Performance Characteristics Of System Research Articles

Study on the performance characteristics of the substation PVASHP system based on TRNSYS

Taking the substation building as the research object, DeST software is used to simulate the annual building load of the case building, and the load results are connected to the TRNSYS software. At the same time, the G ENOPT software is used to optimize the solar inclination and azimuth, and the system simulation model of solar photovoltaic-air source heat pump is established and the data analysis is carried out. The results show that the peak cooling load of the substation building occurred on July 24th, The numerical value is the 49.28kW, The annual cumulative cooling load of the building is 20165.59 kWh; Based on Hooke Jeeves algorithm, the optimal inclination of photovoltaic panels is 44.18 and the optimal azimuth is 11.69; Typical days, The highest peak power of the air source heat pump appears at 1 a.m,Its peak power is 7.47 kW, The COP peak was 3.67; Within the typical week, Solar photovoltaic efficiency shows stable periodic changes, Peak aking around 12:00 noon, Its peak efficiency is 18.14%; There is a significant linear distribution relationship between the solar photovoltaic power generation capacity and the solar radiation, Its linear correlation coefficient was 0.85. Compared with the single air source heat pump system, the composite system saves 18.33% energy and has good application effect.

Experimental investigation of photoelectrical performance and thermal characteristics of ventilated building-integrated photovoltaic system utilizing lightweight and flexible crystalline silicon module

The existing large-scale of industrial buildings with lightweight insulated roofing structures presents a challenge for traditional glass crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) systems due to insufficient load-bearing capacity. Meanwhile, traditional PV rooftop applications also face challenges due to limited rooftop resources. To address these issues, this study proposes a ventilated building-integrated lightweight photovoltaic (VL-BIPV) system. The VL-BIPV system incorporates lightweight and flexible crystalline silicon modules, which increase rooftop load by about 6 kg/m2. Additionally, the system features a ventilation channel design to enhance thermal management performance. To evaluate the PV performance and thermal characteristics of the proposed system, an experimental setup was implemented to compare the performances of the VL-BIPV system with a building-attached lightweight photovoltaic (L-BAPV) system that utilizes color steel sheet base plates. The results demonstrate the exceptional performance of VL-BIPV system, with a 100.56% higher ratio of the product of short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage compared to L-BAPV. Moreover, the VL-BIPV system achieved a 1.77% increase in PV efficiency and a 2.35% enhancement in daily electricity generation. In hot weather, the adoption of VL-BIPV reduced the extreme temperature of PV cells by 9.23 °C below 85 °C, surpassing the 6.29 °C reduction achieved by L-BAPV system. Furthermore, the ventilation channel exhibited a gradual temperature increase with slower changes in the flow direction, while the base plate temperature decreased by 13.41 °C, which indicates that VL-BIPV can effectively reduce solar heat gain in the building envelope and improve the indoor thermal environment. The research findings provide important guidance for promoting and applying VL-BIPV technology in large-scale industrial buildings with low rooftop load-bearing capacity, thereby promoting the production and utilization of clean electricity in industrial parks.

Research on fault detection and remote monitoring system of variable speed constant frequency wind turbine based on Internet of Things

In order to study the operating characteristics of variable speed constant frequency wind turbine under different working conditions and the monitoring system of wind turbine. In this paper, the simulation model of each component system of wind turbine is established by MATLAB/Simulink module, and the influence law of different wind speed and ground fault types on the output power of wind turbine is studied. The active power of wind turbines under different short-circuit fault types is compared. At the same time, in order to realize real-time monitoring of wind turbine speed and output power, an online monitoring system for wind turbine operation based on industrial Internet of Things is proposed, and the composition and operation characteristics of this remote monitoring system are given. The practical application shows that the on-line monitoring system can accurately and remotely monitor the running status of the wind turbine and avoid the unstable running of the wind turbine. The research conclusions of this paper can provide reference for the design and construction of wind turbines and the operation of connecting to the power grid.

Performance investigation and operation optimization of an innovative hybrid renewable energy integration system for commercial building complex and hydrogen vehicles

With the increasing in energy demands and carbon emissions of building and transport sectors, improving the penetration of renewable resources in these areas are inevitable trends. To further develop the theoretical method of energy integrated system in building/transportation area, load forecasting of commercial building complex and hydrogen vehicles are determined, a novel hybrid renewable energy integration system is presented and studied. Thermal, economic and environmental performances for poly-generation system are performed and optimized, optimal performance and configuration are obtained by NSGA-II algorithm and TOPSIS-Shannon entropy weight method. In addition, operating performance characteristics of integration system during typical weekday and weekend in different seasons are analyzed, the influences of critical parameters on comprehensive performances of integrated system are also conducted. The results showed that optimal exergetic efficiency, levelized cost of product (LCOP) and levelized CO2 emissions of product (LCEP) are 12.61%, 0.0711 $/kWh and 0.0185 kg/kWh. Furthermore, thermodynamic performances of proposed system decreases while LCOP and LCEP rise with the increasing in HVs stock. Biomass and purchased electricity prices have different impacts on system comprehensive performances. In general, this study provides a new alternative for multiple renewable energy integrated system optimization in building and transportation sectors.

Experimental study on performance and compressor characteristics of transcritical CO2 heat pump system

The accelerated advancement of the economy has led to a heightened focus on the issue of energy conservation and reduced consumption within heat pump systems. An experimental investigation was conducted to analyze the impact of discharge pressure and outlet water temperature on the performance of the transcritical CO2 single-stage heat pump system and vapor injection heat pump system. The experimental results show that the heating capacity first increases and then tends to be constant or even slightly decreases with the increase of discharge pressure in single-stage heat pump system. When subjected to the same operating conditions, the coefficient of performance of vapor injection heat pump system exceeds that of single-stage heat pump system. Compared with single-stage heat pump system, the performance coefficient of vapor injection heat pump system has increased by an average of 6.21% and the heating capacity has increased by an average of 9.54%. Additionally, the volumetric efficiency of the compressor substantially decreases when producing high-temperature hot water. Semi-empirical models for evaluating the compressor performance in both single-stage heat pump system and vapor injection pump system are established through the parameterization of the volumetric efficiency with respect to the pressure ratio and compressor speed. These models effectively forecast compressor performance.

A dimensionless capacity design method for combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems based on energy matching performance

In this study, a capacity design factor was defined to evaluate the system design and off-design operation strategy, and the mathematical model was derived for the relationship between the load supply and the users' demands under different capacity design modes and operation strategies, and the influence of the key parameters (load demands, load rate, matching degree) on system integration and operation characteristics under different capacity design scenario was quantitative analysised. Furthermore, the impact of energy-matching degree and system efficiency on the energy saving rate (ESR) was discussed, and based on the user demands, an universal system boundary of the ESR was constructed. Finally, the energy saving potential in different scenarios was clarified, and a case study was conducted using a data centre as an example, and the optimal capacity design mode was demonstrated.

Conceptual design and multi-objective optimization of a hybrid system based on direct ammonia protonic ceramic fuel cell and alkali metal thermal electric converter

As a power generation device, direct ammonia protonic ceramic fuel cells (NH3–PCFCs) also produce a significant amount waste heat, which not only results in energy wastage but also abnormal operation if the waste heat is not removed. To address these concerns and enhance generation electricity capacity, a novel waste heat recovery system based upon NH3-PCFC and alkali metal thermal electric converter (AMTEC) is first proposed, wherein the AMTEC converts the high-grade exhaust heat produced by the NH3-PCFC to extra electricity. Considering ammonia decomposition sluggish kinetics, various irreversible overpotential losses of NH3-PCFC as well as thermodynamic losses within the integrated system, the energetic/exergetic performance parameters evaluating the NH3-PCFC, AMTEC and the hybrid system are formulated. The general performance characteristics of the proposed system are revealed, along with a sensitive analysis conducted under specific operational conditions or structural parameters. Numerical calculation exhibited that the maximum attainable power density of the hybrid system has been promoted 20.5 % than that of stand-alone NH3-PCFC system. The multi-objective genetic algorithm is utilized to optimize the hybrid system performance for trade-off the power output and efficiency. Optimized results show the power density and corresponding efficiency of proposed system can respectively reach 6762.3 W m−2 and 49.8 % in the corresponding optimization conditions.

Feasibility and performance study on the novel photovoltaic thermal heat pipe/heat pump composite cycle trigeneration system in summer

Photovoltaic thermal heat pump technology with deep utilization of solar energy has great market potential to achieve “Carbon Neutrality” in the building sector. A novel photovoltaic thermal heat pipe/heat pump composite cycle trigeneration system synergetic driven by a compressor and a working fluid circulating pump was proposed and experimentally verified. On this basis, the trigeneration performance and operating characteristics of the novel system were tested and investigated in the summer. The experimental results showed that the novel system can arbitrarily switching between different cycles and has an excellent energy saving effect. The average electrical efficiency, thermal efficiency, heating COP, and refrigerating COP of the novel system were 10.1%, 40.3%, 7.02, and 2.60, respectively. During the whole day, the comprehensive COP for heating, power generation, and refrigerating of the novel system was 13.93. The heating COP and comprehensive COP of the novel system were 20%–50% and 40%–65% higher than that of the existing photovoltaic thermal heat pump trigeneration system, respectively. Furthermore, the CO2 emission of the novel system was 4042 kg CO2 in summer, which was 20%–80% lower than that of other technical solutions. The novel system represents a practical response to the need to achieve the total decarbonization of the building sector.

The Fabrication and Characterization of Direct Conversion Flat Panel X-ray Imager with TlBr Film

The novel direct conversion flat panel detectors (FPDs) utilizing thallium bromide (TlBr) films are developed and characterized in this study. Thin TlBr films, deposited using an evaporation technique, achieved thicknesses of 10 μm and 50 μm. A pixel sensor array, with a pixel size of 235 × 235 μm2 and a sensitive area of 29.61 × 39.48 mm2, was developed using low-temperature polysilicon thin-film transistor (LTPS TFT) technology as the initial study to explore performance characteristics of developed imaging system. The TlBr film was characterized based on the current-voltage (I-V) profile, showing a resistivity of 2.78 × 101⁰ Ω·cm. The LTPS TFT showed a leakage current of about 10-13 A, while the noise of TlBr FPD system was around 104 e- rms, primarily limited by the readout system. The detector system was characterized using radiation from an X-ray tube with a voltage in the range of 30 kV to 100 kV and a current of 2 mA, involving an X-ray test chart as the object with the processing time of 18.15 to 18.30 ms per frame. Based on the contrast and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) values, the 10 μm and 50 μm TlBr FPD clearly captured the image in operation between 30 kV and 100 kV. The 50 μm TlBr FPD demonstrated improved sensitivity, showing pixel values with 10 times higher intensity and enhanced line pair detail at 30 kV X-ray operation. The 10 μm TlBr achieved spatial resolution of 267 μm full width at half maximum (FWHM), while the 50 μm TlBr achieved 250 μm FWHM. In the X-ray imaging demonstration, the shape and structure of anchovy was clearly distinguished. The TlBr film FPD presents promising potential for a room temperature X-ray imager.

Experimental study and performance comparison of a 1 kW-class solar-ocean thermal energy conversion system integrated air conditioning: Energy, exergy, economic, and environmental (4E) analysis

In this paper, a 1 kW-class Solar-Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion integrated Air-Conditioning (S-OTEC/AC) experimental system, which can provide both electrical energy and cooling energy without any pollution, is constructed for the first time. Based on the experimental data, the system's overall performance was comprehensively evaluated in terms of energy, exergy, economy, and environment (4 E). Furthermore, the performance difference between the system using solar energy (i.e., S-OTEC/AC) and the system without solar energy (i.e., OTEC/AC) was compared. The experimental results revealed that the maximum thermal efficiency of the S-OTEC/AC system could reach 2.10%, which was 1.91 times higher than the OTEC/AC system. For the OTEC/AC and S-OTEC/AC systems, the maximum cold energy utilization efficiency was 4.12% and 10.09%, and the maximum isentropic efficiency was 18.81% and 76.84%, respectively. The minimum payback period for the S-OTEC/AC system was 13.90 years, which was much lower than the 18.40 years of the OTEC/AC system. Additionally, the maximum primary energy saving achieved by the OTEC/AC system was 0.53 kW, while the S-OTEC/AC system reached a higher value of 1.56 kW. From the results, the superiority of the S-OTEC/AC system over the OTEC/AC system was confirmed. This work not only provides data references for the actual operating characteristics of the S-OTEC integrated system, but also provides a new technical way for comprehensive utilization of ocean temperature difference energy.

Transient simulation and experimental analysis for the response of dual-cycle air-carrying energy radiant diffuse terminal

A novel air-carrying energy radiant diffuse terminal is proposed, and the response of the terminal is investigated by field experiment and numerical simulation. This paper explores the dynamic operation characteristics of the new system to guide the optimal operation of the system. A transient simulation method of three factors (conduction, convection, and radiation) with dual-circulation (air-carrying energy zone and occupied zone) is put forward for the radiant diffuse terminal with a fresh air system. This transient simulation sets up the porous baffle model coupling radiation model concurrently, revealing the dynamic thermal performance for the system's response accurately, quickly, and comprehensively. This method avoids the limits for the complexity of mini porous (Pore size of 1 mm–3mm) geometric models and the transient uncertainty in multiple combination models. The results show that the average error between the convective-conductive model and the convective-conductive-radiative model is about 8% at five different heights. This system has high response performance, which can quickly heat the room while maintaining the comfort requirements of vertical temperature. The radiated heat transfer between the radiant diffuse terminal and the occupied zone is greater than the convective heat transfer (Radiation accounts for 74%). This system has a short response time, high energy efficiency, uniform airflow, and eliminates draught rating. Moreover, the indoor non-uniform transient thermal and humid environments, the thermal comfort, and air quality for the response of the terminal with fresh air system under four different diffuser placements are compared using computational fluid dynamic simulation. The results indicate that introducing heating strategies featuring higher-positioned fresh air inlet and lower-positioned recirculation return air outlet for this system leads to a temperature efficiency increase by 5%, velocity uniformity by 8%, and age of air reduction by 16–50% in human-breathed zone and the response time by 25%, which shows substantial potential for energy savings. The transient simulation and experiments in the paper are beneficial to optimize design parameters and carry out energy-saving applications of operation energy consumption for the response of this terminal with a fresh air system in the future.

Optimal discharge pressure and performance characteristics of a transcritical CO2 heat pump system with a tri-partite gas cooler for combined space and water heating

The transcritical CO2 heat pump holds promise for achieving carbon neutrality in buildings, primarily due to its high energy efficiency in hot water heating. However, using it for space heating often leads to efficiency losses. A heat pump equipped with a tri-partite gas cooler can address this issue by providing both space heating and hot water while maintaining lower refrigerant temperatures at the gas cooler exit. Nonetheless, there is limited research on the characteristics of a CO2 heat pump system designed for simultaneous space and hot water production. This work fills this gap by analyzing the impacts of operational and system configuration, considering the variation of space heating to hot water production loads. A theoretical model is presented and verified with the experiments. Results show that under the specified conditions, the heat load ratio has minimal influence on the optimal discharge pressure. Increasing the water outlet temperature from 60 °C to 80 °C leads to a nearly 14% decrease in maximum COP, with a corresponding 12.2% increase in the optimal pressure. A 10 K rise in water inlet temperature results in approximately a 21% decline in maximum COP. Evaporation temperature has little impact on the optimal discharge pressure, while maximum COP increases by roughly 63% with a rise in evaporation temperature from -10 °C to 10 °C. Space heating water temperature notably affects the optimal discharge pressure. Integration of an IHX enhances system COP but has marginal impact on the optimal discharge pressure. These findings offer insights for designing and optimizing transcritical CO2 heat pumps for simultaneous space and water heating applications.

Research on the Performance Characteristics of a Waste Heat Recovery Compound System for Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles

In this paper, a waste heat recovery compound system for series hybrid electric vehicles is established. The existing components of vehicle air conditioning are used in the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) to realize miniaturization. The waste heat recovery compound system is constructed using GT-SUITE, and the objective of the analysis is to increase the power output and engine thermal efficiency increase ratio (ETEIR). The effects of the expander speed, pump speed, working fluid mass flow rate, and working fluid type on the waste heat recovery compound system are analyzed. The simulation results show that the optimal schemes for the ORC system and compound system corresponding to the expander speed and pump speed are 1000 pm, 2500 rpm, 1200 rpm, and 2500 rpm, respectively. Compared with the ORC system, the maximum power output of the compound system with the same working fluid in three states (1500 rpm, 2500 rpm, and 3500 rpm) of the engine is increased by 21.67%, 24.05%, and 28.23%, respectively. Working fluid supplies of 0.4 kg/s, 0.4 kg/s, and 0.6 kg/s in the three engine states are also considered the best solutions. The working fluid R1234yf and R1234ze are the preferred choices for a waste heat recovery compound system, which have a high system power output and ETEIR and are environmentally friendly.

PERFORMANCE OF SCREW HORIZONTAL AND BRIDGE LINKAGE PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY CONFIGURATIONS

Due to partial shading effects on the productivity of solar panels which in turn negatively impacts the performance characteristics of photovoltaic systems, researchers work on different studies to overcome this phenomenon and improve solar system productivity. Therefore, this study aims to investigate different techniques to enhance the output power, fill factor, and efficiency of the PV system by reducing the number of local maximum power peaks, power losses, and mismatch losses. The configurations include a novel static reconfiguration technique, called a Screw Horizontal photovoltaic array, and a recently developed technique known as a Bridge Linkage array. Both of these are modeled using MATLAB/Simulink software and examined during six shading patterns. The novelty of this study is that we combined the above static reconfiguration technique with another modern technique called blocking and bypass diode technology to prevent the effect of reverse current and hotspot phenomena respectively. According to the results, the Bridge Linkage configuration performs the most efficiently under partial shading conditions compared to the Screw horizontal PV array configuration.

Numerical simulation and experimental verification of solar PVT coupled PEM electrolyzer system for hydrogen production

Hydrogen production by electrolysis of water is the key to the future of hydrogen fuel production. This study proposes a hydrogen production system based on the thermoelectric demand for proton exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEMEs) and the characteristics of the thermoelectric output of photovoltaic (PV) thermal (PVT) systems. The proposed system combines PVT and PEME to realize thermoelectric hydrogen–oxygen multiproduction and establishes and validates the thermoelectric coupled numerical model used for the prediction of the operating characteristics of the PVT-PEME system. Furthermore, it investigates and compares the irradiation intensity, ambient temperature, and inlet flow rate of the PVT-PEME and PV-PEME systems, and estimates the operating characteristics of the PVT-PEME system in different climates. The results show that the electrolyzer energy efficiency tends to increase and then decrease with increasing irradiation intensity; the PVT-PEME efficiency increases with increasing ambient temperature; and the PV-PEME efficiency decreases with increasing ambient temperature. Moreover, the efficiency of the electrolyzer decreases with an increase in the inlet flow rate, but the PVT-PEME efficiency increases. The high temperature inhibits the performance of PV modules, which is promoted in PEME after heat exchange in the PVT system, improving the operating efficiency. In addition, an evaluation of the actual operating characteristics of the PVT-PEME hydrogen production system in different climates indicates that the system operated for shorter and less efficient times when operating at cold and low irradiation intensities.

Energy recovery and clean water remediation using antibiofouling polysaccharide coated PAN hollow fiber membrane obtained via green route synthesis

Biofouling is an important biological constrain in the water treatment process, and the control or management strategies using green principles have gained recent attention. Antibiofouling agents based on the biological source are now extensively studied due to their high efficacy and are environmentally friendly. In this present study, Poly Acrylo Nitrile (PAN)/Ulvan hollow fibre membranes of four different modules were fabricated for water treatment studies by testing against B. subtilis and E. coli along with separation efficiency studies on proteins such as albumin, pepsin, and clay. Ulvan (Ulv), green seaweed sulfated polysaccharide extracted from Ulva fasciata, was coated on PAN hollow fibres, fabricated using a wet-spinning process. Ulvan was dip-coated on membrane surface followed by cross-linking and resultant changes in terms of performance and morphology. PAN/Ulv hollow fibre membranes were examined for the pure water flux and protein separation analysis to analyse the membrane efficiency. SEM was used to analyse the membrane structure and ATR- FTIR for the determination of functional groups. Ulvan coated (310 C) hollow fibre membrane showed better performance than the other three membranes with a flux of 398.1 L m−2 h−1. Higher sample concentration of suspended solids paved simpler route for enhanced COD sequestration efficacy. Pepsin, albumin, and clay particles were rejected by the 310C Ulvan adorned membranes at rates greater than 80%. By incrementing suspended particles beyond 3200 mg/L, the greatest power recovery was reduced that portrays an adverse influence of bio-fouling process on membrane operation. Experimental results demonstrated that synthesised 310 C membrane possessed better separation performance and antifouling characteristics for aquatic water systems.

A real-time field bus architecture for multi-smart-motor servo system

The multi-motor servo system (MMSS) is an electro-mechanical system widely used in various fields, including electric vehicles, robotics, and industrial machinery. Depending on the application, the number of motors in the system can range from several dozens to tens of thousands, which imposes additional communication demands. Thus, ensuring synchronization and control precision of the system requires addressing the challenge of guaranteeing the performance and reliability of communication among motors in the MMSS. In this paper, we design a smart servo motor (SSM) to upgrade the system to the multi-smart-motor servo system (MSMSS) based on a distributed real-time field bus architecture, namely, Multi-Motor Bus (MMB) architecture. The proposed MMB architecture is lightweight and stable, providing real-time support for Control Area Network connections to a central user computer and inter-integrated circuit connections to SSM units. This MMB architecture facilitates the synchronization of command transmission across SSMs and ensures the consistency of motors in the MSMSS. Additionally, a serial experiments to examine 3 key system performance and reliability characteristics are conducted, including command transmission time, transmission jitters, and rotation consistency. The analysis of these characteristics demonstrates the system’s potential and feasibility to be applicable in industry.

S-polarized light-sheets improve resolution and light-efficiency in oblique plane microscopy

Oblique plane microscopy (OPM) offers 3D optically sectioned imaging with high spatial- and temporal-resolution while enabling conventional sample mounting. The technique uses a concatenation of three microscopes, two for remote focusing and a tilted tertiary microscope, often including an immersion objective, to image an oblique sample plane. This design induces Fresnel reflections and a reduced effective aperture, thus impacting the resolution and light efficiency of the system. Using vectorial diffraction simulations, the system performance was characterized based on illumination angle and polarization, signal to noise ratio, and refractive index of the tertiary objective immersion. We show that for samples with high fluorescent anisotropy, s-polarized light-sheets yield higher average resolution for all system configurations, as well as higher light-efficiency. We also provide a tool for performance characterization of arbitrary light-sheet imaging systems.

Design features of drilling equipment elements using materials with shape memory effect

Alloys exhibiting thermoelastic phase transformations are getting more and more used in different industries. This is due to the shape memory effect and pseudo-elasticity (sometimes termed “superelasticity”) they exhibit, which can considerably improve the performance characteristics of various technical systems. One of the highest reliability and durability criterias are applied to equipment for drilling oil and gas wells, and according to this the above-described smart materials and the phenomena they exhibit have been gradually implemented in the oil and gas industry. This article analyzes the developed design of roller cone bits elements and proposes its assembly method, and presents its comparison with currently existing designs. Computational research and computer analysis of a drilling equipment assembly containing parts made of shape memory materials were performed, these studies showed significant advantages of the proposed method.

Study on optimal allocation of energy storage in multi-regional integrated energy system considering stepped carbon trading

Abstract In this study, an energy storage configuration optimization model of multi regional integrated energy system based on integrated scheduling and stepped Carbon emission trading is proposed. By analyzing the steady-state, dynamic, and variable operating characteristics of multi regional integrated energy systems, a distributed energy planning modeling method was adopted to construct energy storage configuration constraint objects and optimization models. The target scheme of energy storage configuration is optimized by using the results of integrated scheduling scheme and dynamic distribution analysis of ladder Carbon emission trading, and the parameters are optimally estimated by using Monte Carlo method and quadratic fitting algorithm. The simulation results show that this method has a strong scheduling capability in the context of stepped Carbon emission trading, can accurately assess the load demand and supply demand relationship, reduce carbon emissions, and improve energy efficiency, with an average of 0.9121.