Operation Manual Research Articles

Effectiveness of a supervised group-based walking program on physical, psychological and social outcomes among older adults: a randomised controlled trial protocol

IntroductionTo minimise adverse health events among older adults, physical activity (PA) is considered one of the most fundamental and effective forms of lifestyle. Therefore, an urgent effort to promote a...

Strategic management of rural art museums in southern Zhejiang province, China: A mixed approach

Restoration of rural art museums in southern Zhejiang is important for regional and national development. Therefore, this study focuses on the strategic management issues of rural art museums in southern Zhejiang in the context of revitalization. This research sets three objectives: (1) to study and analyze rural art museums; (2) to synthesize strategic management; and (3) to create, propose, and define strategic management. This study used a mixed approach, with 300 stakeholders from five rural art museums in southern Zhejiang. The results show that elements of the strategic management model for rural art museums in southern Zhejiang Province can be determined. From the second objective, it is possible to formulate and implement a strategic management model in accordance with empirical data. An operational manual was developed and divided into 15 items for the strategic management of rural art museums that could be adapted to the southern region of Zhejiang Province. However, based on the questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and field visits, the average satisfaction with the level of rural art museum management was 3.27, with a standard deviation of 1.32. The average satisfaction score for the exhibition was 3.27 with a standard deviation of 1.38. Similarly, the average overall satisfaction with rural art museum was 3.4 with a standard deviation of 1.23. This study provides theoretical support and practical recommendations for strategic management of rural art museums. This study provides valuable insights into rural art museum research across the country. It also opens up new perspectives for the study of regional relations within the academic community and increases the depth and breadth of academic discussions.

Challenges and Facilitators in the Clinical Adoption of Traditional Chinese Medicine Technology

Objective: This study aims to analyze the challenges and facilitators in the clinical adoption of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) technology. It proposes practical recommendations to provide evidence-based support and guidance for medical institutions at various levels in effectively integrating and advancing TCM technology. Methods: A descriptive phenomenological approach was employed to facilitate semi-structured interviews with doctors, nursing managers, and nurses. The collected data were subsequently analyzed using NVivo software. Results: In a study involving interviews with 17 doctors, nursing managers, and nurses, researchers identified three main themes and ten sub-themes. These included factors that promote the use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), such as the development of a comprehensive training curriculum, support from leadership, and strategies for integrating TCM technology. Conversely, hindering factors were also identified, including low awareness of TCM among some healthcare professionals and patients, as well as challenges related to medical costs and insurance. Recommendations for promoting TCM technology in Grade A hospitals include the creation of operation manuals, establishment of platforms for learning and communication, provision of dedicated spaces for teaching and discussion, and empowerment of nurses to assume leadership roles in clinical decision-making. Conclusion: The development of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) appropriate technology projects in general hospitals in Northwest China faces both obstacles and promoting factors. It is essential to address these challenges through targeted training and the implementation of a standardized management system to enhance the capabilities of TCM nursing services. Additionally, establishing a distinctive platform for TCM nursing services, fostering collaboration and exchange across various regions, and encouraging the inheritance and innovation of TCM nursing characteristics are critical steps in advancing TCM practices.

Designing a Website to Support a Multisite, International Clinical Trial.

Safe and reliable implementation of complex study protocols in multisite clinical trials requires that all study personnel have 24/7 access to up-to-date study materials. Study websites can serve as an electronic manual of operations (eMOO) to support trial conduct. We describe the development, organization, and maintenance of a study website and eMOO to facilitate quick and efficient communication during conduct of a complex, multisite, international clinical trial. We worked closely with our information technology (IT) department to develop and maintain our study website, which includes a public home page, a section for parents and families, and three password-protected portals that serve as an eMOO for (a) study sites, (b) study site investigators, and (c) the operations team (e.g., clinical coordination center, data coordination center). The public home page is helpful for families contemplating study participation and for nonparticipating sites considering joining our trial. The patient and family education section supports family participation in the study. The study site portal contains all information needed for local study teams to safely manage a study patient. The investigator portal provides access to research-specific materials needed to lead the study at each site. The operations team portal supports overall study management. For other scientists considering use of a study website for their multisite research, we recommend close collaboration with IT for development and maintenance, limited and clearly defined roles for version control, and use of unmodifiable file formats to prevent unapproved alterations of study materials. While investment in development and maintenance has been significant, we have appreciated marked value to our operations team and study sites. Our study website development process is relevant to other scientists conducting multisite clinical research.

DEVELOPING A LOCALIZED OPTIMAL FLOOD BARRIER IN THE PHILIPPINES

In the Philippines, flood is a usual experience due to its geographical location near the equator. This calls for governmental units to establish flood control protocols that utilize equipment to effectively mitigate the impact of the floods. However, the existing protocols lack proper equipment integrated in their flood protocols that effectively handle flood occurrences. This research aims to improvise the current practices of the Philippine local government units in combating flood by proposing the optimal flood barrier design to be deployed for flood control and damage mitigation and investigate the optimal flood barrier for deployment. The methodology involves revisiting operational manuals of the target community of the Philippine governmental units and exploring existing flood barrier designs in literature and the market, whether in or out of the Philippines. Barriers designed in the literature and market were investigated, where there is a physical experiment conducted for the optimal design using physics concepts and past tests performed by studies. Results demonstrated the amount of force that can be resisted by the barriers, the amount of flood water until it floats, and the maximum velocity until barriers move. This is the first study to investigate the designs of flood barriers that are suitable for deployment and selects the optimal barrier for flood control for the Philippine setting while integrating it to the Philippine flood protocols. This research will be valuable to studies in regards with flood emergency disaster management planning.

Scenario-Based Modeling on Chlorophyll-a in Uiam Reservoir of Korea According to Variation of Dam Discharge

This study analyzes quantitative algae mitigation, using chlorophyll-a as an indicator, through waterbody management techniques such as pulses released from upstream dams, employing a three-dimensional numerical model. Numerical simulations focused on algae reduction through dam operations by investigating nine scenarios based on Chuncheon Dam, Soyang Dam, and Uiam Dam, located in the upper and lower reaches of Uiam Reservoir of Korea. These scenarios, aligned with actual dam operation manuals, aimed to differentiate the impact of each dam’s operation by decreasing water residence time for Uiam Reservoir. The Uiam Reservoir, smaller than the upstream Chuncheon Dam and Soyang River Dam, is significantly influenced by their discharge rates. During summer, temperature differences exceeding 7 °C between discharges from Chuncheon Dam and Soyang Dam inflowed into the right side and the left side, respectively, of the reservoir, leading to poor mixing, which was further hindered by islands within the reservoir. Consequently, due to the influence of the different base water temperatures of the Bukhan River and Soyang River and the topographical characteristics, the impact range varied depending on the operation of each dam, and the amount of algae mitigation differed at each point. In emergency situations where algae blooms proliferate rapidly, appropriate dam operations in water bodies with large dams upstream and downstream, like Uiam Reservoir, can be effective in mitigating algae at specific regions of the reservoir.

Road Safety Services of a Transport Service Provider: Basis for an Operational Manual

For all users of the road, road safety is crucial. Everyone is concerned about it because of the dramatic increase in the number of vehicles on the road in recent years, road safety has become even more crucial. According to a 2014 World Health Organization research, motorcycle riders account for more than half of all fatalities in traffic incidents. At 19%, pedestrians make up the second-highest percentage of road user fatalities, after four-wheeled vehicle drivers (14%), and their passengers (11%). If there are road safety services in place and followed to reduce the high risk of accidents on most Philippine highways and roads, then accidents may be prevented. Many traffic incidents that occur these days include trucks, buses, and motorcyclists. Even when they are not in the official motorcycle lanes, most motorbikes would overtake as often as possible to escape heavy traffic because these vehicles tend to travel through even the steepest parts of the road. This situation may result in a collision between a motorcycle and a high-wheeled vehicle. This study employed the descriptive developmental method of research using the questionnaire in gathering the respondents’ assessment on the road safety services of a transport safety provider.

Mapping and assessment of karst landscape aesthetic value from a world heritage perspective: a case study of the Huangguoshu Scenic area

Aesthetic value is an essential component of outstanding universal value (OUV) for natural world heritage (NWH) site. However, comparisons of aesthetic value lack a set of effective evaluation systems. In the identification of aesthetic value, there is subjectivity and difficulty in quantifying the methodology suggested by the IUCN in the operation manual, and it is difficult to compare in different NWH sites. This study focused on establishing a universal system to map and assess the aesthetic value of karst NWH sites. The research focused on three dimensions: naturalness, diversity, and uniqueness. The final combination of the three is achieved by geographic information system (GIS)-based spatial map overlay analysis with multisource data. To verify the rationality of the model, the aesthetic value of a case study in the Huangguoshu Scenic Area in China at the WH nominated site was evaluated. The results revealed that the areas with low, relatively low, medium, relatively high, and high values accounted for 12.2%, 20.2%, 32.4%, 21.4% and 13.8%, respectively. The distribution of aesthetic value is basically consistent with the boundary division of the NWH site, and high scores are mostly distributed in areas with high protection levels. Moreover, the impacts of naturalness, uniqueness and diversity on aesthetic value in the research area are in decreasing order. Furthermore, the research analyses the aesthetic characteristics and causes at different levels. The research area combines the quintessential nature of karst, hills and water, caves, fenglin and historic villages; it unifies sturdiness, peculiarity, precipitousness, and peace. Among the 7 nominated NWH sites, the Huangguoshu Waterfall has the highest aesthetic value, while those of Tiantaishan Ancient Temple and Getuhe are relatively low. The rationality of the evaluation system for extracting areas with high aesthetic value was demonstrated. This study compensates for the limitation of the inability of existing studies to quantify the aesthetic value. This approach fills a previous gap in the research on the aesthetic value of WH and can provide a useful reference for better protection and management decisions.

Utilisation Challenges of Public Health Insurance Initiatives: Evidences from Sehat Sahulat Programme (SSP) in Pakistan

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Healthcare utilisation largely depends on both demand and supply-side factors. On the supply side, health infrastructure could be better to serve the population’s needs, whereas, on the demand side, affordability is the main challenge, especially for poor households. Health insurance provides an opportunity to avail of decent health facilities. The government of Pakistan launched the Sehat Sahulat Programme (SSP) to provide equitable and affordable indoor health services through public-driven health insurance. The current study has analysed the SSP by focusing on the factors that may reduce the in-door utilisation of health services. Besides secondary analysis, we have managed the qualitative and quantitative field survey by conducting in-depth interviews with all the supply and demand side stakeholders. A household survey is also carried out with the beneficiaries. Our analysis found that the programme has been facing the issues of lower utilisation due to various factors, including lack of awareness and a limited number of empanel hospitals. In some districts, there is only one hospital to cater to the needs of 73,000 families. The programme also requires focus to ensure 100 percent enrolment of all the eligible families, as in study districts, the pending cases range from 22 percent to 74 percent, with an average of 39 percent. Around 7 percent of the inpatients are deprived of seeking indoor treatment, either due to lack of hospital or lack of facility in the hospital or denial of services by the empanel hospital. The programme requires improving the environment of the empanel hospital by ensuring the availability of communication material, the 24/7 presence of a front desk person (HFO), and the availability of the operational manual. On the demand side, we found that most beneficiaries need more proper knowledge about various programme features, including where they should go for treatment, package amount, type of treatment covered in the package, and whom to contact for information. Despite the low utilisation rate, a heartening element is the high satisfaction level of the beneficiaries who had received treatment. As a way forward, we recommend the following: First, the programme may ensure every citizen receives in-door health treatment by improving accessibility and availability of health services and easing the documentation requirement. Second, there must be a sufficient number of empanel hospitals, and offered packages against a treatment must be attractive to avoid the ‘pick and choose’ option by the hospitals. The entire government health infrastructure must be on the pool of SSP. It should be mandatory that all private hospitals be a part of the SSP. Third, the authorities must ensure that HFOs should be available in hospitals 24/7. The hospital list should be publicly available through various sources, including the website and dedicated SMS service. Moreover, the programme should introduce some Android applications to find the nearest hospital to a patient. Fourth, there is a need for a grassroots-level communication strategy, especially in districts where the programme is universal. The key messages must be disseminated at the doorsteps of beneficiaries. For this, the programme may involve local notables, education and health departments, and other social safety net departments having a ground-level presence (i.e., BISP, Zakat, Pakistan Bait-ul-Mal, and various provincial social protection/security authorities). Overall, the communication strategy must be heterogeneous, considering the population’s needs.

Investigating the Effect of Operation Mode and Manifestation on Physicalizations of Dynamic Processes

AbstractWe conducted a study to systematically investigate the communication of complex dynamic processes along a two‐dimensional design space, where the axes represent a representation's manifestation (physical or virtual) and operation (manual or automatic). We exemplify the design space on a model embodying cardiovascular pathologies, represented by a mechanism where a liquid is pumped into a draining vessel, with complications illustrated through modifications to the model. The results of a mixed‐methods lab study with 28 participants show that both physical manifestation and manual operation have a strong positive impact on the audience's engagement. The study does not show a measurable knowledge increase with respect to cardiovascular pathologies using manually operated physical representations. However, subjectively, participants report a better understanding of the process—mainly through non‐visual cues like haptics, but also auditory cues. The study also indicates an increased task load when interacting with the process, which, however, seems to play a minor role for the participants. Overall, the study shows a clear potential of physicalization for the communication of complex dynamic processes, which only fully unfold if observers have to chance to interact with the process.

노인여가복지시설 종사자의 슈퍼비전과 조직몰입의 관계

This study analyzed the relationship between supervision, professionalism awareness, and self-leadership, which are various variablesrelated to organizational commitment that can raise the level of leisure welfare facilities for older adults. Questionnaires were distributedto 375 workers in 19 facilities in Daejeon and Chungcheongnam-do through SPSS and Amos 18.0 program. Confirmatory factor and structuralequation model analysis were used as important analysis methods. The analysis results are as follows: Firstly, the supervision of workershas a significant effect on organizational commitment. Secondly, the paths of major variables were all significant. Thirdly, the dual mediatingeffect of professionalism awareness and self-leadership was confirmed. The measures to improve workers’ organizational commitment andto provide high quality leisure services are as follows. Firstly, for enhancing the supervision for the workers, it is necessary to educatethe supervisor to balance the detailed supervision, to develop the operating system and manual of the specific supervision, and to includethe supervision in the facility evaluation. Secondly, in order to improve workers’ professionalism perception, it is necessary to provideprofessional deepening education, to examine the type of social worker qualification examination, and to create an environment to improvethe professionalism voluntarily. Thirdly, for developing their self-leadership, it is desirable to include various supports of managers,self-leadership in job training and appropriate compensation for work performance caused by self-leadership.

Sustainable management of small-town water supply in Nepal: improvement through the multi-stage training mechanism

ABSTRACT In Nepal, a project to sustain a safe water supply for small towns was executed in 68 towns, each with distinctive water sources and topographical situations. This project adopted two approaches to establish a standardized capacity development process for small-town water supplies. The first approach, the Management Model, consists of standard operating procedures (SOPs) and business planning. The second approach, termed the Support Model, entails a comprehensive system for training, monitoring, and evaluating water supply management. Throughout the project, a total of 31 SOPs pertaining to operation, maintenance, and facility rehabilitation manuals were developed. Moreover, four courses consisting of training, basic and on-site training, and interactive workshops were conducted. Consequently, the data deficiency rate reduced significantly by 61%, while 87% of water samples met water quality standards. In contrast, the operating ratio and water production rates improved by 17 and 29%, respectively. The materials produced from these models are expected to contribute to small-town water supply systems beyond the pilot sites. This is due to the versatility of the model for future applications. Although the project was effectively implemented, continuous support for small-town water supply by the Government of Nepal is needed for future sustainability.

GRAPHIC SUPPORT FOR THE OPERATION OF AIRCRAFT POWER UNITS

The main task of operators is to maintain the airworthiness of aircraft by implementing the technologies outlined in the sets of documents attached to standard products.Engines, the main source of energy for flight, usually work in conjunction with many systems, each of which, in turn, is accompanied by instructions and manuals to ensure operability. In accordance with accepted practice, most of the disaggregated information is provided in text form. These forces you to remember the necessary data or constantly search for it in dozens of updated and replaced pages of the provided technologies, or create your own convenient techniques that allow you to conduct parametric analyzes and develop decisions on control actions to correct the technical condition. Using examples of power plants with turboprop engines, approaches to the development and application of step-by-step unified graphical generalizations of processes and control parameter values, combined with indications of characteristics setting elements, are proposed. For the full cycle of work, the article proposes the most convenient, applicable to different types of power plants, unified method for constructing compact representations of all information in a generalized form. Recommendations have been developed for monitoring, adjusting characteristics and making decisions on the prospects for further operation.The methods have been tested under operating conditions, having confirmed their convenience and effectiveness at different stages of operation, and can be recommended for inclusion in Flight Operations Manuals created by airlines in relation to the range of operating conditions of their aircraft fleet.

The existence of permanent facilities for nuclear disaster medicine progresses the development of manuals regardless of the years of designation elapsed

To ensure the quality of nuclear disaster medical care, facilities are being developed worldwide in the event of a nuclear disaster. However, the relationship between the existence of permanent facilities and the presence or absence of facility operation manuals has not been clarified in the field of nuclear disaster medicine. This study aims to determine the relationships between the existence of permanent facilities, the presence or absence of facility operation manuals and the number of years elapsed since a facility was designated for nuclear disaster medicine. In September 2021, 26 facilities responded to an online questionnaire of the 53 facilities of nuclear disaster-related hospitals (valid response rate of 49.1%) in Japan. The existence of permanent facilities for nuclear disaster medicine was significantly higher in facilities with fewer years of designation than in those with more years of designation. The existence of permanent facilities for nuclear disaster medicine facilitated the organisational awareness of a nuclear disaster, as evidenced by the availability of manuals, regardless of the number of years elapsed since designation. In conclusion, the study suggests that the existence of permanent facilities is an important factor for organisational preparedness for a nuclear disaster.

Modern approaches to the treatment of primary multiple unilateral synchronous lung tumors (literature review)

The review article focuses on recent approaches to the treatment of primary multiple unilateral synchronous and metachronous lung tumors. Unilateral primary multiple lung cancer is diagnosed relatively rare. The introduction of modern computed tomography into clinical practice made it possible to diagnose a peripheral tumor at the initial stages. The second synchronous, usually central lung cancer is more often detected during surgery or during bronchoscopy. Despite the established criteria, differential diagnosis of primary tumor and intrapulmonary metastasis in synchronous PMRL remains a difficult task. Often histological signs do not allow differentiating the primary tumor from metastasis. The use of next generation genomic sequencing (NGS) makes it possible to distinguish a primary tumor from a metastasis. To date, there are no unambiguous recommendations for staging primary multiple unilateral lung cancer. There is no clear understanding of what criteria and classification to use to determine the stage of primary multiple cancer, and the type of surgical intervention depends on it. Based on the 8th classification of staging according to the TNM system, patients with primary multiple lung cancer often need to undergo extensive surgical interventions, up to pneumonectomy. Staging each tumor separately allows us to expand the indications for anatomical segmentectomies and reconstructive plastic surgery. For the treatment of PMLC, the main type of surgery is an operative manual with lobectomy. Reconstructive plastic surgeries and anatomical segmentectomies have little effect on increase in frequency of local relapses, on worsening of survival rates. However, the methods are a reasonable alternative for some types of tumors and poor functional indicators. Stereotactic radiation therapy is the standard of treatment for patients who refuse surgery or in patients with functional limitations with early stage primary multiple lung cancer. Moreover, systemic therapies such as targeted therapy in patients with driver mutations and immunotherapy have shown outstanding results.

Point of Sale’s Transaction Data: Envisioning Micro Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME)’s Inventory Management Strategy

With the progression of Big Data Analytics (BDA), Point of Sale (PoS) could be amalgamated with Inventory Management (IM) system, thereby assisting merchants in providing an overview of their inventory and even predicting when restocking is necessary. This qualitative inquiry aims to assess the merchants' awareness of digitalisation in Klang Valley, Selangor, Malaysia, from October to November of 2023, with total number of thirty merchants being interviewed. NVivo 12 was used to support analysis tasks. The results are inconclusive, as some merchants still rely on separate systems for their PoS and IM. Those who lack IM system but possess digital PoS still believe that they can sustain their inventory management through manual means. Even when IM is integrated with PoS, workers still prefer to inform the manager verbally when the stock is nearing depletion. Only those who diligently utilise the integrated system can truly appreciate the benefits of their investment in the digitisation of their daily operations. These study could provide valuable insights for governing authority, such as the Ministry of Domestic Trade and Cost of Living (KPDN) and the Malaysian Administrative Modernisation and Management Planning Unit (MAMPU), in incorporating essential content into their educational programs to promote the advantages of digitalisation to Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), as well as to educate Solution Providers on the need to revise their software's Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) and Manuals to be available in both English and Bahasa.

Safety, Health and its Relation to Reliability in Oil and Gas Industry

Accident and incident occurrences have led to loss of invaluable cost in the oil and gas industry. Accidents or incidents however don‟t just occur but are caused by preceding events. This project clearly outlines the principals involved in accident/ incident investigation, critically reviews the techniques used in root cause analysis in order to identify their strengths and weaknesses, provides a detailed knowledge of the key phases employed in root cause analysis and develops recommendations for improvement and generation of implementation of root cause analysis report. On conclusion of this thesis through recommendations developed, lives will be saved by providing a safe and healthy working environment for personnel and the public in general, down time minimized, huge cost saved through adequate maintenance of facilities/ equipment, minimal or negligible insurance claims etc. This will thus ensure safety, health and reliability in the vibrant oil and gas industry. Despite having a standard training program, the level of competency to investigate accidents and incidents adequately and comprehensively vary from one safety professional or investigation team to another. This could be attributed to the number and types of accidents/incidents investigated i.e. experience, the frequency at which the investigations are carried out, information and documentation available for assessment, skills etc. Though these factors vary with age, experience, personal ability and industry, certain skills are essentially required for any accident or incident investigation. They include the following; Careful observation and understanding of key factors at the scene of the incident/accident and other areas of relevance to the occurrence An understanding of the technical, physical and chemical aspects of the incident/accident as the case may be Interviewing personnel and witnesses Taking of appropriate photographs and preparation of adequate sketches Ability of adequately record all relevant factors for future reference Evaluations of documentation i.e. work permits, operational manuals, and repairs/maintenance certification etc. Report writing The correct interpretation of relevant health and safety laws. Development of appropriate remedial action to prevent reoccurrence.

Assessing an Indonesian Credit Union’s Internal Control Using COSO ERM Framework: A Case Study at Credit Union Kridha Rahardja

COSO ERM framework has been widely used for assessing the quality of internal control in many forprofit companies. However, there is still limited application of COSO ERM Framework for non-profit organizations and social enterprises with dual objectives like credit unions. This research evaluates how effective and comprehensive the implementation of internal controls is within a Credit Union in Indonesia, a member-based social enterprise offering financial services to middle-low-income groups. This is a collaborative case study of the researcher and the practitioners of the credit union. Participants shared their perspectives through questionnaire feedback, interviews, and focus group discussions, to examine the control activities within the organization and identify risks that may impact the organization’s goals. The findings suggest a critical demand for forming an operational manual with detailed structures and policies. Furthermore, the sense of loyalty is the key to enhancing members’ participation in various activities within the organization.

Tennessee Academy of ScienceDistinguished Secondary School Science Teacher Award 2022

Tennessee Academy of ScienceDistinguished Secondary School Science Teacher Award 2022

The Research Field of Meat Preservation: A Scientometric and Visualization Analysis Based on the Web of Science.

Meat plays a significant role in human diets, providing a rich source of high-quality protein. With advancements in technology, research in the field of meat preservation has been undergoing dynamic evolution. To gain insights into the development of this discipline, the study conducted an analysis and knowledge structure mapping of 1672 papers related to meat preservation research within the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) spanning from 2001 to 2023. And using software tools such as VOSviewer 1.6.18 and CiteSpace 5.8.R3c allowed for the convenient analysis of the literature by strictly following the software operation manuals. Moreover, the knowledge structure of research in the field of meat preservation was synthesized within the framework of "basic research-technological application-integration of technology with fundamental research," aligning with the research content. Co-cited literature analysis indicated that meat preservation research could be further categorized into seven collections, as well as highlighting the prominent role of the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of plant essential oils in ongoing research. Subsequently, the future research direction and focus of the meat preservation field were predicted and prospected. The findings of this study could offer valuable assistance to researchers in swiftly comprehending the discipline's development and identifying prominent research areas, thus providing valuable guidance for shaping research topics.