Stages Of Operation Research Articles

Plant Translocations in France: Identifying Gaps between Knowledge, Practice and Perception by Conservation Actors.

In the current context of global changes, threatened flora is declining and homogenising at the expense of rare and protected species. Among conservation biology and ecological restoration techniques, plant translocation is one of the recommendations increasingly used. However, translocation remains risky and is recommended as a last resort to conserve protected flora in land use planning. Furthermore, it raises ethical questions partly linked to genetic processes. In this context, we studied how plant translocations are perceived by conservation actors in France, including their genetic aspects. The analysis of translocation perception complements that of feedback on concrete translocation operations and allows us to provide a qualitative assessment of current practices. We have adopted an interdisciplinary approach to survey different types of actors in nature conservation, involved or not in at least one stage of translocation operations (preparation, implementation and monitoring). Three main types of translocation perception divide our sample quite strongly (50% favourable/ 45% unfavourable/ 5% undecided). Surprisingly, their professional activity or the level of involvement in such an operation have no influence on their opinion on translocation, nor on the proposals of alternative measures. Only 15% of the actors involved in translocations used genetic data at least once. To conclude, it would be necessary to promote the sharing of feedback from past experiences. This would allow an up-to-date list of species unacceptable for translocation. Comparing the results of different protocols and implementation conditions for the same species or group should improve overall translocation success rates.

Construction of Carbon Emission Evaluation Methods and Indicators for Low-Carbon Technologies in Buildings

Global climate change is an increasingly prominent issue, with the building stock significantly to carbon emissions (CEs). Evaluating the effectiveness of renewal pathways and technologies is essential for carbon reduction in this domain. This study adopts theoretical research, field investigations, simulation analysis, and mathematical calculations, and innovatively integrates whole life-cycle evaluation with inventory methods. The carbon emissions reduction (CER) evaluation boundary of low carbon technologies (LCTs) is defined as the pre- and post-application operational stages and technology application stage. A novel comprehensive CER efficiency (CERE) indicator is established, combining the CER with embodied carbon payback time (ECPT), in addition to recommendations for the selection of evaluation criteria based on diverse building requirements. Simulations and calculations for four commonly used LCTs in Chongqing revealed that CERE provides a more holistic evaluation of CER effectiveness than traditional indicators, and identified a suite of LCTs suitable for Chongqing, encompassing replacement of energy-efficient lamps, roof photovoltaics and air source heat pumps. The findings provide a scientific basis for guiding the application of LCTs, renewal pathways and decarbonization management policy formulation in the building sector.

A Visco-Elasto-Plastic Constitutive Law for Deformation Prediction of High Concrete Face Rockfill Dams

Deformation predictions in high Concrete Face Rockfill Dams tend to underestimate observed settlements due to scale effect and breakage phenomena that cannot be adequately captured by laboratory tests. This paper presents a Visco-Elasto-Perfectly Plastic (VEPP) model for predicting deformations in high Concrete Face Rockfill Dams (CFRDs) that addresses these challenges incorporating explicitly key rockfill parameters like grain size and post-compaction porosity, which influence both the non-linear elastic and plastic behaviors of rockfill. The VEPP model enables deformation prediction while using standard laboratory test results. The model’s effectiveness was demonstrated through its application to the 233 m high Shuibuya Dam, the tallest CFRD in the world. The VEPP model predictions closely align with observed deformations throughout the dam’s construction, impoundment, and early operational stages. By using physically meaningful parameters, the model reduces the uncertainty associated with the empirical assessment of model parameters using back-analysis from similar projects. While the VEPP model offers improved predictive accuracy, particularly during early design phases, further advancements could be achieved by refining the creep formulation and accounting for grain size evolution during construction. This approach has the potential to optimize the design and construction of future high CFRD construction.

Investigation of the effect of repeated variable loads on the life cycle of transport structures using polymer composite materials

The problem of the life cycle of transport structures using polymer composite materials (PCM) is touched upon. It is noted that in the life cycle of transport structures, at the stage of operation, the endurance of structural materials plays a key role. The results of experimental studies of PCM depending on the magnitude of the coefficients of reinforcement with fiberglass reinforcement (SPA) are presented. The influence of the degree of prestress of the SPA on the life cycle of the structural element has been established. It is emphasized that in the study of the life cycle of structures, the coefficient of asymmetry of the external load application cycle is of no small importance. As a result of the study, it was found that with an increase in the coefficient of asymmetry of the application of an external load with a simultaneous increase in the prestress in the SPA, the coefficient of endurance, and, consequently, the life cycle of the element, increases.

OGC O01 - Stomach Cancer Elective Surgery Morbidity and Mortality at 90-Days (HOLD Study): A Prospective, International Collaborative Cohort Study

Abstract Background Data on multinational 90-day mortality and morbidity rates after surgery for gastric cancer is limited in the literature. This study aimed to understand the 90-day mortality and morbidity outcomes according to GASTRODATA Registry for elective gastric cancer surgery patients and identify risk factors. Method We conducted an international prospective study on ≥18 years patients undergoing elective surgery for gastric cancer with curative intent from 01 April 2022 to 30 September 2022. Known metastatic disease, concurrent secondary cancers, gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) and Siewert type I/II oesophagogastric junction malignancies were excluded. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify variables associated to 90-day outcome. Results 380 collaborators from 47 countries submitted data on 1538 patients. Mean age was 64.2 years and 58.5% were males. 90-day morbidity rate was 38.2% (n=587) and mortality rate was 2.9% (n=45). Pre-operative higher CCI or ASA score, pre-operative weight loss >10%, and surgical determinants such as type of gastric resection, positive specimen margin, number of harvested lymph nodes, longer surgery duration and post operative pathological IV staging (p value<0.05) were identified as predictors of postoperative severe complications and mortality. Conclusion Elective gastric cancer surgery has a 90-day morbidity of 38.2% and 90-day mortality of 2.9%, globally. This study identified several factors associated with higher morbidity and exemplified the importance of a unified language on surgical morbidity, pre-habilitation and ongoing audits to enhance patient outcomes.

Human errors analysis for remotely controlled ships during collision avoidance

To address human errors in collision avoidance tasks of remotely controlled ships, this study aims to develop a comprehensive framework for human error analysis within the context of autonomous ships. Firstly, the Hierarchical Task Analysis method is utilized to identify crew collision avoidance tasks associated with the traditional ship, and these tasks are then dissected into different operational stages using the Information Decision Action in a Crew cognitive model. Secondly, a combination of the fault hypothesis method and expert opinions are used to identify potential human error that may occur during collision avoidance operations of remotely controlled ships. Thirdly, an integrated approach is proposed to build a quantitative risk assessment model, which combines Failure Mode and Effects Analysis, Evidential Reasoning, and Belief rules-based Bayesian Network. Then, axiomatic analysis is used to verify the robustness and applicability of the risk assessment model. Finally, based on the results of quantitative risk assessment, specific measures are proposed for enhancing the safety of collision avoidance process of remotely controlled ships. The findings show that uncoordinated interactions of human-computer systems during the decision-making stage are a pivotal factor in the collision avoidance process. Therefore, future design efforts for remote-control centre should prioritize improving the clarity of human-computer interaction interfaces.

Cause Analysis and Preventive Measures for Deterioration of Steam Turbine Lubricating Oil

Lubricating the oil system of the steam turbine in the power plant is an important part of maintaining the normal operation of a steam turbine. The quality of oil directly affects the safe and stable operation of steam turbines. If the oil quality deteriorates, it is very easy to cause major accidents such as wear of steam turbine bearings, jamming of the speed control system, and even burning of bearings, failure of steam turbine speed control system leading to overspeed. This research method uses a literature review. In the operation of the power plant, it is common for lubricating oil to exceed the standard particle size and water content, and there are many reasons for this. This article analyzes the causes of lubricating oil deterioration and explains more specific preventive measures. Conclusion Deterioration in oil quality and excessive particle size can easily lead to serious consequences. Therefore, it must be controlled from the inspection of new oil entering the factory, sampling and testing, and monitoring of the operation stage, to improve the maintenance process.

Study of the effectiveness factors of microsurgical treatment of cerebral arterial aneurysms

BACKGROUND: Despite improvements in diagnostic methods and microsurgical techniques for treating arterial aneurysms of the cerebral vessels, there remains a high probability of mortality and persistent disability among the working population. AIM: To determine the factors influencing the effectiveness of surgical interventions in patients with cerebral arterial aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This scientific work presents the results of examination and surgical treatment of 86 patients operated on from 2017 to 2023 y. at the Neurosurgery Clinic of the National Hospital. The age of the patients ranged from 23 to 78 years (average age - 47±1.7 years), among them there were 48 (55.8%) men, 38 (44.2%) women. All patients underwent MRI or CT angiography of cerebral vessels; in 47 (54.6%) patients, cerebral aneurysm was confirmed by selective cerebral angiography. The size of the aneurysms ranged from miliary (3.0 mm to giant sizes 25.0-30.0 mm). RESULTS: The clinical picture of patients with ruptured arterial aneurysms was associated with the prevalence of subarachnoid hemorrhage, the location and volume of formed intracerebral hematomas in patients in the pre-hemorrhagic period with unruptured aneurysms - with the location and size of arterial aneurysms. One of the serious complications that arose during operations was intraoperative rupture (15.1%) of the aneurysmal sac at different stages of operations. The worst results with mortality up to 4.17% were observed in patients with ruptured arterial aneurysms, on the HH scale III, IV and 7-8, 9-10 points on the Glasgow scale. In cases where direct access to the aneurysm is difficult, it is advisable to perform subpial microresection of the altered medulla around the aneurysm. This allows you to avoid traumatic damage to the walls of the aneurysm and the development of spasm of arterial vessels. In order to avoid aneurysm rupture when isolating the aneurysm neck, it is advisable to temporarily apply special removable (temporary) clips to the proximal and distal segments of the supporting vessel of the aneurysm. After it was possible to isolate the neck of the aneurysm, a special clip was applied and, if possible, the patency and integrity of the vessel carrying the aneurysm and its branches were preserved. To determine the absence of blood flow in the aneurysm and assess the patency of arterial vessels, it is recommended to use intraoperative microvascular doplefography. CONCLUSION: The results of surgical treatment for ruptured aneurysms depended on the preoperative condition of the patients. Microsurgical clipping of arterial aneurysms effectively prevents the risk of recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage. The absence of complications in patients during surgery and the early postoperative period does not guarantee the possibility of developing delayed complications that may require repeated operations.

Examining mobile medical supplies in supply chain: Exploring the impact of intention to use mobile medical apps

All sectors have an increasing interest in smart phone applications based on their many advantages that support business, especially the medical sector, which is constantly competing to develop the medical services provided, and accordingly in this research study we industrialized a mobile medical supplies and equipment ordering application (mobile medical app) classic and make an effort to authenticate it factually. When clients (hospitals doctors) create consumptions on the application, three dimensions can be identified: platform emotion stage, fear effect, and familiarity with product. This research designed to reinforce and brighten the most important magnitudes that improve a physician’s judgment of mobile medical app and the purpose to usage. Furthermore, this study inspected the availability of the model between hospital physicians in UAE. The classic ideal was observed by means of a model of 340 UAE clinic physicians and their personal assistant who utilize mobiles facilities in overall. The review technique, a calculable method, was applied; the fractional smallest cubes organizational calculation exhibiting systems was owned to inspect the planned agenda. The platform emotion dimension, especially fear and resistance to change, and the familiarity with the products were evaluated, and it was discovered that these factors positively influenced the objective to use the application. And the other side, the first dimension of emotion, fear, manifested as “apparent threat”, had no outcome on the purpose to using. These discoveries recommended that scholars should emphasis more on the facilities, merchandises, and the key task of the mobile medical app to control their inspirations on clients’ ordering purpose. This will progress the purchasing ways associated to acquiring medicinal materials utilizing mobile medical app and/or on other operational stages in unambiguously in UAE and the Central East at great.

Operational stage evaluation of urban roads in achieving carbon neutrality

Operational stage evaluation of urban roads in achieving carbon neutrality

Artificial intelligence and machine learning at various stages and scales of process systems engineering

AbstractWe review the utility and application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) at various process scales in this work, from molecules and reactions to materials to processes, plants, and supply chains; furthermore, we highlight whether the application is at the design or operational stage of the process. In particular, we focus on the distinct representational frameworks employed at the various scales and the physics (equivariance, additivity, injectivity, connectivity, hierarchy, and heterogeneity) they capture. We also review AI techniques and frameworks important in process systems, including hybrid AI modelling, human‐AI collaborations, and generative AI techniques. In hybrid AI models, we emphasize the importance of hyperparameter tuning, especially in the case of physics‐informed regularization. We highlight the importance of studying human‐AI interactions, especially in the context of automation, and distinguish the features of human‐complements‐AI systems from those of AI‐complements‐human systems. Of particular importance in the AI‐complements‐human framework are model explanations, including rule‐based explanation, explanation‐by‐example, explanation‐by‐simplification, visualization, and feature relevance. Generative AI methods are becoming increasingly relevant in process systems engineering, especially in contexts that do not belong to ‘big data’, primarily due to the lack of high quality labelled data. We highlight the use of generative AI methods including generative adversarial networks, graph neural networks, and large language models/transformers along with non‐traditional process data (images, audio, and text).

Combination Immunotherapy With Radiotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Review of Evidence.

Radiotherapy plays a fundamental role in the treatment of patients with all stages of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has transformed the standard of care in these patients. The use of ICIs is increasingly utilized in the definitive setting as an adjunct to chemoradiotherapy or surgery and remains a vital component in the treatment of metastatic disease. Despite improvements in patient survival, the use of immunotherapy as monotherapy has shown limited overall response rates with susceptibility to resistance. Radiotherapy has been identified as a viable option to enhance the response rate to ICI and improve outcomes in NSCLC. We queried the English PubMed database utilizing variably combined search items including "radiation," "chemoradiation," "immune checkpoint," "immunotherapy," "stereotactic body radiotherapy," and "non-small-cell lung". We additionally searched various acceptable alternative terms for similar keywords such as "radiotherapy" in place of "radiation." These results were subsequently curated for relevance and impact on current treatment paradigms. In this review, we discuss preclinical and clinical studies relating to combinatorial use of immunotherapy and radiation in NSCLC. These studies are presented in the context of early-stage, operable stage III, unresectable stage III, and metastatic disease. The majority of the data illustrate promising results regarding the additive or synergistic effects of radiation and immunotherapy with a suggestion that the timing of these treatment modalities is crucial to optimizing outcomes. While there is now evidence regarding the favorable interplay between radiation and immunotherapy in NSCLC, there remain multiple unanswered questions which are expected to be addressed in ongoing clinical trials.

Manajemen Laboratorium IPA di Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 02 Lombok Timur

A vital component of teaching science is laboratory administration, which is the endeavor to oversee a laboratory and learning activities. Science laboratory management is related to the managers and users of laboratory facilities and practical activities carried out in the laboratory. This study aimed to determine how planning, organizing resources and assets, implementation, supervision, and impacts arise in the management of science laboratories at MTs.N 02 East Lombok. In this study, documentation, observation, and interviews are the methods used to collect data. The results of the study are that the planning stage is quite good, the existence of short-term, medium-term, and long-term programs evidences this. Short-term programs are planned to be completed within a day, a week, or even a month. At the same time, the medium term is planned to be completed during a quarter to a semester. The Organizational Stage is the management of resources, tools, and materials available in the science laboratory. An organizational structure for managing science laboratories has been formed for the organization of resources. The Implementation Stage is the operational stage of the plan that has been scheduled. This stage is very urgent because it determines the success of achieving goals. Related to the implementation stage, the science laboratory manager at MTs. N. 02 East Lombok has done many things such as inventorying available tools and materials, making regulations, and utilization schedules that are synchronized with the madrasah program. The supervision stage functions as a controller and evaluator of the success of the implementation of laboratory management as a whole. The impacts that arise from laboratory management have been implemented well at MTs. N. 02 East Lombok.

Monitoring of the inertization of cargo tanks of LNG class vessels

The results of monitoring the inertization of cargo tanks of vessels intended for the transportation of liquefied natural gas are given. It is determined that the mandatory stage of cargo operations in the port of unloading of liquefied natural gas is the inertization of tanks. It is noted that on gas-carrying vessels, the following sources of inert gases can be: flue gases of vessel's auxiliary boilers; gases generated in the inert gas generator during the burning of liquid fuel in them; directly chemically pure inert gas (usually nitrogen). It is also stated that the inertization of cargo tanks is carried out by one of two methods: either dilution of the gas atmosphere (which is the process of mixing two environments), or replacement of the gas atmosphere (in which the gases supplied to the tank form a dividing layer and gradually displace the residual vapors cargo). The stability and integrity of the dividing layer determines the inertization quality of cargo tanks. Control of the state of the dividing layer in the cargo tank is impossible with optical or visual means of control, which is caused by the opaque environment inside the tank. In this regard, it is proposed to determine the integrity of the separating layer, as well as the level at which it is located in the cargo tank, by measuring the concentration of inert gas in the volume of the tank. Research was carried out on a gas carrier with a cargo capacity of 42,563 m3. Inertization of the vessel's cargo tanks was ensured with the help of nitrogen, which was generated by an inert gas generator using the Pressure Swing Adsorption technology. Nitrogen concentration monitoring in the volume of the cargo tank was performed at levels corresponding to 5 %, 20 %, 50 %, 80 % and 95 % of the tank depth. Research on determining the effect of nitrogen pressure entering the cargo tanks for their inertization on the stability and integrity of the dividing layer was carried out in the range of 0.95–1.05 MPa. The duration of the experiment was 210 minutes, fixation of nitrogen concentration values was performed every 30 minutes. As a result, optimal pressure values were established, according to which the inertization is ensured in the minimum time. The critical pressure values at which the separation layer breaks down were also determined.

Environmental and energy analysis of the renovation of social housing buildings under various climate change scenarios and user profiles

The renovation of social housing buildings, a priority for the European Union, must be assessed under a Climate Change (CC) context. This work, centred on the user and the environmental impact, analyses the climate resilience of the renovation of the social housing building stock of the Basque Country, located in Northern Spain. In this region, characterised by cold winters and mild summers, CC projections indicate a moderate warming even in the worst-case scenario. The assessment of passive renovation actions indicates that reducing heating demand is key no matter the CC scenario. The reduction achieved in heating demand with deep passive renovations is up to 82.2 % when the worst CC scenario is considered. Indeed, since low-income tenants occupy these buildings, it has been found that global warming would help users achieve indoor standard conditions in a more effective way than with passive renovation actions. Consequently, to improve indoor conditions independently of the CC scenario, active renovation measures must also be considered. Furthermore, the thermal comfort analysis proved that the risk of overheating in this region is negligible, with less than 4 % of the yearly hours above 26 °C. Finally, the Life Cycle Impact Assessment shows that the environmental impact of the renovation is short when compared to the impact of the operational stage. The use of conventional or ecological materials during renovation would save up to 6.5 % of Non-Renewable Primary Energy Consumption and 3.7 % of CO2 emissions during the life-cycle of the building.

Research on bridge safety early warning method based on strain energy theory and health monitoring data

Bridges are technology-intensive and heavily invested permanent infrastructure. After completion and opening to traffic, bridge structures are easy to be affected by factors such as traffic load and atmospheric environment. Therefore, it is necessary to do safety warning and evaluation of bridges, especially the abnormal behavior in the early stages of bridge operation. In this research paper, a large-span continuous rigid frame bridge installed with the health monitoring system (HMS), of which a large amount of health monitoring data are collected by the HMS, is used as an example, and then a bridge safety early warning method is proposed when the bridge is during early operating period. First of all, the research finding that the internal stress of the prototype bridge obeys normal distribution through statistical analysis is used; next, we deduce that the strain energy inside the prototype bridge is subject to the Non-central Chi-square distribution combined with the strain energy and statistical theories; in the end, the key probability density distribution function of strain energy and its parameters are derived by using the key stress distribution function of the high performance concrete C50 strength grade used in the prototype bridge. The method recommended in this paper is conducive to the formulation of bridge preventive maintenance strategies.

The role of nanomaterials in enhancing adhesion properties between bitumen and aggregate particles

During production and construction stages of asphalt mixtures, rheology of bitumen must be set at certain level. In addition, the adhesion strength between bitumen and the aggregate particles should be high enough so that during the service life of the pavement, asphalt mixture can resist various distresses. There are different methods of controlling rheological properties of bitumen binders and increasing adhesion properties of asphalt mixtures. One of the most effective methods of modifying bitumen binders of asphalt mixtures is using nanomaterials. In this research, two bitumen types of 60/70 and 85/100 penetration grades, three aggregate types (limestone, siliceous, and granite) and four nanomaterials; namely, nanohydrated lime (NHL), nanosilica (NSiO2), nanolime (NCaCO3) and, nanoclay bentonite (NClay) were used at 2, 4, and 6 % of the weight of bitumen. X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence tests were performed and, microscopic images of thin-sections of aggregates and asphalt mixtures were taken with the aim of evaluating petrographic properties of aggregates and bonding characteristics of the bitumen binders with aggregate particles. Physical and rheological properties of the nano-modified bitumen binders were evaluated, performing dynamic shear rheometer and rotational viscometer tests. Boiling water and pull-off tests were also carried out in order to investigate the coating ability and the adhesion strength that is performed at the aggregate surface in the interface with the bitumen binders. Digital images were analyzed using Digimizer Software. The results indicated that the addition of nanomaterials at certain optimal percentage, affected viscosity and improved rheological behavior of bitumen binders at different temperatures; and, increase adhesion properties of the bitumen coating the aggregate particles. Comparing the effects of different aggregates, it resulted that the binder coating limestone aggregates performed better than the siliceous and the granite aggregates. Adhesion and rheological properties of the 60/70 pen bitumen that was modified with nanomaterials were better than those of the pure 85/100 pen bitumen. Nano-modified binders at 4 % NHL, or 2 % NSiO2, or 4 % NCaCO3, or 4 % NClay exhibited the best behavior. Among these, nano-modified binders containing 4 % NHL resulted in better performance. Finally, correlation between adhesion and rheological behavior of mixes were adequate for nano-modified binders in order to improve charcteristics of asphalt mixes at mixing operation and construction stages.

Experience in using artificial intelligence services for diagnosing compression fracture of vertebral body based on computed tomography – from testing to trials

Backgraund:Osteoporosis (OP) is often diagnosed at the stage of complications. Compression fractures (CF) of the vertebral bodies, complications of OP, and predictors of subsequent fractures are often asymptomatic. CF can be detected on CT scan performed for other indications. We have analyzed approaches to using artificial intelligence services (AI services) generated for diagnosing CF of the vertebral bodies. Aims:Testing AI services to identify CF based on chest CT and to assess the possibility of their implementation into the practice of medical facilities of the Moscow Healthcare Department. Materials and methods:For setting a clinical task for AI services, basic diagnostic requirements in the direction of “Osteoporosis” are formed. AI services go through the following stages: self-testing, functional and calibration testing, trial and trial operation. The first three stages of testing are carried out on previously generated datasets. At the stages of trial and trial operation, AI services analyze CT examinations performed in medical facilities. An expert group of radiologists evaluates the diagnostic accuracy and functional capacity of AI services at all stages. The obtained quantitative metrics of the accuracy of AI services are compared with the target values ​​specified in the requirements. Results:From June 2021 to June 2022, two AI services (AI service №1 and AI service №2) which used different methods for identifying a presence of CF were tested. AI services successfully passed the self-testing stage (6), functional (5) and calibration (100) testing. The ROC AUC for AI service №1 was 0.99 and for AI service №2–0.91. The AI service №1 passed the trial stage without any significant remarks, while AI service №2 was sent for revision. After the trial operation stage, the following accuracy metrics were obtained: the ROC AUC for AI service №1 was 0.93; for AI service №2–0.92. At all stages, both AI services showed sufficient metrics for clinical validation. Conclusions:A testing of the performance of AI services in the direction of “Osteoporosis” was carried out. A high quality of diagnosis was demonstrated. AI services can act as an auxiliary tool in the medical decision support system.

Challenges to the Contemporary Death Penalty in the United States

This review focuses on empirical research about contemporary challenges to the death penalty in the United States. Challenges are factors that obstruct capital punishment, including legal or political restrictions; elimination at the federal or state level; or the hindrance of the process at its operational stages of charging, adjudicating, appeals, clemency, or executions. By the best-known measures, the death penalty has been in decline in the United States since the turn of the century. Lethal injection errors—“botches”—are arguably the most important current challenge to the institution. Wrongful capital conviction has made capital punishment less tolerable to the general public. Mitigation remains an important challenge to the death penalty. This review emphasizes botches, innocence, and mitigation but also touches on disparate impact, failure-to-deliver a social benefit, and cost. Along the way, this review proposes a framework for considering challenges as they occur on two continua of impact, a micro/meso/macro axis and a narrow/wide axis.

A risk sharing model for old community renewal project based on bargaining game model

To ensure the successful implementation of the old community renewal project (OCRP), it is essential for the participants to allocate the project risks reasonably. Firstly, this study comprehensively identifies the 20 key risk factors of the OCRP. Secondly, an index system is established from three dimensions to evaluate the risk allocation ability of participants, including a total of nine evaluation indexes. Furthermore, a risk-sharing model based on TOPSIS method and bargaining game model is proposed to determine the optimal risk bearer and risk-taking ratio between the government and the private sector in OCRP. Finally, an OCRP in Chongqing is taken as a case study to verify the applicability of the developed model. The results indicate that in OCRP under PPP mode, the government need to independently bear 7 risks related to politics, law, policy, while the private sector needs to independently bear 8 risks mainly from project financing, design, construction, operation, and maintenance stages. In addition, the risk-taking ratios of 5 risks that require both parties to share are divided. The research findings provide references for ensuring the smooth implementation of urban renewal and sustainable development.