Operation Of Industrial Systems Research Articles

Fault Detection Algorithm Based on Dynamic Global–Local Preserving Projection

Industrial system operations usually have dynamic characteristics. If these characteristics are ignored, the performance of fault detection degrades. Herein, the fault-detection algorithm of dynamic global–local preserving projection (DGLPP) is employed to solve the problem mentioned. First, time-delay data are added to the sample to form an augmentation matrix and characterize the system dynamics. Second, the dimensionality of the augmented matrix is reduced using global–local preserving projection. The dimensionality-reduction method can preserve the data’s global and local structures. Then, a DGLPP model is built using the dimensionality-reduced data. Moreover, Hotelling’s T2 and squared prediction error (SPE) statistics are used for fault detection. Finally, this method is used to detect the fault in the Tennessee Eastman (TE) process. The experimental results show that the DGLPP method has an enhanced fault detection rate. Moreover, the fault-detection effects of the DGLPP method are better than those of the principal component analysis (PCA), local preserving projection (LPP), and global–local preserving projection (GLPP) methods.

Generalized Correntropy Criterion-Based Performance Assessment for Non-Gaussian Stochastic Systems.

Control loop performance assessment (CPA) is essential in the operation of industrial systems. In this paper, the shortcomings of existing performance assessment methods and indicators are summarized firstly, and a novel evaluation method based on generalized correntropy criterion (GCC) is proposed to evaluate the performance of non-Gaussian stochastic systems. This criterion could characterize the statistical properties of non-Gaussian random variables more fully, so it can be directly used as the assessment index. When the expected output of the given system is unknown, generalized correntropy is used to describe the similarity of two random variables in the joint space neighborhood controlled and take it as the criterion function of the identification algorithms. To estimate the performance benchmark more quickly and accurately, a hybrid-EDA (H-EDA) combined with the idea of “wading across the stream algorithm” is proposed to obtain the system parameters and disturbance noise PDF. Through the simulation of a single loop feedback control system under different noise disturbances, the effectiveness of the improved algorithm and new indexes are verified.

Optimal Control in Manufacturing Areas Increase the Productivity in the Aerospace Industry of Mexicali, Baja California, México

The efficient control in the manufacturing control is very essential to increase the productivity and some specialized devices are made with and adequate functions. These devices are MEMS (Micro Electromechanical Systems), which are low-power microdevices widely used in the industrial processes of the Mexicali aerospace industry, which have the function of controlling the operation of industrial systems at any stage of manufacturing by evaluating the way to carry out their activities, comparing standardized values with data real and activate and deactivate high power actuator mechanisms such as fans, motors, electric pumps and other high power used in this installed industry. These microdevices have specific characteristics in their operation to obtain the best operational performance of industrial equipment and machines, at a low cost and partially operating according to the operating system reference values of industrial systems and generating a safe process in their operation. The industrial processes of the Mexicali aerospace industry require specialized knowledge because they manufacture components with very rigid operations because they are manufactured for aircraft with very rigorous regulations, due to the high security that air transport requires. MEMS have increased their use in the last ten years, where it has been applied to various industries due to the simple way of coupling with industrial systems, and this is why research was conducted to evaluate its use in a company in this city that they did not intend to use them and when observing that they increased their productive performance at one stage of their industrial processes, they chose to apply them in all their manufacturing areas. The investigation was from 2018 to 2019.

Experimental and modeling based dead-volume detection for externally stirred tanks

The role of homogenization in industrial systems is to provide proper feedstock and product properties to ensure the smooth operation of industrial systems. In this paper, an external recirculation mixing tank with unique construction for the homogenization of stratified liquids is investigated. The main focus of the work is to determine the relationship between tank geometry and dead volumes present in the unit. The unit’s geometry was altered by changing the volume of the tank during experimental work. Residence time based methods were applied for the investigation of the system. For a thorough investigation of the unit, computational fluid dynamics methods were employed in COMSOL Multiphysics to obtain data about the velocity field in the unit. Experimental and modeling data were compared and used to understand the impact of the tank geometry on the flow characteristics of the system, the dead volumes present and thus on the required homogenization time. Optimal tank geometry was chosen for the mixing process to minimize dead volume ratios and to allow more profitable operation. It was observed that the increase in the tank’s volume caused more significant amounts of dead volume to form with an increase in dead volume ratio from 20% to 27% for the smallest and largest geometries respectively. Thus, it was concluded that the geometry with the smallest volume is optimal for mixing since it encompasses the largest ratio of active mixing volumes. The methods provided can be used to analyze and optimize other mixing units in which stratified fluids are to be homogenized.

Nowatorskie metody neuronowej rekonstrukcji obrazów tomograficznych w eksploatacji zbiornikowych reaktorów przemysłowych

The article presents an innovative concept of improving the monitoring and optimization of industrial processes. The developed method is based on a system of many separately trained neural networks, in which each network generates a single point of the output image. Thanks to the elastic net method, the implemented algorithm reduces the correlated and irrelevant variables from the input measurement vector, making it more resistant to the phenomenon of data noises. The advantage of the described solution over known non-invasive methods is to obtain a higher resolution of images dynamically appearing inside the reactor of artifacts (crystals or gas bubbles), which essentially contributes to the early detection of hazards and problems associated with the operation of industrial systems, and thus increases the efficiency of chemical process control.

Predictor-Based Disturbance Rejection Control for Sampled Systems With Input Delay

To cope with input delay involved with many industrial system operations, a predictor-based disturbance rejection control (PDRC) scheme is proposed in discrete-time domain for sampling implementation, which can be generally applied for open-loop stable, integrating, and unstable processes. An extended state observer (ESO) is introduced to estimate not only the deterministic system state but also the generalized disturbance composed of system uncertainties and external disturbance, based on a filtered Smith predictor to estimate the delay-free output response. Correspondingly, by specifying the desired poles of ESO and the closed-loop control system, the ESO gain vector and the PDRC controller are analytically derived. A notable merit is that there is a single tuning parameter in the proposed ESO, output predictor, and the PDRC controller, which can be monotonically tuned to achieve a good tradeoff between the prediction (or control) performance and its robustness. A sufficient robust stability condition of the closed-loop system is established in terms of linear matrix inequality. An illustrative example from the literature along with an application to the temperature control system for a crystallization reactor is used to demonstrate the effectiveness and advantage of the proposed control method.

Thermal analysis of coal ash

Carbon materials are widely used in metallurgy and in the power industry as fuels and reducing agents. Coal, although inexpensive, is difficult to use, on account of its high ash content. In the operation of industrial systems, the ash might melt, with the subsequent formation of buildup. In addition, coal ash must be stored in tailings. Therefore, fuel oil and natural gas are more commonly used. Ash tailings pose a significant environmental problem in Russia. Various methods are known for the use of ash in construction. However, their adoption has been slow, on account of the complications caused by the variability in ash composition and properties. The industrial applicability of ash may be assessed by studying the physicochemical processes that accompany ash heating and determining the relation between the properties and mineral composition of ash. An important property of ash is its fusibility, which may vary widely on account of its nonuniform mineral composition. Traditionally, the fusibility of ash is determined on the basis of State Standard GOST 32978–2014 (ISO 540:2008). As in any visual method, the results are highly inaccurate. Existing theoretical analyses employ fusibility values obtained on the basis of the international standard. In this context, there is a pressing need to develop and test new methods of determining the melting point of ash.

Thermo-gravimetric and Kinetic Analysis of Different Varieties of Rice Husk

Rice husk is source of renewable biomass and it contributes to supply solid and gaseous fuel through the process of thermo-chemical conversion. A clear understanding is required about the kinetic parameters of rice husk for design and operation of industrial systems. A significant difference is observed in kinetic parameters of rice husk for different varieties which indicates that design parameters for industrial processes of rice husk would be different.

The operational complexity index: A new method for the global assessment of the human factor impact on the safety of advanced reactors concepts

With the increasing reliability of the modern technology, the human contribution to the global risk in the operation of industrial systems is becoming more and more significant: in the nuclear reactor operation, for example, a recent Probabilistic Safety Assessment of this contribution is about 25% of the probability of core damage, all situations considered. This urges the designers of future nuclear reactors to consider the minimization of this Human Factor (HF) contribution, at the very early stage of their design: the experience feedback shows that this is indeed at this stage that the fundamental design options, most impacting the human reliability in operation, are fixed. The problem is that at these early design stages, it is also quite impossible to apply formal human reliability methods to support this HF optimisation, while the precise operating conditions of the reactor are not yet known in enough details. In this paper, another approach of the HF evaluation is presented. This method for the early assessment of the HF impact on the plant safety is proposed for the comparison of various advanced reactor concepts currently being designed within the frame of the international GENERATION IV initiative.

Wheeling charge under a deregulated environment

Today's electric power industry is undergoing many fundamental changes due to the process of deregulation. Traditionally, electric power systems in many countries were structured in a single vertically integrated company for providing electric power to their customers based on cost of service. However, a number of countries have implemented or are implementing a free market deregulated industry in recent years. It is strongly believed that deregulation will have profound and important implications on technology within the electric power industry and the operation of industrial systems. Therefore, industrial sectors need to reevaluate potential impacts and strategies of operation under a deregulated environment. One of the most exciting opportunities for the customer is the implementation of wholesale and retail wheeling. With this change, customers will have the option to purchase services and energy from different sources. However, before exercising this right, one has to understand the possible costs and risks associated with this right. From the economic point of view, lower energy cost does not necessarily mean lower utility cost. The cost of wheeling charges and other factors have to be figured into the calculation. Since it is impossible to color the electron, there is no standard formula to calculate wheeling charges within the utility industry. This paper discusses several commonly used wheeling calculation methods used by utility companies. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the vector absolute mega-watt mile method that is used by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas.

Application of ARCTM thermokinetic data to the design of safety schemes for industrial reactors

AbstractAn ARCTM or similar experimental apparatus provides the transient temperature history of a chemical system under adiabatic conditions. The information obtained has several applications in the design and operation of industrial systems. Of particular interest is use of the adiabatic kinetic data to define “intervention strategies” based on “allowable response times” during an emergency.The time‐temperature behavior of industrial reactors can be simulated over a limited temperature range by matching the “thermal inertia” (or ϕ‐factor) of the experimental system to that of the full‐scale system. This approach is applicable even for complex reactions, minimizes the extrapolation of data, and allows the use of simple models for data interpretation. Simulation results directly give the time available to respond in the event of a thermal runaway; this in turn defines the design requirements for an intervention scheme (e.g., emergency cooling, blow down, quench, etc.). The chosen intervention system can be tested experimentally prior to and/or during process start‐up.

10 Experiments in automatic control

The North Staffordshire College of Technology is situated in an area which supports many heavy industries. The demand for courses in automatic control has been growing in recent years and many experiments have been devised to illustrate the operation of industrial systems, e.g. voltage regulators, speed regulators, etc. Various forms of power amplifier, e.g. rotating, magnetic, electronic, are also introduced into these systems to illustrate various practical techniques necessary for stabilisation.