sumedang City. Based on the results of an interview with the owner of the X Tofu Factory, Owner stated that there were several problems that occurred at the X Tofu Factory. The main problem that occurs is the frequent occurrence of Musculoskeletal Disorder complaints caused by poor work posture and inadequate physical facilities. The purpose of this study was to design work aids to be used to lifting load at grinding work stations and posture when work at pressing station. Theories are used include design thinking for the design of work aids at milling work stations, Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) to determine the risk score of work postures, Wisha Lifting Calculator (WLC) to determine the limiting index of lifting activities, and anthropometry for designing physical facilities in the form of a tofu moulding table. Data collection was carried out in the tofu production area by taking tool size data, the Nordic Body Map (NBM) questionnaire, and actual anthropometric data. From the results of data processing and analysis of the problems above, the researchers proposed work aids to reduce REBA and Wisha scores, and physical facilities that were adjustable in height operator's anthropometric data.

Work Posture Analysis with REBA and RULA Method on Production Operators Repair and Maintenance of LPG 3Kg at PT. XYZ

Wrong posture while working has an impact on productivity. One of them is the operator's work position in the production department at PT. XYZ pays little attention to natural work attitudes and there are activities that have a fairly high ergonomic risk. As a result, complaints such as pain in the legs, shoulders, knees, neck and even the arms occur. At worst, it can lead to long-term sprains and fractures. It is necessary to analyze work posture using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) and Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) methods to determine the level of musculoskeletal hazards and provide improvements to work methods or rearrangement of the work environment. The final score results in the application of REBA and RULA are on the working posture of the both painting sections with scores of 4 and 9, on screen printing on the bottom of the tube scores of 9 and 10, on ring painting results of scores of 10 and 9, on welding results of scores of 7 and 8, and on the installation of seal tape the results of scores 5 and 6 which need to be repaired immediately. Recommendations are given by changing work postures, adding tables and chairs. The operator's attitude and work position are calculated again using the REBA and RULA checksheets. The result is 3 and 3 both painting, 3 and 3 on tube bottom screen printing, 2 and 3 on ring painting, 2 and 3 on welding, 2 and 2 on seal tape installation, which are (acceptable) or acceptable. Keywords: Working Posture Error, REBA, RULA.

Analysis of Improved Work Posture to Reduce Musculosceletal Disorders using the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment and Ovako Work Posture Analysis System methods (Case Study : Employees in the Warehouse of PT. AFS Maros, South Sulawesi)

PT. AFS is a Limited Liability Company engaged in catering services. One of the most important divisions in this field is in the warehousing department. Receiving is the place where the goods are entered, while the store is the place where the goods are stored for a period of time with reference to the expiration date of the product. Goods collection is done when receiving incoming goods, moving goods from the receptionist to the store, and when requesting goods from the production room. Body posture is a determining factor in analyzing the effectiveness of a warehouse operator's work. If the operator's work attitude is wrong or not ergonomic, the employee will tire easily and bone abnormalities can occur. Complaints of Musculoskeletal Disorders are complaints of skeletal muscles that are felt by a person from very mild to severe complaints. For the RULA and OWAS methods, posture analysis is only carried out in the main warehouse. The final Rapid Upper Body Limb Assessment (RULA) score for both workers was Score 7 (Action Level 4) which indicates that this condition is dangerous and requires immediate inspection and changes (on the spot). And the Ovako Work Posture Analysis System (OWAS) shows category 4 (This attitude is very dangerous for the musculoskeletal system. Needs to be corrected immediately/currently) and Category 1 (in this system problems in the musculoskeletal system don't need to be fixed).PT. AFS is a Limited Liability Company engaged in catering services. One of the most important divisions in this field is in the warehousing department. Receiving is the place where the goods are entered, while the store is the place where the goods are stored for a period of time with reference to the expiration date of the product. Goods collection is done when receiving incoming goods, moving goods from the receptionist to the store, and when requesting goods from the production room. Body posture is a determining factor in analyzing the effectiveness of a warehouse operator's work. If the operator's work attitude is wrong or not ergonomic, the employee will tire easily and bone abnormalities can occur. Complaints of Musculoskeletal Disorders are complaints of skeletal muscles that are felt by a person from very mild to severe complaints. For the RULA and OWAS methods, posture analysis is only carried out in the main warehouse. The final Rapid Upper Body Limb Assessment (RULA) score for both workers was Score 7 (Action Level 4) which indicates that this condition is dangerous and requires immediate inspection and changes (on the spot). And the Ovako Work Posture Analysis System (OWAS) shows category 4 (This attitude is very dangerous for the musculoskeletal system. Needs to be corrected immediately/currently) and Category 1 (in this system problems in the musculoskeletal system don't need to be fixed).

Pendampingan Operator dalam Pembuatan E-KTP pada Kantor Camat Praya Lombok Tengah

For the smooth running of the administration of E-KTP making, the sub-district head must always coordinate with the lower level government, in this case, all staff within the sub-district area and all staff within their respective sub-districts to provide operator assistants. In the method section, the methods used to achieve the goals are to be carried out in community service activities. This section must contain the methods’ stages, including preparation, implementation and evaluation. This section also contains complete information about the activities carried out at each stage in the method. The role of the operator's assistant in the implementation of making E-KTP eases the operator's work, expediting the service for making E-KTP so that long queues can be fewer for people who want to make E-KTP.

Analisis Postur Tubuh Departement Welding Dengan Metode RULA Studi Kasus Di PT SMT

PT.SMT is a company engaged in processing and assembling products from sheet metal materials, in the production process some processes are still conventional. According to the initial assessment, welding and grinding stations are two workstations where operators often experience injuries. The study's objective was to assess the operator's working position in order to gauge the severity of a work injury. The technique is called RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment). Four operators are at a high risk, as shown by the NBM (Nordic Body Map) computations. These operators work in the welding process, which receives scores of 73 and 69, and the grinding process, which receives scores of 60 and 64.. The score of 6 is obtained from the RULA score for the operator's welding process in the welding department, indicatingng that more research needs to be done and change needs to happen quickly. This shows that to reduce operator work accidents, the production process must be improved.

Penilaian Postur Kerja Operator Stasiun Sampling Point Dengan Metode Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) dI PT. X

This study aims to design a workplace improvement plan for Sampling Point operators at a CPO Processing Factory (PT.X) located in West Sumatra Province. This research started from the first stage by identifying all Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSDs) complaints in operators using the Nordic Body Map (NBM) method, then the second stage was carried out by assessing work posture using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method. This research found a condition that has the potential for musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Interviews were conducted with several operators, it can be concluded that almost every time they finish their work, they experience symptoms of muscle disorders. This is of course suspected because the operator's work attitude is contrary to ergonomic principles. The final results of the assessment using the REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) method conclude the following: Operators work in an attitude with a high level of risk category 3 which demands immediate corrective action and has an impact on musculoskeletal disorders. Then from the aspect of assessing the current work posture it is clear that the risk of musculoskeletal disorders is very high and requires immediate changes

A Simple Method to Calculate Positions in Pose Tracking to Verify Work Procedures

Although manufacturing processes are becoming increasingly automated, many factories still rely on manual operations. In such facilities, there is a strong need to automatically detect human errors by checking whether specified procedures are being followed. For this purpose, studies have been conducted on utilizing deep neural network (DNN) based three-dimensional (3D) human pose-tracking methods to examine work procedures. However, most of these techniques require a high-end computer equipped with a graphics processing unit (GPU). On the other hand, in this study, we adopt MediaPipe Pose, a lightweight pose estimation network provided by Google, to perform pose tracking on a low-end personal computer (PC) to enable such systems to be deployed in small factories. However, MediaPipe Pose cannot track the location of a human body because it estimates poses in a coordinate system with the waist as the origin (that is, in a root‑relative coordinate system). Therefore, in this study, we developed a method to obtain the absolute coordinates of the root with a simple calculation. The results of an experimental evaluation show that the computational load of the proposed approach is negligible, and the repeatability of the estimation sufficed to evaluate a given operator's work on a predetermined working path. Therefore, the proposed methods enables work procedures to be checked using MediaPipe Pose on a low-end PC.

Using color-only vegetation indexes to remove vegetation from otherwise mostly mono-material point clouds

Point clouds are now a standard way of describing objects in many engineering disciplines, whether they are man-made objects such as structures, buildings, or various types of structures. Commonly used methods of acquiring such data include ground, UAV, or even aerial photogrammetry, followed by terrestrial, UAV, and aerial scanning. After measurement (by the scanner) or calculation (from photogrammetry), the point cloud goes through extensive processing that essentially transforms the unordered mass of points into a usable data set. One of the important steps is removing points representing obstructing objects and features, including vegetation in particular. Here, many filtering methods based on different principles are available and suitable for application to different scenes. This paper presents a new method of filtering point clouds based on the visible spectrum color principle using vegetation indexes determined from RGB system colors only. Since each sensor has to some extent, an individual interpretation of the colors, it cannot be assumed to determine specific boundaries of what is and is no longer vegetation. Therefore, it was proposed to use means clustering to simplify the operator's work. The method was also designed in such a way that the entire evaluation could be implemented in the freely available CloudCompare software. The procedure was tested on three different sites with different terrain and vegetation characteristics showing, which demonstrated the applicability of this method to data where the color information (green) uniquely identifies vegetation. The selected vegetation filters ExG, ExR, ExB, and ExGr were tested, where ExG was the best. K-means clustering helps an operator to distinguish more easily between vegetation and the rest of the point cloud without compromising the quality of the result. The method is practically implementable using the freely downloadable and usable CloudCompare software.

Proposed Design of Assistant Tools to Reduce the Risk of Disorders (MSDS) Operator of Weaving Work Station CV XYZ

The weaving operator of CV XYZ has an unergonomic work posture with a bent back and unbalanced legs at work. This non-ergonomic condition was identified by using the Nordic Body Map questionnaire to find out complaints on 28 body parts of three operators. From the identification of weaving operators using a nordic body map, it is known that there are complaints on the back, waist, and hips of the body. Identification using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment method shows that the final result of the assessment is 11, which means that there is a need for improvement now on the operator's work posture. The results of the QEC method show an exposure score of 97.12% for operator 3 and the action that must be taken is research and changes now. To reduce the risk of high work posture, a proposal for improving the working posture of the weaving machine set up operator was formulated by designing a manual scissor lift tool. In the process of designing tools, Indonesian anthropometric data is needed. The stages of designing tools are identifying operator needs, conceptualizing tools using a need metric matrix, selecting tools concepts with combination tables and scoring concepts and describing the design of tools using AutoCAD and CATIA software. From the results of the selection of several alternative concepts, a tool in the form of a manual scissor lift was chosen which has a combination of elements, namely a square working platform design, using 2 hydraulics and raw materials made of steel. Meanwhile, the manual scissor lift specification has a maximum height of 85 cm, a footing length of 70 cm and a footing width of 46 cm. It is known that before the proposed improvement, the final result of the REBA score was 11 and after the improvement the final result of the REBA score was 4 which indicates that the operator's work posture has improved after using the assistive device, especially in the arms, legs and back of the operator

MODELING OF VIBROACOUSTIC PROCESSES IN TRANSPORTATION CABINS

In the closed rooms of small buildings, and in the cabins of flexible transport vehicles, there is a very specific process of developing both structural and occasional noise. Dzherela noise and vibrations on transport means it is cleverly possible to change on mechanical, aerodynamic, hydro mechanical, electromagnet and inch. Operators of a large number of transport vehicles - emergency and road vehicles, vantage cars, assistance for transporting passengers and others. Noise of 85 - 95 dB A. Vikoristannya traditional and effective, from the point of view of the noise control operator, designs that are not rimmed with rosary do not expect to give results. In some cases, it can lead to a retype і, besides; it is not enough to pay off financial investments. By the method of cinch doslidzhen є theoretically setting up the noise reduction processes in closed small-volume applications (in the cabins of transport vehicles) with the purpose of entering and using the noise mode on the operator's workstation. The task of the data is studied in the development of a mathematical model for the analysis of vibroacoustic parameters with the method of development of rational noise protection for operators of transport facilities. The reduction of the noise level at the operator's working station is mainly due to the additional structural elements of the cabin, hoods, screens, and they can include a number of soundproof clay structures in their line of work. Structural noise is transmitted to the cabin due to the vibrations of the walls and cabin sub-logs. Intensity and proportion of the noise to fall due to the structural sound of the connection between the elements of the cabin and the vibrations. The presence of gaps, breaks, and openings also affects the noise mode of operators. For minds, the use of a small volume with an accuracy sufficient for practice (± 2 dB) equal to the noise in the operator's work area can be developed on the basis of the energy law of sound folding. Keywords: sound, noise, vibration, vibration isolation, frequency, transport, sound pressure, sound clinging, rigidity of construction, sound field, acoustic screens.

Determination of Production Targets on Sewing for the Front Body of H&M Pajamas Jogger Pants

The process of sewing the front body of an order for H&M Pajamas Jogger Pants has a fairly high quality, but the target for setting production targets is based on experience and estimates only. The setting of a fairly high production target of 640 pcs/day is often not achieved because the determination of the production target is not based on the level of difficulty of the work carried out by the operator (easy, medium, or difficult), the operator's skill as well as the condition of the machine used in the process. condition is good or not, so that the target set is often not achieved because it is not in accordance with the condition of the operator's ability in general. Based on the observation of the operator's working time measurement, the total standard time for the 26 manufacturing processes for the front body component of the order of H&M Pajamas Jogger Pants was 23,029 minutes. After getting the total standard time for making the front body component of the order for these H&M Pajamas Jogger Pants, a new production target can be determined, which is 542 pcs/day. This new production target is made to represent the general working conditions of operators and has taken into account the factors of slack, work fatigue and other unavoidable obstacles.

Design and application of a new type of long snake moxibustion box

Long snake moxibustion, a kind of indirect moxibustion therapy for stimulating the midline part of the back of the patient's body after playing a layer of ginger or garlic mud, is frequently used to treat spine disorders and deficiency-cold type syndromes. In the present paper, we introduced our newly made moxibustion box for applying long snake moxibustion which is safe and easy to operate and can be freely moved at any time in the treatment of vertebral diseases, and conveniently makes the ignited-moxa close to the locus. This newly-designed moxibustion box is made of two lines of paralleled flexible connection side plates hinged ends to ends and two U-like connection plates at the opposite two ends to construct a rectangular frame device. The hinged design makes the long snake moxibustion box conform to the physiological curvature of human body and its length can be adjusted according to the height of patients. When used in clinical practice, it can enhance the patients' safety and reduce the operator's working intensity, and may be helpful to the popularization and development of long snake moxibustion therapy.

Evaluation of labor ergonomics of machine milking operators working at milking machines «Carousel»

The article shows the assessment of the hourly and shift energy intensity of the operator's work on rotary milking machines with internal milking (of the "Herringbone" type) with the connection of teat cups on the side and on installations with external milking with the connection of teat cups at the back (of the "Parallel" type). The purpose of the study is to determine the indicators of ergonomics and energy intensity of labor productivity of machine milking operators working on rotary milking machines. The conditions that affect the labor productivity of the milking operator are considered. Calculations are presented to determine the indicators of ergonomics and energy intensity of labor of machine milking operators. The data were obtained empirically using the method of chronometric observations of the work of operators in the milking parlor and the principles of a systematic approach. The total mass of loads moved during each hour of the shift from the working surface is exceeded for men (the normal value is not more than 870 kg) and significantly exceeded for women (the normal value is not more than 350 kg) and is 644...1380 kg on Milkline (external) provided that one operator works at the connecting of the milking machine. The total mass of loads is also exceeded for female operators on the AutoRotor 40 (external) and AutoRotor 60 (external) «Carousels» and amounts to 653 kg and 575 kg per operator, respectively. The normal value of the static load per shift when holding the load and applying efforts with one hand for men - not more than 353.0 kN∙s, for women ‒ not more than 215.7 kN∙s. On Milkline installations (external) it is 212.4…455.0 kN∙s when one operator works at the connecting of the milking machine, while the upper limit is significantly exceeded for both men and especially women.

Development and evaluation of design guidelines for cognitive ergonomics in human-robot collaborative assembly systems

Industry 4.0 is the concept used to summarize the ongoing fourth industrial revolution, which is profoundly changing the manufacturing systems and business models all over the world. Collaborative robotics is one of the most promising technologies of Industry 4.0. Human-robot interaction and human-robot collaboration will be crucial for enhancing the operator's work conditions and production performance. In this regard, this enabling technology opens new possibilities but also new challenges. There is no doubt that safety is of primary importance when humans and robots interact in industrial settings. Nevertheless, human factors and cognitive ergonomics (i.e. cognitive workload, usability, trust, acceptance, stress, frustration, perceived enjoyment) are crucial, even if they are often underestimated or ignored. Therefore, this work refers to cognitive ergonomics in the design of human-robot collaborative assembly systems. A set of design guidelines has been developed according to the analysis of the scientific literature. Their effectiveness has been evaluated through multiple experiments based on a laboratory case study where different participants interacted with a low-payload collaborative robotic system for the joint assembly of a manufacturing product. The main assumption to be tested is that it is possible to improve the operator's experience and efficiency by manipulating the system features and interaction patterns according to the proposed design guidelines. Results confirmed that participants improved their cognitive response to human-robot interaction as well as the assembly performance with the enhancement of workstation features and interaction conditions by implementing an increasing number of guidelines.