Gland Openings Research Articles

Morphology of Hydrozetes confervae ( ) and H. parisiensis (Acari: Oribatida: Hydrozetidae), and keys to European species of Hydrozetes Berlese, 1902

Hydrozetes confervae [Schrank, F.P., 1781. Enumeratio insectorum Austriae indigenorum. Augustae Vindeliciorum, 1–552] and Hydrozetes parisiensis [Grandjean, F., 1948. Sur les Hydrozetes (Acariens) de l’Europe occidentale. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. nat., Paris, ser. 2(20), 328–335] are common European species of the aquatic oribatid mite family Hydrozetidae, but their external morphology is incompletely known. We describe and illustrate their larvae for the first time, and the nymphs of both species are redescribed and illustrated. Juveniles of the two species differ mainly by the position of gastronotal seta lm in relation to the opisthonotal gland opening ( gla) and by the number of extremely long posterior hysterosomal setae in nymphs. In H. confervae seta lm inserts anteromedial to gla, but posterior to gla in H. parisiensis; nymphs of H. confervae have three pairs of long hysterosomal setae, while H. parisiensis has a larger, but variable number. Separate identification keys for the larvae, nymphs and adults of all known European species of Hydrozetes Berlese, 1902, are presented.

A new micro-whip scorpion species from Brazilian Amazonia (Arachnida, Schizomida, Hubbardiidae), with the description of a new synapomorphy for Uropygi

Abstract Surazomus uarini n. sp. is described and illustrated based on specimens collected by beating on understory vegetation of Amazonian “terra firme” upland rain forests. A new cuticular structure, possibly a gland opening, is described on the female tarsus I and terminal flagellum. A putatively homologous structure is reported from the same body parts in an undescribed species of Rowlandius Reddell and Cokendolpher 1995; Stenochrus portoricensis Chamberlin 1922; Mastigoproctus maximus (Tarnani 1889); and Thelyphonellus amazonicus (Butler 1872); suggesting a new synapomorphy for the clade Uropygi (i.e., Schizomida + Thelyphonida).

Ultrastructural Evidence of Lumnescent glad openings in Metridia gerlachei giesbrecht, 1902 (Copepoda: Clanoida)

The luminescence is a feature of several marine planktonic organisms, such as bacteria, algae, cnidaria, ctenophores, crustaceans and pyrosomes, in particular, alot of pelagic crustaces have got luminescent organs (Ghirendelli, 1981, Gruner, 1994) useful for trophic, reproductive or defense purposes. Several calanoid copepods are luminescent and possess variously distribuited epidermal glands. In this paper the occurrence of luminescent gland openings in adults and copepodids of Metridia gerlachei sampled during the Italian Oceanographic Campaign in Antarctica 1987-88 in Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea) is described by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The openings of cephalothorax luminescent gland has been observed and described with the aim to complete what is known about this subject (Pinero de Verdinelli, 1981), the occurrence of a gland opening, not previously described, has been reported. Considering the extreme characteristics of the environment also that this species seems to prefer to live in low-light waters (Crli et al., 1990, 1992a) as the constant light conditions during the Antarctic summer restrict its occurrence in surface waters, luminescent structures could have an adaptive significance both for reproduction and defence.

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Tongue in the Oriental Scops Owl (Otus scops)

The dorsal lingual surface of an adult owl (Otus scops) was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The tongue of the adult owl was about 1 cm long. Three parts were distinguished in the dorsal surface of the tongue: the apex, the body and the root of the tongue. The conical region between the lingual apex and lingual root was very wide area. The conical papillae of the lingual body were inclined toward the posterior of the tongue. At low magnification of scanning electron microscopy, the desquamated cells were observed in the entire dorsal surface of the lingual apex. The connective tissue cores of the epithelium of the lingual apex showed the rod-shaped protrusions. The border between the lingual apex and body was clear and the small conical papillae were observed in the lingual body. The small and large conical papillae were observed on the lingual body. The many openings of the lingual glands existed in the lingual body and lingual root.

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Tongue in the Japanese Pygmy Woodpecker (Dendrocopos kizuki)

The dorsal lingual surfaces of adult Japanese pygmy woodpecker (Dendrocopos kizuki) were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The tip of the tongue become sharp and the shape of the tongue showed spear-like structure. In both lateral sides of anterior lingual apex, some conical processes were observed. The epithelium of the surface of the anterior lingual apex was inclined toward the posterior of the tongue. In the posterior part of the lingual apex, there were many needle processes, the apices of which were pointed towards the posterior part of the tongue. There were not the large conical papillae in border region between the lingual body and root. The dorsal surface of the lingual body presented smooth aspect and in both lateral sides of the root of the lingual body, a pair of openings of the lingual glands was observed. The needle processes were observed on the dorsal surface of the lingual root and laryngeal mound. There were observed many large conical papillae on the posterior end of the laryngeal mound.

A new gastrotrich species of the genus ptychostomella (macrodasyida, thaumastodermatidae) from South Korea

A new marine gastrotrich species, Ptychostomella jejuensis n. sp. belonging to the family Thaumastodermatidae, is described on the basis of the specimens from subtidal sand bottom at about 6–7 m depth of Jeju Island, South Korea. Ptychostomella jejuensis n. sp. is distinguished from its congeneric species with smooth cuticular armature by the character combination: (1) small body up to about 160 μm in length; (2) presence of knob‐like cephalic tentacles; (3) absence of dorsal and ventral adhesive tubes; (4) bifid pedicles; (5) pyriform copulatory organ. Under scanning electron microscopy, numerous epidermal gland openings were observed in the new species, characteristically flanking a bristle. Taxonomic accounts on the affinities, some brief remarks on the epidermal gland openings and the cooccurrence with P. orientalis Lee and Chang, 2003 are also presented with detailed illustrations and scanning electron photomicrographs.

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Tongue in the Owl (Strix uralensis)

The dorsal lingual surfaces of adult owl (Strix uralensis) were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The length of the tongue was about 2 cm. The tip of the tongue of the owl was bifid. Three parts were distinguished in the tongue of the owl: the apex, the body and the root of the tongue. The conical region between the lingual apex and lingual root was a very wide area. There were thread-shaped processes/cells of epithelium in the lingual apex. The small or large conical papillae were observed on the lingual body. The many openings of the lingual glands existed in the lingual body and lingual root.

Heterodera glycines

<i>Heterodera glycines</i>

Distribution of taste buds in layer‐type chickens: Scanning electron microscopic observations

ABSTRACTThe distribution of taste buds of layer‐type chickens, from day 1 (H1) to day 140 (H140) post‐hatching, were investigated histologically and with a scanning electron microscope. Two types of openings were observed on the oral epithelium: large openings that were greater than 10 μm in width, and had an ellipsoid or spindle shape; and small openings that were less than 7 μm in width, and had a circular or polygon shape. It was defined that the former represent the openings of the salivary glands, and the latter are those of the taste buds. The number of taste buds remained constant from H1 to H140. Therefore, no significant change was observed between these two time points. To investigate the distribution of the taste buds in the whole oral cavity, a distribution map was created.

Effect of endoscopic sinus surgery on irradiation-induced rhinosinusitis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma

We evaluated the effect of endoscopic sinus surgery on irradiation-induced rhinosinusitis of the maxillary-sinus mucosa among patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Surgical outcomes were evaluated by changes to the ultrastructure of the antral mucosa and nasomucociliary clearance. Twenty-one NPC patients with irradiation-induced chronic sinusitis were enrolled in the study, along with five controls. Specimens were taken from 42 maxillary sinuses during surgery and 1 year after surgery. Saccharin transit time was measured before the initial surgery and 1 year after surgery. In the postoperative cases, we found a decrease in the number of the submucosal gland openings (P < 0.05), the cilia in the antral mucosa regenerated (P < 0.05), and the saccharin transit time reduced (P < 0.05); the number of goblet cells did not change. Endoscopic sinus surgery is an effective treatment for irradiation-induced rhinosinusitis in NPC patients, improving ventilation and drainage of the paranasal sinuses, and facilitating regeneration of the sinus mucosa.

Larval morphology and diagnosis of the Giant Microcaddisfly species, Ugandatrichia spp. (Hydroptilidae: Trichoptera) in Thailand

Fifth instar larval morphology and ultrastructure of Ugandatrichia kerdmaung Malicky and Chantaramongkol 1991, U. maliwan Malicky and Chantaramongkol 1991, U. honga Olah 1989 and U. hairanga Olah 1989 were investigated. The Ugandatrichia spp. are case bearing and net spinning caddisflies. The presence, number and characteristics of the sclerites on abdominal sterna III, IV, and V can be used to identify the Ugandatrichia species found in Thailand. The larva of U. honga has no sclerites on the abdominal sterna; that of U. hairanga has a sclerite on each of abdominal sterna III, IV, and V; that of U. kerdmuang has a sclerite on each of abdominal sterna IV and V, and that of U. maliwan has six sclerites on abdominal sterna IV and V. SEM micrographs of Ugandatrichia spp. showed that the spherical palpiger has a labial palp, an anterior silk gland opening, and dense bristles anteriorly and inside of its mouth. There are three main types of integument surface: an irregular dome shape which is found on the head, pronotum, mesonotum, and metanotum; a regular dome shape which is found on the membrane between the nota; and an amoeboid, dot shape which is found on the abdominal segments.

Immature stages of Chinavia musiva (Berg, 1878): a unique pattern in the morphology of Chinavia Orian, 1965 (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae)1

Specimens of Chinavia musiva were collected in Parque Estadual do Espinilho (Barra do Quaraí County, RS, Brazil). Insects were reared under controlled conditions (24±1°C; RH 70±10%; 12h L:12h D), and fed on green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Eggs of C. musiva differ from the pattern observed in other species of the genus due to chorion colour and surface, and aero‐micropylar processes, number and shape. Exclusive features of the species in the nymphal stage are head and thorax dull; variegated pattern of abdomen, and openings of the scent glands in conspicuous tubercles. Developmental time was, on average, 52 days; females laid more frequently egg masses with 14 or 42 eggs. Females collected from the field as nymphs exhibited higher reproductive performance than females reared on green beans as nymphs and adults, suggesting that wild hosts could be essential for the species life cycle. 1. Contribution n°. 542 of Departamento de Zoologia, UFRGS.

Morphology and Systematics of the Mite Subfamily Dromiciocoptinae (Acari: Myocoptidae), with Description of Two New Species

Abstract Two new species Dromiciocoptes marmosops sp. n. and Dromiciocoptes caenolestes sp. n., of the subfamily Dromiciocoptinae (Acari: Myocoptidae), are described from Marmosops parvidens Tate (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) from Peru and Caenolestes fuliginosus (Tomes) (Pauctituberculata: Caenolestidae) from Ecuador, respectively. Dromiciocoptes has been included in a monobasic subfamily in the Myocoptidae on the basis of female and nymph legs III and IV of being modified for clasping the hair of the host. Observations on the actual structure of these appendages, however, indicate that the mode of hair clasping is fundamentally different than in other myocoptids. The structure of the male legs IV of Dromiciocoptinae and Myocoptinae are also different. Additional diagnostic characters of the subfamily Dromiciocoptinae in both sexes are the enlarged propodonotal and hysteronotal shields; indistinct openings of the opisthonotal glands; reduced pretarsi II; retrorse spurs on coxal fields I–IV; absence of s...

Chemical and behavioral defenses of the neotropical harvestman Camarana flavipalpi (Arachnida: Opiliones)

The defensive secretion of the harvestman Camarana flavipalpi (Gonyleptidae) was chemically characterized, revealing the presence of a single, highly volatile component (2-methyl-5-ethyl-phenol). Individuals do not frequently use chemical defenses and rely mainly on thanatosis as defense. Two types of emission of secretions were recorded: a globule at the gland opening without liquid displacement and liquid displacement along the lateral margins of the dorsal scute with accumulation of fluid at the lateroposterior area of the body. The anterior opening of the ozopore is covered by an integumentary dome that faces the laterodorsal area of the scute. The lateral channel is well defined near the opening of the ozopore and along the lateral margin of the dorsal scute as rows of small granules. The ozopore morphology of C. flavipalpi is similar to closely related species and simplified when compared with other species that promptly release chemical secretions.

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Tongue in the Peregrine Falcon and Common Kestrel

The dorsal lingual surfaces of an adult peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The length of the tongue in the peregrine falcon was about 2.5 cm. The length of the tongue in the common kestrel was about 1.5 cm. The tips of the tongues of the peregrine falcon and common kestrel were bifid. Three parts were distinguished in the tongues of the peregrine falcon and common kestrel: the apex, the body and the root of the tongue. The region of the openings of the lingual glands between the lingual apex and lingual root was very wide area in each bird. There were carpet-shaped epithelium in the lingual apex in each bird. The many openings of the lingual glands existed in the lingual body and lingual root in each bird. The morphological characteristics of the tongues in the peregrine falcon and common kestrel were similar to each other.

Morphology of the Lingual Papillae and their Connective Tissue Cores in the Cape Hyrax

The dorsal lingual surfaces of four adult cape hyraxes (Procavia capensis) were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Filiform, fungiform and foliate papillae were observed. The lingual body had lingual torus on the posterior third. In the lateral sides of the tongue large fungiform papillae were observed and in the lateral sides of the torus very developmental foliate papillae were observed. Many fungiform papillae were observed in the ventral surface of the lingual apex. No vallate papillae were seen on the dorsal surface. The filiform papilla on the apical surface of the tongue had shovel-shaped papilla. The filiform papilla contained the connective tissue core consisting of some processes. The connective tissue core of the fungiform papillae was floral bud in shape. In the surface of the lingual torus numerous dome-shaped papillae are found. The dome-shaped papilla contained the connective tissue core consisting of a zigzag surface structure and the connective tissue core is surrounded by the processes of various sizes. In the surface of the lingual root numerous openings of the lingual glands were found. Around the glandular openings connective tissue ridges formed circular sheaths. In the lateral sides of the tongue large fungiform papillae were round in shape. The connective tissue core of the fungiform papilla was floral bud in shape. The foliate papillae were seen on the dorsolateral aspect of the tongue and some ridges and grooves were exposed reciprocally. Many small protrusions appeared on the connective tissue core of the ridge of the foliate papilla. These findings suggested that in the structure of the lingual papillae of the cape hyrax there was intermediate type between Rodentia and Artiodactyla.

Morphology of abdominal evaporatoria in larvae of some Lygaeoidea (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera): function and bearing on classification

The dorsal abdominal scent glands of nymphs in Lygaeoidea are diverse. Some related characters, such as number and distribution of dorsal abdominal scent gland openings (DSOs), and shapes of dark plates surrounding DSOs have been commonly used in taxonomic and/or phylogenetic studies of Lygaeoidea. However, comparative studies of the cuticular fine structures surrounding the DSOs in lygaeoid (and other Heteroptera) nymphs are few. We examined the cuticular fine structures surrounding DSOs of fifth‐instar nymphs of 25 species in seven families of Lygaeoidea with scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the structures surrounding DSOs, such as distribution pattern of cell network, type of network, type of non‐latticed area, pattern of channels for glandular secretion, are complicated and diverse at the family level, indicating that they are valuable in taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses.

A successful break-up

A 24-year-old woman had a 3-year history of primary infertility and a 1-year history of menorrhagia. Hysteroscopic evaluation revealed a sessile polyp arising from the posterior uterine cavity wall (Figures 1 and 2). The polyp was bright-red compared with the relatively pale endometrium surrounding it. Prominent white glandular orifices speckled its surface. Closer visualization disclosed that each gland opening was surrounded by well-defined regions of intense hyperemia (Figure 3). An especially detailed picture of the hyperemic gland openings was provided when a Hamou Micro-Hysteroscope II was used in the contact mode, providing a magnification at source of 80x (Figure 4). 1 Kumar A. Kumar A. Microcolpohysteroscopy. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc. 2004; 11: 131-132 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (8) Google Scholar FIGURE 2Here is a closer view of the growth Show full caption Kumar. A successful break-up. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007. View Large Image Figure Viewer Download Hi-res image FIGURE 3A prominent, white, glandular orifice, surrounded by hyperemia, is seen in sharp focus in the center of the frame Show full caption Kumar. A successful break-up. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007. View Large Image Figure Viewer Download Hi-res image FIGURE 4Hyperemic gland openings were visualized with a Hamou Micro-Hysteroscope II in the contact mode (magnification of 80x) Show full caption Kumar. A successful break-up. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007. View Large Image Figure Viewer Download Hi-res image Kumar. A successful break-up. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007. Kumar. A successful break-up. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007. Kumar. A successful break-up. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007.

Systematic status of Hydrozetes octosetosus Willmann, 1932 (Acari: Oribatida: Hydrozetidae) in the light of ontogenetic and ecological studies

The systematic status of Hydrozetes octosetosus was investigated by comparing this species to H. lacustris, which is the type species for the genus Hydrozetes Berlese, 1902. These species are similar, but probably not synonyms as recently proposed. They differ mainly by the position of notogastral seta lm in the adult and position and length of this seta and total number of long setae in the posterior part of nymphs. In the adult of H. octosetosus, this seta inserts behind the opisthosomal gland opening (gla), but in front of it in H. lacustris. In the nymphs of H. octosetosus seta lm inserts behind gla opening, but medially to it in H. lacustris. In H. octosetosus this seta is very long and the total number of long setae in nymphs is four pairs, while in H. lacustris seta lm is short and the total number of long setae in nymphs is three pairs.

The peristomatic structures of Lithobiomorpha (Myriapoda, Chilopoda): Comparative morphology and phylogenetic significance

A comparative survey of the epipharynx and hypopharynx of lithobiomorph centipedes by light and scanning electron microscopy examines 18 species that sample the major groups of both families, the Lithobiidae and Henicopidae. Cladistic analysis of 11 characters of the peristomatic structures together with 29 additional morphological characters serves as a basis for interpreting the evolution of the lithobiomorph peristomatic structures. Scutigeromorpha is used for outgroup comparison in the framework of a homology scheme for the basic components of the epi- and hypopharynx. Compared to other chilopods, the monophyly of Lithobiomorpha is supported by a row of distinctive bottle-shaped gland openings at the border between the labral and clypeal parts of the epipharynx, as well as by a distinctive shape of the hypopharynx. Paired rows of elongate spines on the clypeal part of the epipharynx are an apomorphic character of Lithobiidae. The transformation of these spine rows into a few groups of branching spines is characteristic for the Monotarsobius group sensu Verhoeff. Similar groups of branching clypeal spines characterize the Anopsobiinae within Henicopidae, whereas Henicopinae possess a dense cluster of short, simple spines instead. The recently described genus Dzhungaria is resolved closer to Henicopinae than to Anopsobiinae, a hypothesis supported by a field of grooves on the medial labral part of the epipharynx. Monophyly of Henicopidae does not receive unique support from the peristomatic structures although two homoplastic characters contribute to this node; among these, the reduction of a median spine field between clypeal and labral parts of the epipharynx to a narrow transverse band also supports a close relationship between the Ezembius group and Hessebius within Lithobiidae. An Ezembius+Hessebius clade is additionally supported by the absence of a transverse bulge between the clypeal and labral parts of the epipharynx, a character otherwise present in all lithobiomorph species studied so far. Lithobius is resolved as polyphyletic, with different species being most closely related to such genera as Australobius, Hessebius and Pleurolithobius.