Operation Of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks Research Articles

Autoregressive moving average based anycast with support vector machine clustering in mobile ad‐hoc networks

AbstractNodes in mobile ad‐hoc networks (MANETs) are battery‐powered, therefore, need energy‐efficient techniques to cut down the cost of energy consumption. Energy consumption is directly related to route discovery, which could be reduced through anycasting. Anycast is an operation in MANETs, where the source sends messages to one particular destination node of anycast region. In general, the message transmitted is divided into certain packets, and those are transmitted continuously one after the other through selected routes. If the link from anycast source to destination breaks in between or an anycast destination goes out of the anycast region, in that case, a new anycast destination will have to be selected on a new route to the destination. This will incur huge message costs and energy. In this work, we select desirable anycast destinations based on their eligibility by using autoregressive moving average and support vector machine. Eligibility is modeled as a function of residual energy, location, the relative velocity concerning neighbors, and the number of packets successfully forwarded earlier by those neighbors' locations. Reducing the number of anycast receivers reduces the message cost of protocols significantly. We have compared our protocol's performance with the same of anycast‐AODV, anycast‐DSR, anycast‐FAIR, and MQAR (mobility and QoS‐aware anycast routing protocol) results show significant improvement. Collective improvement amounts to 89% more energy preservation and 39% delay on average.

Reduction of overhead in routing protocols for MANET using fuzzy set-based decision making

It is well-known that dynamic topology, mobility of nodes, infrastructure less property and absence of central coordinator; make the behaviour of mobile ad hoc network (MANET) uncertain. Routing is the major step in the operation of MANET and the establishment of route from source to destination thus becomes crucial. Routing decision is distributed among the nodes in the network and the reliable and effective routing predominantly depends on proper establishment of route from source to destination. Route establishment depends largely on control packets and those packets induce more overhead in the network, which in turn degrades the performance of the network. The present work proposes a novel method to reduce the control overhead by predicting the quality of the neighbouring nodes that sustain more, using a fuzzy set decision approach. The flooding of control packets is based on a fuzzy decision taken on success rate of each link in the previous trials and residual energy of the neighbouring nodes. Simulation study reveals that this approach significantly reduces the control overhead in the network and improves the overall performance.

Evaluating the effect of static components in MANET by simulations

Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are temporary networks, that require relatively less time to be deployed and less resources to keep up and running. They can be implemented in disaster recovery sites, university campuses, military campaigns and so on. MANET nodes cooperate in an autonomous way by forwarding packets to each-other. Considering mobility of the nodes, the routes change dynamically so routing algorithms are very important for operation of MANETs. At a given time, not all the nodes can be mobile. A grid of static nodes, which will also support the communication between mobile nodes, may also be considered. In this paper, we analyze the performance of a MANET considering different number of static nodes in the network. For moving nodes we use Random Way-point Mobility (RWM) model. We evaluate the performance by measuring the number of hops and throughput for one-flow traffic. For all topologies, the average throughput is around 5 times lower than CBR of sent data. The number of hops is higher and has more oscillations for denser networks.

Enabling off-the-grid telephony: An adaptive probabilistic model for broadcasting in ad-hoc mobile phone networks

Ad-hoc peer-to-peer mobile phone networks (phone-MANETs) can enable village level telephony for cash-strapped, off-the-grid communities in developing regions. Broadcasting is a fundamental operation in such MANETs (Mobile Ad-hoc Networks) and is used for route discovery. Cost and power consumption optimizations are critical for such systems. Hence, lightweight broadcast techniques which can operate on basic devices and incur low overheads are more pragmatic than their more complex counterparts. This paper proposes a new broadcast technique for rural phone-MANETS that is lightweight, efficient and incurs low latency. Using extensive simulations, the proposed technique is compared to existing lightweight broadcast protocols. The results show that the new technique is successful in outperforming existing lightweight techniques on multiple criteria that are important for a phone-MANET.

Agent-based trusted on-demand routing protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks

The routing performance in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) relies on the co-operation of the individual nodes that constitute the network. The existence of misbehaving nodes may paralyze the routing operation in MANETs. To overcome this behavior, the trustworthiness of the network nodes should be considered in the route selection process combined with the hop count. The trustworthiness is achieved by measuring the trust value for each node in the network. In this paper, a new protocol based on self monitoring (agent-based) and following the dynamic source routing (DSR) algorithm is presented. This protocol is called agent-based trusted dynamic source routing protocol for MANETs. The objective of this protocol is to manage trust information locally with minimal overhead in terms of extra messages and time delay. This objective is achieved through installing in each participated node in the network a multi-agent system (MAS). MAS consists of two types of agents: monitoring agent and routing agent. A new mathematical and more realistic objective model for measuring the trust value is introduced. This model is weighted by both number and size of routed packets to reflect the "selective forwarding" behavior of a node. The performance evaluation via simulation shows that our protocol is better than standard and trusted DSR. The simulation is done over a variety of environmental conditions such as number of malicious nodes, host density and movement rates.

Experimental results from a MANET testbed in outdoor bridge environment considering BATMAN routing protocol

A set of wireless mobile terminals, which cooperate by routing packets to each other creates a Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). MANETs are continuing to grow their interest in research environment and they are attracting attention for their potential use in several fields such as collaborative computing and disaster recovery environments. Considering mobility of the terminals, the topology changes rapidly and routing becomes a key process for operation of MANETs. In this paper, we analyze the performance of Better Approach To MANET (BATMAN) routing protocol in an outdoor bridge environment considering mobility and vertical communication. We implement two scenarios on our testbed and evaluate the performance in terms of throughput and packetloss.

Evaluation of MANET protocols for different indoor environments: results from a real MANET testbed

A mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is a collection of wireless mobile terminals, which create a temporary network without relying on a fixed infrastructure. MANETs are attracting attention for their potential use in several fields such as collaborative computing and communications in small areas. Considering mobility of the terminals, routing is a key process for operation of MANETs. In this paper, we analyse the performance of optimised link state routing (OLSR) and better approach to mobile ad hoc networking (BATMAN) protocols, in an indoor horizontal topology for three different scenarios. We also analyse the performance of OLSR protocol in an indoor vertical topology for two scenarios. We compare the results for horizontal and vertical topology considering OLSR protocol. From our experiments, we found that the mobility and node distance affect more the throughput and packetloss in the vertical topology.

Secure Video Transmission Against Black Hole Attack in MANETs

Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) are open to a wide range of attacks due to their unique characteristics like dynamic topology, shared medium, absence of infrastructure, and resource constraints. Data packets sent by a source node may reach destination through a number of intermediate nodes. In the absence of security mechanism, it is easy for an intermediate node to intercept or modify the messages, thus attacking the normal operation of MANET. One such attack is Black hole attack, in which, a malicious node called Black hole node attracts all the traffic of the network towards itself, and discards all the packets without forwarding them to the intended recipients. This paper evaluates the performance of Adhoc on-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and its multi-path variant Adhoc On-demand Multi-path Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocols under black hole attack. Non-cryptographic solutions Secure Blackhole AODV (SBAODV) and Secure Blackhole AOMDV (SBAOMDV) have been proposed to mitigate the effect of black hole attack. Through NS-2 simulations, the performance of the proposed protocols with video streaming is analyzed. The results show that the proposed solutions provide better performance than the conventional AODV and AOMDV.

A routing-profitable MAC protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Owing to the characteristics of rapid deployment and flexible configuration, Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) have many applications in civilian environment, law enforcement, military arena, etc. Among these applications, data packets have to disseminate from nodes to nodes hop by hop. To facilitate these applications with much traffic among nodes, the crucial operation of MANET is routing. This paper investigates the chance to enhance the performance of routing protocol by modifying the Media Access Control (MAC) protocol. The basic idea is to increase the transmission chance for those nodes that want to relay data. Through exhaust simulation on ns-2, our novel MAC protocol enhances the on-demand routing protocols more than that of the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) in various system parameters.

Detecting unauthorized and compromised nodes in mobile ad hoc networks

Security of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) has become a more sophisticated problem than security in other networks, due to the open nature and the lack of infrastructure of such networks. In this paper, the security challenges in intrusion detection and authentication are identified and the different types of attacks are discussed. We propose a two-phase detection procedure of nodes that are not authorized for specific services and nodes that have been compromised during their operation in MANET. The detection framework is enabled with the main operations of ad hoc networking, which are found at the link and network layers. The proposed framework is based on zero knowledge techniques, which are presented through proofs.

P2P Network Topology Control over a Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

This paper discusses effective configuration methods for peer-to-peer (P2P) network topologies within a mobile ad-hoc network. With recent progress in mobile ad-hoc network technology promoting the creation of new and attractive services, we are examining and developing P2P network systems for operation within ad-hoc networks. Our focus is on identifying methods of network-topology control that provide the best balance between performance and availability. We evaluate three methods through computer simulation and field trials from the viewpoints of resource consumption and network integrity, and clarify their domains of applicability. The results are expected to contribute to the design of future P2P networks for operation in mobile ad-hoc networks.