Open Surgical Treatment Research Articles

Clinical case of malignant paraganglioma treatment involving carotid artery replacement with a prosthesis

One of the rare neuroendocrine vascular neoplasms is paraganglioma. This tumor is diagnosed in 0.5 % of all cases of head and neck tumors. The treatment of choice for paraganglioma is open surgical intervention. The number of complications after this surgery remains high. The rarity of paraganglioma dictates the necessity of personalized approach to each patient with this pathology.The article presents a clinical case of successful treatment of malignant paraganglioma. After open surgical intervention, control of the long-term results is necessary to prevent development of malignant process and disease recurrence.

Endovascular Repair of Primary Aortocaval Fistula at the Caval Confluence in a Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.

Background: Primary aortocaval fistulas (ACF) are a rare complication of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), for which treatment options encompass both endovascular and open surgical intervention. Purpose: To report a rare presentation of primary aortocaval fistula. Research Design: Case Report. Study Sample: Single Patient Case. Data Collection and/or Analysis: Single case report. Results: We present a 54-year-old male with a ruptured AAA and associated ACF uniquely located near the caval confluence which was managed through primary endovascular exclusion. Notably, we report significant migration of our graft upon deployment, due to high flow through the ACF. Following a literature review on ACFs, we remark on the anatomic challenges regarding management of an ACF. Conclusions: Awareness of the clinical signs and symptoms remains imperative in proper ACF management given its high mortality.

Robotic-Assisted Adrenalectomy of a Giant Dopamine-Only Secreting Pure Adrenal Ganglioneuroma: A Case Report and Operative Video

Introduction: Ganglioneuromas (GNs) are rare, differentiated tumors that originate from neural crest cells and can occasionally develop in the adrenal medulla. Adrenal GNs (AGNs) are typically hormonally silent and asymptomatic. Hormone-secreting pure AGNs in adults are uncommon; however, dopamine-secreting pure AGNs are extremely rare, with only a few cases reported in the literature. Giant AGNs are usually managed with open surgical intervention. Case Presentation: We present a case of a giant dopamine-secreting pure AGN in a 19-year-old woman who complained of mild left flank pain with no other symptoms. On physical examination, a mass was felt in left upper abdomen. MRI showed a left retroperitoneal mass extending from the left suprarenal region inferiorly, anterior to and compressing the left kidney, measuring 9 × 7.5 × 14 cm. Hormonal investigations ruled out Cushing syndrome, and catecholamine studies were negative for metanephrines, normetanephrines, adrenaline, and noradrenaline but were positive for dopamine levels more than 3 times the upper normal level. The patient underwent robotic-assisted adrenalectomy with minimal morbidity. Conclusion: Robotic-assisted adrenalectomy is a feasible and effective treatment option for rare dopamine-secreting pure AGNs. Careful patient selection and thorough preoperative preparation are essential to minimize risks and ensure favorable outcomes.

Classical surgical treatment of acute pleural empyema

Objective. To determine the need for open surgical treatment in patients with acute pleural empyema with and without the use of video thoracoscopic rehabilitation interventions. Materials and methods. We analyzed the results of treatment of 426 patients with acute pleural empyema in the period 2008–2022, of whom 109 (25.6%) required open surgery after pleural cavity rehabilitation. Results. This study allowed us to form an idea of the need for open surgery at different periods from the beginning of complex treatment of acute pleural empyema, the nature and extent of surgical interventions, complications and their consequences. Conclusions. The need for operations such as pneumonectomy and pleuropneumonectomy after the rehabilitation of the pleural cavity in acute pleural empyema remains at the level of 3.6–6.9%.

A Dedicated Algorithm for Endovascular Approach as a First-Line Treatment Option for Visceral Artery Aneurysms

Few data are reported in literature about visceral artery aneurysms (VAAs) management. The aim of the present study was to analyze VAAs management in a single institution, with a dedicated algorithm for endovascular approach as the first line treatment. A single-center retrospective cohort study was performed. Patients with a VAA submitted to either endovascular repair or open surgery from 2016 to 2023 were included. A dedicated algorithm was used to evaluate the endovascular approach feasibility assessing on the preoperative computed tomography angiography the following parameters: (a) the tortuosity of the involved artery (<150°), (b) the healthy arterial diameter (>4mm), (c) the VAA proximity to the hilum and/or the presence of a bifurcation of the aneurysmatic artery, and (d) the circumferential calcium presence. An endovascular approach was chosen if (a) and (b) criteria were satisfied without (c) and (d) ones. Otherwise, it was deemed a challenging anatomy, and an open surgical treatment was considered. In the absence of (a) and/or (b) criteria open surgery was the preferred option. Thirty-one asymptomatic aneurysms (28 patients) were treated electively. The most frequent VAA location was the splenic artery (18 cases; 58%), followed by the renal arteries (6 cases; 19%), the common hepatic artery (5 cases; 16%), the gastroepiploic artery (1 case, 3.2%) and the pancreatoduodenal artery (1 case; 3%). Twenty-two aneurysms (71%) were initially treated by an endovascular approach (stent-graft deployment and/or transcatheter embolization) with 3 (13%) of them needing a surgical conversion. Nine aneurysms (29%) were submitted directly to a surgical treatment (aneurysm resection with or without interposition bypass) with no peri-operative and long-term complications. Technical success was 90.3%. Endovascular management as a first line approach is safe and effective in most cases. A preoperative dedicated algorithm is useful to identify suitable cases. Open surgery can be considered an alternative option in specific challenging anatomical situations or in case of endovascular failure.

Laryngotracheal stenosis: a single-center retrospective analysis of endoscopic treatment strategies and recurrence.

Laryngotracheal stenosis is a process of fibrosis that results in airway obstruction; it may be congenital or acquired. Acquired cases are due to iatrogenic, traumatic, infectious and autoimmune causes. Patients present with a spectrum of breathing difficulties that might be fatal. This article presents a unique retrospective cross-sectional study of patients with laryngotracheal stenosis who had endoscopic dilatation, and some had open surgical procedures to describe the evolution after the therapy, to compare the outcomes of the dilatation in comparison to surgical interventions and associated complications in other studies, to provide knowledge to help in dealing with these patients, and to enable educated, independent patient decision-making. In this observational and descriptive study, we aimed to highlight the clinical features, management, and treatment outcomes among twenty-nine patients with laryngotracheal stenosis who were managed by open and endoscopic surgical intervention over a period of 5 years. Data were collected retrospectively from the patients' medical records from February 2016 until July 2022 at a hospital in Jerusalem, which is a tertiary healthcare facility and the only referral center for similar cases from the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and Gaza, with a population of around 8 million. Tables and graphs are used to highlight the statistical study's findings. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel software. Twenty-nine patients were involved in the study, with an average age of 32.2 years; 51.7% of them were males. The patients had one or more chronic conditions, such as hypertension and coronary artery disease. The majority of patients (65.5%) had stenosis as a result of orotracheal intubation, and the most common site was the subglottic (68.9%). According to the Cotton-Myer classification, 44.8% of the patients were classified in grade III, 34.4% were included in grade I, 13.7% in grade II, and 6.8% in grade IV. Six patients (20.68%) received surgery for stenosis, and 23 patients had an endo-laryngeal dilatation. Restenosis happened in (58.6%). Mortality rates are almost negligible. Subglottic stenosis is still a challenging condition to manage. The authors describe a single-center experience approach dealing with these conditions. Long-term follow-up for these cases is mandatory as the recurrence rate is still high.

Impact of Housing Status on Surgical Management and Inpatient Outcomes of Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia in the United States

Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) represents the most severe form of peripheral artery disease. While previous studies have focused on gender and racial disparities, there is lack of evidence regarding the impact of housing status. The aim of this analysis was to identify disparities in inpatient management and outcomes of CLTI based on housing status. In this retrospective, descriptive study, we analyzed patients admitted with CLTI who underwent revascularization, as identified by ICD-10 codes, between 2016-2021, using the National Inpatient Sample database. The patients were stratified by their housing status and a detailed, propensity-matched analysis was conducted to compare the demographics, comorbidities, mortality rates, types of intervention, resource utilization, and inpatient outcomes. During the study, 2,667,294 patients were admitted with CLTI, and 17% (463,435) underwent revascularization. Among these, 0.4% (1,790) were unhoused. Males were overrepresented in the unhoused group (83.5% vs. 62.5%, p<0.001). Unhoused patients were more likely to receive endovascular revascularization (AOR 1.77, 0.45-0.90, p=0.003) but less likely to undergo open surgical intervention (AOR 0.64, 0.45-0.90, p=0.010). They were also more likely to undergo aortoiliac interventions, while housed patients underwent more distal interventions. The mean adjusted length of stay was four days longer and inflation-adjusted costs were $8,501 higher for unhoused patients (p<0.001). Unhoused patients were also more likely to leave against medical advice and be transferred to skilled nursing facilities. This study highlights significant disparities in CLTI management and outcomes between housed and unhoused patients, underscoring the need for targeted interventions to address these inequities.

Stereotactic radiosurgery as an alternative treatment for dural arteriovenous fistula

Unlike cerebral arteriovenous malformation or cavernous malformation, dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) is an uncommon cerebrovascular malformation in clinical practice. However, the clinical treatment modalities for DAVFs have expanded in recent years. The standard treatment for DAVF is endovascular surgery. Endovascular surgery is an effective and safe treatment method if open surgical treatment is considered dangerous in a patient. Nonetheless, after endovascular embolization, additional treatment is often required due to insecure occlusion or procedure-related sequelae. Recent reports have demonstrated stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) as an effective and safe alternative to conventional endovascular surgery. This review summarizes DAVF and SRS in general and proposes indications for SRS as an appropriate treatment option for DAVFs.

Contemporary Management and Outcomes of Carotid Artery Dissection

Carotid artery dissection is a significant cause of stroke and the leading etiology of ischemic stroke in young and middle-aged individuals. The management of carotid artery dissection is continually evolving and varies based on the patient's clinical presentation. While carotid dissection is typically managed medically, endovascular intervention may be warranted in certain cases, and open surgical intervention is rarely employed.This qualitative review examines contemporary management strategies for cervical carotid artery dissection, highlighting three illustrative cases where endovascular intervention was utilized. We present one case of traumatic etiology with acute stroke symptoms, another traumatic case with progressing dissection and pseudoaneurysm evident on imaging, and a case of iatrogenic carotid dissection. Through these cases, we aim to elucidate the decision-making process and outcomes associated with endovascular treatment in the context of carotid artery dissection.

Rare complications of acute pancreatitis: Clinical cases

Background. Acute pancreatitis is recognized as a common disease, occasionally accompanied by the development of local complications that require surgical debridement. Rare complications of pancreatitis may occur in clinical practice, which is one of the reasons for their untimely diagnosis and treatment. Pancreaticopleural fistula and high small bowel obstruction develop in less than 1% of acute pancreatitis cases. Therefore, possible options for management of these complications are considered valuable. Description of clinical cases. The clinical examples, provided in the present paper, describe pancreaticopleural fistula and high small bowel obstruction that develop against the peripancreatic mass in the abdominal cavity. Patient K., 44, was hospitalized to the Regional Clinical Hospital of Emergency Medical Care, Krasnodar Krai, and preliminary diagnosed with bilateral hydrothorax and type II respiratory failure; pleural puncture was performed. Following the extended examination, a clinical diagnosis was made as follows: “Acute necrotic pancreatitis spreading to a pancreatic tail cyst. Reactive double pleurisy”. The postoperative period was indicated with repeated recurrence of right hydrothorax, and pancreaticopleural fistula (diagnosed by measuring amylase activity in the brown fluid effused from the right pleural cavity, which appeared to be 41216 IU/l (not normally determined)). The right pleural cavity and pseudocyst of the pancreatic tail were drained, resulting in obliteration of the pancreatbcopleural fistula. Patient V., 50, was hospitalized and transferred to the surgical department of the Regional Clinical Hospital No. 2, Krasnodar Krai, and diagnosed with “pancreonecrosis, extensive purulent-necrotic peripancreatitis.” The patient underwent puncture-drainage treatment. The postoperative period was complicated by acute small bowel obstruction. Surgical treatment involved Braun enteroesterostomy. The patient recovered. Conclusion. Pancreaticopleural fistula refers to a rare complication of acute pancreatitis, manifested by hydrothorax. Its diagnosis is based on the determination of amylase activity in the effusion. Drainage of the pleural cavity and pancreatic pseudocyst contributes to obliteration of the fistula. The intestinal obstruction, another complication of pancreatitis, requires open surgical treatment when a conservative therapy appears ineffective.

The relationship between intraoperative surrogates of vascular stiffness, cerebral aneurysms, and surgical outcomes

ObjectiveIncreased arterial stiffness has been linked to aneurysm formation in the systemic and cerebral circulations, though the role played by arterial stiffness in the cerebral vasculature continues to be refined. This study assesses whether intraoperative surrogates of arterial stiffness differ between patients with cerebral aneurysms and controls, and the extend that these indices relate to outcomes following open surgical treatment. MethodsWe evaluated patients in a prospectively maintained database who underwent cerebral aneurysm surgery, and compared them to controls without cerebral aneurysms. Arterial stiffness was estimated using the intraoperative ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) and average pulse pressure (PP). ResultsWe analyzed 214 cerebral aneurysm patients and 234 controls. Patients in the aneurysm group were predominantly female and had a higher incidence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and vascular disease. They also demonstrate elevated AASI and average PP. When stratified by the occurrence of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) or unfavorable neurological outcome, the AASI and average PP were not highly associated with the occurrence of SAH but were highly associated with unfavorable neurological outcomes. After multivariable analysis, both the AASI and average PP were no longer associated with unfavorable neurological outcomes, however elevated age, strongly linked with arterial stiffness, became a key predictive variable. ConclusionReadily obtained intraoperative surrogates of arterial stiffening demonstrates its presence in those with cerebral aneurysm disease and the extent that it does it may meaningfully direct their clinical course. However, multivariable analysis demonstrates limitations of using arterial stiffness measures to predict clinical outcomes.

Clinical Outcome of Surgical Treatment of Giant Femoral Artery Pseudoaneurysms

Femoral artery was used as an access site for cardiovascular procedures and by IV drug abusers, Femoral Artery Pseudoaneurysm (FAP) was a common complication associated with these procedures. Objective: To evaluate clinical outcome of surgical repair of femoral artery pseudoaneurysms. Methods: The prospective study was conducted in Doctors Hospital, Lahore from October 2022 to October 2023. The study included patients with giant femoral artery pseudoaneurysms who required surgical intervention. Data from a total of 50 patients were included in whom both peripheral vascular interventions and percutaneous cardiac catheterization was performed. Patients were followed up at 1-, 3-, 6- and 12 months postoperatively. SPSS version 23.0 was used for data analysis. Results: All patients underwent open surgical treatment. Of 50 patients, 25 (50%) had SFA pseudoaneurysm, 20 (40%) had CFA pseudoaneurysm and 5 (10%) had PFA pseudoaneurysm. The mean duration of clinical manifestations was 16.30 ± 7.74 days. Surgical repair was successful in all 50 (100%) patients and distal ischemia was fully resolved. There was no case of limb loss or post-operative mortality. One patient had an infection in the groin wound and had raised Total leucocyte count (TLC), which was resolved by early drainage and antibiotic treatment. Patients were followed up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months and there were no signs of clinical or angiographic evidence of post-operative complications and changes in distal pulse. Conclusion: Surgical repair was first-line treatment for giant FAP. It was clinically feasible and has a high success rate and low complication rate.

Major Complications of Deep Venous Stenting.

Deep venous stent placement has developed into a primary treatment modality for venous obstruction in recent decades. Reported rates of complications are low in the literature and are based mainly on case reports and single-centre cohorts. Interventionalists performing these procedures must be aware of the occurrence of complications associated with stent placement to counsel patients adequately and promote avoidance through optimal procedural approach. This study aims to determine the incidence of serious complications associated with iliocaval and iliofemoral stent placement in a cohort of patients from 3 major tertiary deep venous referral centres. Data were collated from January 2014 to September 2023. The following major complications were included in the analysis: death, major bleeding requiring transfusion, massive pulmonary embolism, any complication which required endovascular or open surgical intervention, vessel rupture, acute kidney injury requiring dialysis, stent crushing, fracture, migration, involution or erosion. One thousand eight hundred fourteen (1814) patients were treated for acute or chronic deep venous pathology during the 9-year study period. Sixty-one patients (3.3%) experienced a major stent-related complication. The most frequently reported complication was stent crushing (n = 18, 29.5%), followed by stent fracture (n = 10, 16.4%) and erosion of the stent through the vessel wall (n = 8, 13.1%). Death was a rare event (0.2%). Deep venous stent placement is a safe procedure with low rates of major complications. It is incumbent upon operators to be aware of the risks associated with these procedures, however, rare, so that they may obtain fully informed consent from patients.

Giant cell arteritis as a cause of extracranial internal carotid artery aneurysm: a case report

BackgroundThis report presents the management of patient with extracranial internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysm due to giant cell arteritis.Case presentationLeft internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysm was diagnosed in a 57-year-old Ukrainian woman, which became a direct indication for surgical treatment involving aneurysm resection and internal carotid artery reimplantation. The used reconstruction technique with oblique cutting of internal carotid artery, aneurysm resection, ellipse-form anastomosis formation, and distal intima fixation prevents the dissection, restenosis, and aneurysm of anastomosis in the long-term postoperative period. Histopathological examination revealed the giant cell arteritis of the internal carotid artery.ConclusionThis case emphasizes the importance of open surgical treatment of extracranial carotid artery aneurysms, which allows to perform optimal carotid artery reconstruction and also define the rare etiology of disease.

Comparative analysis between outcomes of minimally invasive gynaecological surgeries and traditional abdominal surgeries for benign gynaecological conditions.

To compare outcomes of minimally invasive gynaecological surgeries with open gynaecological surgical techniques in a low-resource setting. The quasi-experimental study was conducted at a tertiary care public-sector hospital in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from September 2022 to August 2023, and comprised women with benign gynaecological conditions. The subjects were divided into two groups. Group-I included participants who underwent minimally invasive gynaecological surgeries, while Group- II patients underwent open gynaecological surgical intervention. Outcome variables included pre-discharge pain score, post-operative mobility, operative time, blood-loss during surgery, length of hospital stay and intraoperative as well as postoperative complications. Data was analysed using SPSS 25. Of the 319 women, 146(45.7%) were in Group-I with mean age 30.83±5.47 years, and 173(54.2%) were in group-II with mean age 44.87±10.46 years. Body mass index, length of marriage, history of previous surgery, comorbidities and menopausal status were significantly different between the groups (p<0.05). Duration of surgery and hospital stay were lower in Group-I compared to Group-II (p<0.05). Intra-operative complications were not significantly different between the groups (p<0.05), while the differences in post-operative complications were significant (p<0.05). Better clinical outcomes were observed for minimally invasive gynaecological surgeries than open surgeries among women diagnosed with benign gynaecological diseases.

Megaureter in adults: a review of the current literature.

Megaureter (MU) is an uncommon condition in adults. The aim is to present a review of the current literature. A literature search was conducted to explore the current literature including case reports on MU in adults in the period 2003-2023. Each case was characterised in terms of the eight categories: sex, age, etiology, location, symptoms, diagnostic tool used, type of treatment and follow-up. There was no meta-analysis but two reviews. Total, 39 case reports were included based on 35 articles. The most common observations for the first four categories were male (sex), age below 40 (age), obstructed MU (etiology) and left-sided MU (location). Almost every patient appeared with symptoms, most frequently flank pain, abdominal pain and recurrent urinary tract infections. CT scan and transabdominal ultrasonography are the most commonly used diagnostic tools. Most cases underwent either laparoscopic or open surgical treatment with ureteral reimplantation as the most performed surgical procedure. A majority of the patients had an uneventful follow-up. MU in adults is a rare condition presenting with heterogeneous symptoms. CT scan and transabdominal ultrasonography should be used as diagnostic tools. Nearly all patients underwent surgical treatment with an uneventful follow-up. Complications such as stone formation and altered function of the affected kidney are common. Surgical treatment is recommended and is determined by consideration of age, symptoms, ureteral extension and progressive loss of renal function.

Endovascular treatment for 2 types of subclavian artery injury: A case report.

Subclavian artery (SCA) injuries, though rare, carry significant morbidity and mortality risks due to significant blood loss causing hypovolemic shock. Early diagnosis and adequate treatment are crucial to minimize bleeding and associated morbidity. Recent advances in endovascular techniques offer faster and more accurate treatment options compared to traditional open surgical repair. This study demonstrates the efficacy of endovascular treatment in 2 cases of SCA injury and reviews its indications, limitations, and precautions. A 69-year-old man presented with a penetrating SCA injury from a steel bar, and a 38-year-old woman presented with a blunt SCA injury caused by a fall. Both patients were hemodynamically unstable upon presentation. Both patients were diagnosed with SCA injuries. The man had a penetrating injury, while the woman had a blunt injury, both resulting in hemodynamic instability and significant risk of hypovolemic shock. Endovascular techniques, including the use of covered stent grafts, were employed to manage the injuries. These techniques allowed for rapid and efficient treatment, reducing the need for open surgical intervention. Both patients were successfully treated using endovascular methods and were discharged without any complications. The endovascular approach minimized blood loss, transfusion needs, and hospital stay. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of endovascular techniques in rapidly diagnosing, bridging, and definitively treating SCA injuries, suggesting their use as a first-line therapy.

Microsurgical clipping versus endovascular therapy for treating patients with middle cerebral artery aneurysms presenting with neurological ischemic symptoms.

Studies comparing different treatment methods in patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms in different subgroups of onset symptoms are lacking. It is necessary to explore the safety and efficacy of open surgical treatment and endovascular therapy in patients with MCA aneurysms in a specific population. This study aimed to compare microsurgical clipping versus endovascular therapy regarding complication rates and outcomes in patients with MCA aneurysms presenting with neurological ischemic symptoms. This was a retrospective cohort study in which 9656 patients with intracranial aneurysms were screened between January 2014 and July 2022. Further, 130 eligible patients were enrolled. The primary outcome was the incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs) within 30days of treatment, whereas secondary outcomes included postprocedural target vessel-related stroke, disabling stroke or death, mortality, and aneurysm occlusion rate. Among the 130 included patients, 45 were treated with endovascular therapy and 85 with microsurgical clipping. The primary outcome of the incidence of SAEs within 30days of treatment was significantly higher in the clipping group [clipping: 23.5%(20/85) vs endovascular: 8.9%(4/45), adjusted OR:4.05, 95% CI:1.20-13.70; P = 0.024]. The incidence of any neurological complications related to the treatment was significantly higher in the clipping group [clipping:32.9%(28/85) vs endovascular:15.6%(7/45); adjusted OR:3.49, 95%CI:1.18-10.26; P = 0.023]. Postprocedural target vessel-related stroke, disabling stroke or death, mortality rate, and complete occlusion rate did not differ significantly between the two groups. Endovascular therapy seemed to be safer in treating patients with MCA aneurysms presenting with neurological ischemic symptoms compared with microsurgical clipping, with a significantly lower incidence of SAEs within 30days of treatment and any neurological complications related to the treatment during follow-up.

Successful open surgical treatment for persistent type II endoleak following thoracic endovascular aortic repair: a case report

BackgroundThe occurrence of type II endoleaks after endovascular repair of aortic aneurysm has gradually gained increasing attention. We present a case of a patient with an expanding aneurysm after thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for a type II endoleak, in which successful direct ligations of the intercostal artery were performed using a sac incision without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) or graft replacement.Case presentationA 62-year-old male patient, previously treated with TEVAR for a descending thoracic aortic aneurysm, presented with ongoing chest discomfort. Based on the diagnosis of a growing aneurysm and type II endoleak, the patient was prepared for CPB and aortic cross-clamping, as a precautions against the possibility of a type I endoleak. A longitudinal opening of the thoracic aortic aneurysm sac was performed following left thoracotomy. Visual confirmation identified the T5 level intercostal artery as the source of the endoleak, and after confirming the absence of a type I endoleak, multiple ligations were applied to the intercostal artery. Follow-up computed tomography confirmed the absence of endoleaks or sac growth.ConclusionIn a case involving TEVAR for a thoracic aortic aneurysm, open suture ligations were used to treat type II endoleaks without having to resort to CPB, resulting in successful outcomes.

Interpretation of the surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer of the 2024 edition of the NCCN guidelines

Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant tumor in the digestive system, and radical surgery is the only possible means to cure pancreatic cancer at present. In the past decade, pancreatic surgery has been developing rapidly, with various new technologies and concepts emerging, among which the use of minimally invasive techniques and the popularization of neoadjuvant therapy concepts are the most notable. At the same time, the surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer still has a long way to go, and many problems need to be solved urgently. This article introduces the surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer in the 2024 edition of the NCCN guidelines, focusing on minimally invasive and open surgical treatments, expanded lymph node dissection, combined vascular resection and reconstruction, surgical treatment of pancreatic neck cancer and neoadjuvant therapy, and briefly discussing the unresolved issues.