Mode Of Operation Research Articles

Energy and time characterization of the newly acquired clover detector in Jordan

A comprehensive overview of the Balqarad clover detector acquired by Al-Balqa Applied University in Jordan is given in detail. The detector consists of four high-purity germanium crystals, accompanied by a composite scintillation active shield. Through meticulous testing involving a range of radioactive sources such as 137Cs, 60Co, and 241Am, we evaluate the performance of the clover detector. The associated digital data acquisition system incorporates specialized and unconventional time registers, operating in event-by-event mode. Our objective is to elucidate the energy and time characteristics exhibited by the new system under different operational modes, employing specifically designed offline software. Our findings encompass vital aspects. These aspects include the determination of the optimal time window value for processing data obtained from gamma detection measurements. Another issue that has been considered is the analysis of hit pattern distribution within each individual crystal. Additionally, we calculate the addback factor for the 60Co source, accounting for gamma energies of 1173 keV and 1332 keV while also considering the influence of time window increment.

MODELLING DEVELOPMENT OF A RECEIVER-REACTOR OF TYPE R2Mx FOR THERMOCHEMICAL WATER SPLITTING

Abstract This work reports on the development of a transient heat transfer model for a prototype reactor of type R2Mx for thermochemical water splitting by temperature and pressure swing of ceria. Key aspects of the R2Mx concept, which are also incorporated in the prototype design, include a movable monolithic redox structure combined with a linear transport system, a reduction reactor as well as a dedicated oxidation reactor. With the model, the operation of the prototype is simulated for consecutive water splitting cycles, in which ceria is reduced in a continuously heated reactor, oxidized in a separate oxidation reactor and transported in between the reaction zones. A 2D axisymmetric numerical model of the prototype reactor was developed in ANSYS Mechanical. The model includes heat transfer calculations in combination with an approximated simulation of the transport of the redox material during cyclic operation. It incorporates the chemical reaction by means of a modified heat capacity for ceria and accounts for internal radiation heat transfer inside the porous redox material by applying effective heat transfer properties. A parametric analysis has been undertaken to evaluate different modes of operation of the oxidation reactor. Model results are used to size the power demand of the reduction reactor and vacuum pump, to define durations of the process steps as well as to assess operational parameters with respect to achieved temperatures. Findings suggest that suitable operation of the prototype reactor involves reduction durations ranging from 8 to 10 minutes and oxidations of 6 to 10 minutes.

Research on the Motivation and Effect of Longfor Group's Transformation to Asset-light Operation Mode

Since the real estate marketization reform in 1998, China's real estate industry has continued to focus on asset operation mode, at that time in the golden period of the industry, real estate enterprises only need to hoard a lot of land, wait for the appreciation of the land and then resell, you can get considerable returns. However, in the context of the current slowdown in the economic growth of China's real estate industry, it is difficult for commercial real estate enterprises to continue to operate with heavy assets, so such enterprises begin to seek transformation, and want to change a profit model to match the current market. As a new way for enterprises to accumulate core competence and maximize value, "asset-light operation" model has been highly valued by the academic and business circles. This paper takes Longfor Group, a representative real estate enterprise, as the research object, and makes an in-depth analysis of the company's finance from the perspective of its financial characteristics and financial performance, in order to provide certain theoretical references for the successful application of the transformation and development of similar companies.

Towards Human-AI Teaming to Mitigate Alert Fatigue in Security Operations Centres

Security Operations Centres (SOCs) play a pivotal role in defending organisations against evolving cyber threats. They function as central hubs for detecting, analysing, and responding promptly to cyber incidents with the primary objective of ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of digital assets. However, they struggle against the growing problem of alert fatigue, where the sheer volume of alerts overwhelms SOC analysts and raises the risk of overlooking critical threats. In recent times, there has been a growing call for human-AI teaming, wherein humans and AI collaborate with each other, leveraging their complementary strengths and compensating for their weaknesses. The rapid advances in AI and the growing integration of AI-enabled tools and technologies within SOCs give rise to a compelling argument for the implementation of human-AI teaming within the SOC environment. Therefore, in this article, we present our vision for human-AI teaming to address the problem of alert fatigue in the SOC. We propose the 𝒜 2 𝒞 Framework, which enables flexible and dynamic decision making by allowing seamless transitions between automated, augmented, and collaborative modes of operation. Our framework allows AI-powered automation for routine alerts, AI-driven augmentation for expedited expert decision making, and collaborative exploration for tackling complex, novel threats. By implementing and operationalising 𝒜 2 𝒞, SOCs can significantly reduce alert fatigue while empowering analysts to efficiently and effectively respond to security incidents.

Optimum management of microgrid generation containing distributed generation sources and energy storage devices by considering uncertainties

In recent years, the financial and energy crises have made the economical and safe operation of distribution microgrids one of the main challenges for operators. In this regard, the optimal distribution of the microgrid, considering the favorable indicators of Generation and consumption, significantly improves the quality of the development and economic operation of electricity grids. On the other hand, distribution microgrids have many problems and complications due to the presence of DG sources and the uncertainties caused by them in Generation and consumption, such as the inability to solve optimal load distribution using common and common calculation methods. Therefore, grid technical indicators such as voltage deviation and losses in solving load distribution add to the complexity of related issues. To solve the challenges raised in the distribution microgrid, this paper proposes an optimal load distribution model that models the uncertainties in the distribution microgrids using the Monte Carlo method. Using meta-heuristic algorithms, the optimal Generation function by modeling grid security constraints such as voltage deviation, losses, and a load limit of the system should be in economic operation mode, and then the power distribution equations should be solved. The battery can supply 1 kW of active power to the system at a cost of 1 unit/kW during the high cost period if it absorbs 1 kW of active power at a cost of 0.92 units/kW during the low cost period. Additionally, the active and reactive power losses have been decreased to 0.3kW and 0.2kW, respectively, by utilizing the suggested methodology. The simulation results show that the proposed method performs satisfactorily and that the modeling is simulated in MATLAB software.

Improvements and challenges in intraperitoneal laparoscopic para-aortic lymphadenectomy: The novel "tent-pitching" antegrade approach and vascular anatomical variations in the para-aortic region.

This study introduces and compares a new intraperitoneal laparoscopic para-aortic lymphadenectomy method to reach the level of the renal vein, the "tent-pitching" antegrade approach with the retrograde approach in gynecological malignancy surgeries in terms of success rate, complication incidence, and the number of lymph nodes removed. It focuses on the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness. Meanwhile, this article reports on the vascular anatomical variations discovered in the para-aortic region to enhance surgical safety. This was a retrospective cohort study including patients undergone laparoscopic para-aortic lymphadenectomy at a single center from January 2020 to December 2023 for high-risk endometrial and early-stage ovarian cancer. Patient charts were reviewed for mode of operation, perioperative complications, operative details, and histopathology. The patients were divided into anterograde group and retrograde group according to the operation mode. The two groups were further compared based on the success rate of lymph node clearance at the renal vein level, perioperative complications, and the number of removed lymph nodes. Quantitative data were analyzed using the t-test, non-normally distributed data using the rank-sum test, and categorical data using Fisher's exact test and the chi-square test, with statistical significance defined as P < 0.05. Among 173 patients, the antegrade group showed higher surgery success (97.5% vs 68.82%), more lymph nodes removed (median 14 vs 7), and less median blood loss. The operation time was shorter in the antegrade group. Postoperative complications like lymphocele and venous thrombosis were lower in the antegrade group. Vascular abnormalities were found in 28.9% of patients, with accessory lumbar vein routing anomaly and accessory renal arteries being most common. The antegrade approach is feasible, safe, and effective, improving surgical exposure, reducing difficulty without additional instruments or puncture sites, and minimizing organ damage risk. It is effective in achieving better access to the renal vein and removing more para-aortic lymph nodes than the retrograde method. Recognizing and carefully managing the diverse vascular abnormalities in the para-aortic area, including variations in renal arteries, veins, and the inferior vena cava, is essential to reduce intraoperative bleeding and the likelihood of converting to open surgery.

Thermodynamic performances of a novel multi-mode solar-thermal-assisted liquid carbon dioxide energy storage system

Liquid carbon dioxide energy storage is an efficient and environmentally friendly emerging technology with significant potential for integration with renewable energy sources. However, the heat recovery and utilization during compression and expansion are not implemented well. This paper proposes a multi-mode solar-thermal-assisted liquid carbon dioxide energy storage system integrated with the organic Rankine cycle. Three operation modes of normal operation mode, heat distribution operation mode, and solar thermal power generation mode are developed to achieve flexible control of the system under both normal and extreme environmental conditions. Thermodynamic performance analysis of the system under normal operation mode shows that compared to traditional system with energy storage density of 8.55 kWh/m3, the overall efficiency of the coupled system increases from 49.5 % to 62.1 %, with an energy storage density reaching 21.74 kWh/m3. The impact of key parameters such as temperature and pressure on system performance is discussed. Furthermore, an analysis of the heat flow distribution ratio under the heat distribution mode was conducted, indicating optimal system performance at a heat flow ratio of 6:4. Comparative analysis of the system performance under various operating conditions for the three operation modes was performed, elucidating the operational strategies of each mode.

Режими роботи маніпулятора ремонтно-евакуаційної машини

With modern methods of conducting military operations, the system of technical support of the troops is of great importance. One of the ways to increase the effectiveness of the system of technical support of troops is the use of armored repair and evacuation vehicles. It is possible to increase the technical capabilities of armored repair and evacuation vehicles by modernizing existing models, or creating qualitatively new vehicles that take into account the specifics of use and characteristic combat damage of modern weapons and military equipment, the type of engine of the military vehicle, its weight and dimensions and other characteristics. Improvement and modernization of armored repair and evacuation vehicles allows to ensure their effectiveness. Armored repair and evacuation vehicles demonstrate high efficiency when carrying out operations to extract or lift damaged or stuck, blocked, bogged down, sunken military equipment. In these cases, the traction force of the armored recovery vehicle's own engine is used or its own specialized means of evacuation: crane winches, polyspatch systems, crane booms together with power hydraulic cylinders of their drive, levers, other evacuation equipment. Features of the lifting and loading equipment include such modes of operation as lifting loads from a solid surface, detaching the load from a viscous surface, dragging at different angles to the support surface, and getting stuck. The most difficult in terms of dynamic overloads of all elements of the hydraulic manipulator is the mode of partial immersion and dense sticking of the load in clay soil, when after separation from it, the load under the action of the forces of elastic deformations of the suspension flies up to the height of a significant relaxation of the suspension and reaching the upper point, where its speed is zero, falls down on an elastic suspension. At the same time, a three-fold overload of the manipulator links is observed.

Experimental Evaluation of Higher Order Stability Zones Using a Digitally Operated Quadrupole Mass Filter.

Recent improvements to the comparison-based method of digital waveform generation increased the reproducibility of the waveforms so that the higher-order Mathieu stability zones can be accessed reliably. Digitally driven quadrupole mass filters access these zones using a fixed AC voltage and rectangular waveforms that are defined by a duty cycle. In this context, the duty cycle is the fraction of the waveform period where the waveform remains in the high state. Because digitally driven quadrupoles navigate stability using a duty cycle, there is no need to apply a resolving DC offset between electrode pairs. Accessing the higher stability zones using a conventional resonantly tuned RF requires the use of thousands of AC and DC voltages making the mode of operation less accessible with these devices. Stability zones higher than (1,1) and (2,1) have theoretical resolving powers that are on the order 1,140 and 3,447 at fwhm which drives efforts to practically access these operational conditions. Accessing these zones digitally requires the use of extremely precise waveforms. In a previous effort, waveform generation produced waveforms to reliably access the (1,1) and (2,1) zones without impacting performance. However, recent work found more improvement was needed to reliably access neighboring higher stability zones. Derived from that work, it was determined that a waveform resolution of ∼10 ppm or less was needed to reliably access the (3,1) and (3,2) zones. The present work utilized digital waveforms that achieve this level of precision to experimentally access and characterize attributes of the (3,1) and (3,2) zones. This work dives into the investigation of different beam energies to overcome the destabilizing fringing fields, improve transmission, and their overall effect on the experimental resolving power and signal-to-noise. In addition, the AC voltage of the driving RF was varied to understand the effects on the initial ion beam energy that is needed to achieve balanced separation and how the overall signal-to-noise is affected. Lastly, an assessment was made on the effects of the temporal parameters of a digital mass scan on peak sensitivity, peak fidelity, and overall duration for a scan.

Multi-wavelength and broadband plasmonic switching with V-shaped plasmonic nanostructures on a VO2 coated plasmonic substrate

In this paper, periodic arrays of identical V-shaped gold nanostructures and variable V-shaped gold nanostructures are designed on top of a gold-coated silicon dioxide (SiO2) substrate with a thin spacer layer of vanadium dioxide (VO2) to realize multi-wavelength and broadband plasmonic switches, respectively. The periodic array of identical V-shaped nanostructures (IVNSs) with small inter-particle separation leads to coupled interactions of the elementary plasmons of a V-shaped nanostructure (VNS), resulting in a hybridized plasmon response with two longitudinal plasmonic modes in the reflectance spectra of the proposed switches when the incident light is polarized in the x-direction. The x-direction is oriented along the axis that joins the V-junctions of all VNSs in one unit cell of the periodic array. On exposure to temperature, electric field, or optical stimulus, the VO2 layer transforms from its monoclinic semiconducting state to its rutile metallic state, leading to an overall change in the reflectance spectra obtained from the proposed nanostructures and resulting in an efficient multi-wavelength switching action. Finite difference time domain modelling is employed to demonstrate that an extinction ratio (ER) >12 dB at two wavelengths can be achieved by employing the proposed switches based on periodic arrays of IVNSs. Further, plasmonic switches based on variable V-shaped nanostructures—i.e. multiple VNSs with variable arm lengths in one unit cell of a periodic array—are proposed for broadband switching. In the broadband operation mode, we report an ER >5 dB over an operational wavelength range >1400 nm in the near-IR spectral range spanning over all optical communication bands, i.e. the O, E, S, C, L and U bands. Further, it is also demonstrated that the wavelength of operation for these switches can be tuned by varying the geometrical parameters of the proposed switches. These switches have the potential to be employed in communication networks where ultrasmall and ultrafast switches with multi-wavelength operation or switching over a wide operational bandwidth are inevitably required.

Work–life balance among higher-education professionals in Hong Kong and Thailand during the COVID-19 pandemic

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the global workforce, including higher-education professionals, experienced substantial changes in their working conditions. Responding to the crisis, universities swiftly adapted their operational modes, thus inevitably impacting the work–life balance (WLB) of their staff. This study examines the WLB factors and their outcomes for higher-education staff, among both teaching and non-teaching staff, in Hong Kong and Thailand, during the initial stages of the pandemic through the lens of the job demands and resources model (JD-R model). The results of 1800 questionnaires completed by respondents from government-funded universities in both locations revealed a significant difference in the WLB between the two cases, with the Hong Kong respondents reporting lower levels of WLB compared with their Thai counterparts. The Hong Kong teaching staff exhibited a higher utilization of family-friendly policies (FFPs), whereas the non-teaching staff reported significantly lower levels of both policy utilization and overall WLB. The results also revealed significant differences in terms of how work, family, and personal-resource and demand factors were correlated to the WLB outcomes. This study advocates for tailored adjustments in university policies, basing the policies on the specific staff category and emphasizing the need for targeted support. In the Hong Kong context, attention should be directed toward enhancing WLB and FFP utilization among non-teaching staff. In contrast, in Thailand, a focus on refining the policies to better support the WLB of teaching staff is recommended.

Modeling Smart electrical microgrid with demand response and storage systems for optimal operation in critical conditions

This study examines the issue in standard and operational scenarios of microgrids that arise during critical conditions. Initially, the ideal energy storage size and discharge depth are identified for optimal microgrid planning under operating conditions. Subsequently, by utilizing the energy storage system and load response, the microgrid's vulnerability is reduced and the cost of load shedding is minimized when in critical conditions, leading to the microgrid being disconnected from the main network and operating in island mode. This model aims to analyze how the system performance is influenced by the presence of storage systems and load response programs in a numerical scenario, particularly during severe weather events. In addition, the study examines the role of advanced control algorithms and communication systems in optimizing the operation of the microgrid. By implementing smart grid technologies, the microgrid can better manage its energy resources, anticipate fluctuations in demand, and respond quickly to changing conditions. This proactive approach helps to ensure the stability and reliability of the microgrid, even in the face of unforeseen challenges. Overall, this research contributes valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities facing microgrids in both normal and emergency situations. By identifying the most effective energy storage solutions, load response strategies, renewable energy integration methods, and advanced control systems, the study aims to enhance the resilience, efficiency, and sustainability of microgrid systems in the future. The results of the proposed approach in critical operational mode represent the optimal condition of the electrical microgrid with minimum cost and load shedding considering storage systems and load response programs.

Volatile and Nonvolatile Dual‐Mode Switching Operations in an Ag‐Ag2S Core‐Shell Nanoparticle Atomic Switch Network

AbstractThis paper proposes a nanoparticle‐based atomic switch network memristive device, capable of both volatile and nonvolatile switching operations, which have not been previously reported for this material. The operational modes can be determined by altering the compliance current, demonstrating high stability over 100 cycles. Analysis of the conduction mechanism using I–V curves reveals switching characteristics consistent with space‐charge‐limited current conduction during the set process and ohmic behavior in the reset state. Furthermore, this study analyzes these dual‐operational modes in devices with varying electrode spacings. The results indicate that a wider spacing necessitated a higher compliance current for the volatile‐to‐nonvolatile transition, underscoring the significance of interconnection. These findings facilitate the integration of neuron and synapse functions within a single atomic switch network device, thereby advancing neuromorphic systems.

Проектирование современных российских дробильно-перегрузочных установок для комплексов циклично-поточной технологии

The article discusses methodological aspects of designing semi-stationary and mobile crushing and transfer units (DPU) carried out by the experts of Uralmashzavod PJSC and IGD Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on behalf of the Russian Metalloinvest company during the development of the Russian DPU-7200 model. As the result of the R&amp;D work performed, a DPU was manufactured and installed at a mining operation as part of the in-pit crushing and conveyor (IPCC) systems, which is intended for conveyor transportation of ore from the open pit. A distinctive feature of the discussed DPU is that it is made as a complete system with the supporting steel structures integrated in its design, which makes it possible to relocate it during the service life when expanding the IPCC. The issues concerned with justifying the DPU layout, parameters of the receiving and unloading hoppers are discussed with account of structural, strength, mining and technological factors. The paper presents the technical characteristics of the developed DPU, as well as the design features of the primary equipment. The impact of the related technological factors, i.e. irregular character of dump truck traffic, the technological and temporal modes of the IPCC operation in general and those of the DPU in particular, the designed schedule of maintenance and repair, etc., is shown.

Проектирование современных российских дробильно-перегрузочных установок для комплексов циклично-поточной технологии

The article discusses methodological aspects of designing semi-stationary and mobile crushing and transfer units (DPU) carried out by the experts of Uralmashzavod PJSC and IGD Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on behalf of the Russian Metalloinvest company during the development of the Russian DPU-7200 model. As the result of the R&amp;D work performed, a DPU was manufactured and installed at a mining operation as part of the in-pit crushing and conveyor (IPCC) systems, which is intended for conveyor transportation of ore from the open pit. A distinctive feature of the discussed DPU is that it is made as a complete system with the supporting steel structures integrated in its design, which makes it possible to relocate it during the service life when expanding the IPCC. The issues concerned with justifying the DPU layout, parameters of the receiving and unloading hoppers are discussed with account of structural, strength, mining and technological factors. The paper presents the technical characteristics of the developed DPU, as well as the design features of the primary equipment. The impact of the related technological factors, i.e. irregular character of dump truck traffic, the technological and temporal modes of the IPCC operation in general and those of the DPU in particular, the designed schedule of maintenance and repair, etc., is shown.

Reliability analysis of a three-phase interleaved step-up DC-DC converter for electric vehicle

Increasing the amount of direct current (DC) loads in applications such as airplanes, spacecraft, electric vehicles (EV), and other similar applications DC-DC converters are commonly used. Hence, a three-phase interleaved step-up DC-DC converter (ISC) has been designed, and implemented, which is more appropriate for high-power applications. The modes of operation are explained in detail, and voltage gain calculations are performed. The state space matrix is derived from the voltage equation and the bode diagram is plotted using MATLAB code to investigate the stability study, which makes for a thorough frequency response analysis for the proposed converter. The military handbook (MIL-HDBK-217F) data have been used to perform the calculations to determine each and every component's reliability. The proposed ISC design is implemented into a hardware prototype that produces peak-to-peak output voltage of 139 V, rated voltage of 120 V and the testing outcomes are presented in great depth.

Dual Synapses and Security Devices from Ternary C60‐Pentacene‐TiO2‐x Nanorods Heterostructures

AbstractIn the context of information explosion, neuromorphic and hardware‐based security devices have garnered significant attention for their capacity to facilitate parallel computing and not be vulnerable to hacking, respectively. A demonstration of a dual photosynaptic (DPS) and physically unclonable function (PUF) devices characterized by ternary TiO2‐x nanorods (NRs)/Pentacene/C60 heterostructure are simultaneously presented. For the DPS device, the ternary heterostructure leads to parallel‐operating DPS characteristics: i) wavelength‐dependent (WD) synapse and ii) stimulus‐moment‐dependent (SMD) synapse. Each synaptic characteristic demonstrates a remarkable degree of plasticity, which signifies a smooth transition from short‐term potentiation (STP) to long‐term potentiation (LTP). Moreover, The face recognition assessments have unveiled recognition rates of 83.3% for 2 operational modes. Notably, the DPS device maintains stable performance on the business card, even after a rigorous 49‐day testing period and undergoing 1 000 bending cycles. Regarding the PUF device, the security keys with unique patterns are created due to random current distribution induced by placement‐dependent doping effects of SnO2 quantum dots (QDs). Moreover, near‐ideal inter‐hamming distances (inter‐HDs), uniformities, and entropies are verified for all cryptographic keys. These findings introduce a pioneering concept of photonic synapses with their successful integration onto various substrates, including the hardware‐based security PUF device.

Low-voltage ride-through strategy for an integrated permanent magnet synchronous generator in a flexible interconnected distribution network

For the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) integrated into the flexible interconnected distribution network (FIDN), its low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) strategy needs to be designed to enhance the transient operation capability of the FIDN. The design of the LVRT strategy also needs to take the fault location of the FIDN into consideration. To deal with faults occurring on the integrated feeder of the PMSG, the PMSG needs to realize successful LVRT using the hardware protection equipment. To deal with faults occurring on the feeder adjacent to the integrated feeder of the PMSG, the PMSG needs to release its stored energy to temporarily increase its active power output, which is then supplied to the loads on the faulted feeder that are isolated from the fault through the soft open point (SOP). In this paper, a novel LVRT strategy designed for the PMSG integrated into the FIDN is proposed, which includes dual operation modes that are separately applied to different fault locations. If PMSG is on the faulted feeder, the DC-link voltage of the PMSG is maintained with the controllable resistive fault current limiter (CRFCL), while the maximized stored kinetic energy is reserved to enhance the generation efficiency during the LVRT. If PMSG is on the feeder adjacent to the faulted feeder, the control strategy of the converters of the PMSG is adjusted in response to the power regulation goal at the SOP. Meanwhile, the maximum releasable kinetic energy of the PMSG is considered when increasing its active power output. The feasibility and effectiveness of the LVRT strategy for the PMSG are verified based on the numerical analysis.

Correction: The optimal values of Greenwald density limit and plasma safety factor in inductive and non-inductive operation modes

Correction: The optimal values of Greenwald density limit and plasma safety factor in inductive and non-inductive operation modes

Heat Transfer Performance and Operation Scheme of the Deeply Buried Pipe Energy Pile Group

This paper describes a study on the heat transfer properties of the deeply buried pipeline energy pile group, which is an efficient and convenient geothermal development technology. Through in situ experiments and a simulation algorithm, the research investigated the heat transmission characteristics of the deeply buried pipe energy pile group and optimized different intermittent operation schemes. The findings suggest that prolonged operation of the pile cluster intensifies heat buildup within the pile foundation, thereby adversely affecting the system’s overall heat exchange efficiency. Employing an intermittent operating mode can alleviate this heat accumulation phenomenon, thereby promoting sustained heat exchange performance of the piles over time. To evaluate the comprehensive thermal interaction and energy efficiency ratio of the energy pile heat exchange system, various intermittent operation strategies were compared in the study. Among them, the intermittent operational scheme with a ratio of n = 5 was found to be optimal, with the total average heat transfer rate of the pile set only 0.51% lower than that of the continuous operational mode, but the overall energy efficiency ratio improved by 19.6%. The intermittent operational mode proposed in this study can achieve the goal of saving energy and efficiently extracting geothermal resources, providing theoretical guidance for the extraction and utilization of subsurface geothermal power by energy piles.