Open Space In City Research Articles

Categorisation of urban open spaces for heat adaptation: A cluster based approach

In the context of climate change, adapting a city's open spaces to heat waves and extreme heat is crucial for mitigating the Urban Heat Island effect and ensuring the wellbeing of its inhabitants. However, the heat adaptation potential of open spaces varies within a city. This study develops an objective and replicable method to categorise urban areas based on their open spaces' adaptive capacity and improvement potential to heat waves at the micro-scale. This is achieved using a clustering approach, eliminating manual operations, using openly available data, employing indicators suitable for every urban fabric type, and using the urban block as the analysis unit. The validation of the method in the case study of Bilbao (Spain) demonstrates its capacity to obtain meaningful insights regarding open space heat adaptation potential. An analysis of the resulting categories reveals significant open space improvement potential throughout the city and a varying adaptive capacity that depends on urban density. Categories with the lowest adaptive capacity have median open space ratios between 0.35 and 0.65 and median tree cover ratios between 0.07 and 0.15. Those with the highest adaptive capacity present median open space ratios between 0.8 and 1 and median tree cover ratios between 0.05 and 0.25. The method can aid local policymakers in identifying opportunity spots for hosting adaptation solutions and understanding the challenges the city may face in planning adaptation action. The method's replicability enables it to be applied in other cities, contributing to a broader exploration of climate change adaptation potential.

The New Roles and Significance of Public Open Spaces in Cities in the Post-pandemic Era

The New Roles and Significance of Public Open Spaces in Cities in the Post-pandemic Era

GIS Application For Mapping and Analyzing Urban Green Open Spaces (Case Study of Sragen City)

Abstract Green open space in cities is one of the environmental controls. In residential spatial planning, green open space is very necessary in the form of green belts and passive or active parks. Sustainable development must be supported by adequate residential green space, which must fulfill the function of absorbing CO2, increasing the volume of groundwater and being useful as a flood controller. The availability of green open space for the community can increase the aesthetic value of a city’s environmental area and can function as an economic value [9]. This research aims to determine the extent of green open space in Sragen City. From this research, we can analyze the development and need for green open space in Sragen City to study and develop a green city and a balanced environment. This research is aimed at understanding the area of green open space in Sragen City. From this research, we can analyze the development and need for green open space in Sragen City to study and develop a green city and a balanced environment. Sufficiency of green open spaces Needs Based on Area and City Area Sragen City’s green open spaces do not meet the minimum requirement of 30%. Of the green open space, the city forest managed by environmental services is included in it with an area of 2,500 m2. However, Sragen City’s green open space looks large because it includes moorlands, residential forests, state forests, and ponds. Meanwhile, 130.17 Ha is land managed by the Sragen City Regency Government. This research uses primary and secondary methods. To obtain a map of the green open space area of the research area, Quickbird image analysis is required. From the results of the research, it was concluded that the management and efforts to provide sufficient green open space were adequate, but in terms of area, the proportion of green open space that was determined was still not sufficient. There are seven types of green open space in Sragen City, namely in the form of urban forest green open space, green lane green open space for roads, pedestrian, open space, river border green open space, cemetery green open space, private and community property building green open space, as well as plantation and resident’s yard green open space.

A Study of the Relationship between Human Behavior and Urban Design during the Winter in a High-Snowfall Urban Area

This study focuses on the relationship between the outdoor environment and usage behavior of open spaces in cities with snowy and cold climates (winter cities), using an outdoor survey conducted at AKAPURA Plaza in Sapporo, Japan. This study seeks to understand walking and staying behaviors and analyzes their relationships to snowy outdoor environments. An analysis of the survey data shows that while the number of pedestrians using AKAPLA Plaza decreased as temperatures dropped, the ratio of staying behavior to the number of pedestrians did not decrease despite dropping temperatures. This study identified the following three design principles that can be applied to encourage the usage of open urban spaces during the winter. In winter, the number of pedestrians decreases in correlation with decreases in temperature; however, during the snowy season, walking can be encouraged by providing areas with less snow (PATH). Partially snow-covered areas can encourage photography and snow play behavior (STORAGE). Finally, providing walking routes to snow-covered areas can encourage staying behavior (APPROACH). These design principles were established based on the study in Sapporo and have the potential to be widely applied in other winter cities across the world through future research and analysis.

Kajian Ruang Terbuka Taman Simpang Polda Palembang

Through this research, a thorough exploration of various aspects was carried out, including the physical design of the park, usage patterns by the community, and their perceptions of the open space. Research methods involving surveys and observations allow a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamics that occur within the park. The results of the analysis provide an in-depth understanding of the challenges and opportunities faced in efforts to improve the quality of public open spaces, especially in the context of the Simpang POLDA Park. Factors such as object design, accessibility, use, and basic function patterns are the main focus in evaluating positive or negative impacts on park use by local communities. The implications of this research finding can be a basis for designing more effective policies in maximizing the social benefits of public open spaces in cities.

Security means age-friendliness. Analysis of older people’s needs regarding the safe infrastructure of open residential spaces. A Case Study of Poland, the EU member country

Motives: In the era of ageing population and threats arising from economic and geopolitical circumstances there is a need to adapt housing estates to different social groups, especially older persons as a particularly vulnerable group.Aim: The research objective of the article was to study the relevance of selected elements of infrastructure in open residential spaces regarding the safety in the eyes of older people in the face of various threats, such as pandemics and military conflicts.Methods: A questionnaire was developed to investigate the level of significance of selected elements of infrastructure based on in-depth literature research. The questionnaire survey was conducted twice on two random population samples (October 2021 and March/April 2022) in five chosen Polish cities (capitals of voivodeships).Results: Changes in the perceived importance of factors associated with residential safety were identified in the face of two types of threats. Urban planning solutions that contribute to a sense of security were identified in different gender and age groups. Public open spaces in cities should be accessible, user-friendly, and safe; they should promote social interactions with other residents, be aesthetically appealing, and encourage social activation.

Pemanfaatan Ruang Terbuka Hijau sebagai Area Pertanian Perkotaan pada Jl. Frans Seda Kelurahan Fatululi Kota Kupang – NTT

Title: Utilization of Green Open Space as Urban Agricultural Area in Frans Seda Street, Fatululi, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara Kupang City is a municipality and capital city of East Nusa Tenggara, has an area of ​​180.27 km2 and an urban population of 423,800 people spread over 6 sub-districts and 51 urban villages. The city of Kupang has the nickname Karang City, because it has an uncertain climate with the dry season relatively longer than the rainy season. The open space between the 2 lanes of the road in Fatululi Village, Oebobo District, is used to grow vegetables by local residents. This is an interesting potential and example as an urban agriculture in the midst of the Covid-19 outbreak. Open space is not only planted with ornamental plants, but also planted with food crops that are beneficial for the food needs of the community. The research target is the potential for more efficient use of green open space to support food needs in urban areas. Qualitative descriptive method was used in this study. This explanation of the use of city open space as an urban area is described in depth to explain the use of open space which is the locus of the study, namely the area of ​​open space in the Frans Seda Street – Fatululi, Kupang area. The method of data collection was carried out by direct observation, conducting interviews with resource persons, and conducting literature studies. The result of this research is the realization of ecological, economic, socio-cultural, and aesthetic functions in this area so that it can support the function of green open space in a sustainable manner.

Tokyo’s Black Markets as an Alternative Urban Space: Occupation, Violence, and Disaster Reconstruction

Black markets emerged at every corner in cities across Japan immediately after World War II. They spread rapidly due to the collapse in the distribution and rationing system. The government’s weakened control resulted in tolerance of the markets and occasionally covert government collaboration with black marketeers. In addition, existence of easily accessible open spaces in cities, such as areas that had been cleared of buildings by forced evacuation prior to air raids or that had been left in ruins by the raids, provided the space for black marketeers to build their street stalls. The black markets supported postwar reconstruction. They also had decisive influence on the emergence of new urban structures in postwar Japan. This essay examines the persistence of earlier characteristics of urban space along with the new elements in postwar Japan’s black markets. The new international character of the postwar black markets was evident in the prominence of repatriates from Japan’s former colonies, along with Chinese and Korean residents in Japan. The black market was thus a symbolic point of convergence between the prewar Empire of Japan and the new postwar Japan.

Groundwater Management in Chennai

Water is perhaps the maximum treasured asset on earth. Indians have traditionally considered it as one of the five basic factors of nature. Freshwater is vital for human survival and rain is an important source on earth. The rainfall that is trapped in floor and groundwater resources is all that is to be had for human consumption. That is why Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) is so vital. RWH isn't an option or an alternative, but the handiest manner to maintain floor and groundwater sources and is relevant in each rural and urban area. There are two critical components of RWH: the gathering of rainwater for fast use and the herbal or synthetic recharge into the soil for sustaining and enhancing groundwater sources. In rural areas, where big quantities of open space are available, RWH is largely the gathering of rainwater in-floor water bodies, which includes ponds, lakes, and irrigation tanks. That is the first aspect of RWH. Due to the shrinking of open spaces in cities and different urban areas, however, RWH is predominantly used there to artificially recharge aquifers to sustain overexploited groundwater resources.

Urbanization and COVID‐19 Prevalence in India

AbstractThe research questions we answer in this paper pertain to the socio‐economic determinants of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), the relationship between urbanization, urban primacy, the proportion of households in slums, urban poverty, health infrastructure, open spaces in cities and COVID prevalence, in India. We find that urbanization, higher workforce participation, higher population density and higher income lead to increased Covid prevalence. We find a positive relationship between urban primacy, slum households and COVID‐19, and a negative association between health infrastructure, parks and COVID‐19. Cities should develop and maintain not only hospital infrastructure such as beds, but also parks in the post‐pandemic world.

Enhancing green open spaces while conserving local genetic resources: Evaluating growth performance of five native tree species

Enhancing green open spaces in cities and their buffer areas has gained increasing recognition. While creating a more sustainable, liveable, and comfortable environment, green spaces could also provide an effort for plant domestication and conservation. We consider the potential urban greening and conservation action by planting five tree species consisting of one highly valuable and slow-growing species Eusideroxylon zwageri trees from four different origins and four fast-growing species of Duabanga moluccana, Anthocephalus macrophyllus, Duabanga grandifolia, and kayu papaya at the water reserve in suburban Ciherang-Bogor. Growth performance on mortality rate and the average height of the 4.5-year-old planted seedlings were observed to evaluate the adaptability and suitability of the species in the area. The results of mortality rate revealed that E. zwageri seedlings were ranged from 35% (from South Kalimantan) to 50% (from Jambi), while the four fast-growing species were ranged from 14% (Kayu papaya) to 83% (Duabanga moluccana) indicated that the mortality rate for the five species of seedlings planted varied. Whereas, the results of average height showed that E. zwageri seedlings were ranged from 196.15 cm (South Kalimantan) to 332.50 cm (Natuna), and four fast-growing species was ranged from 582.35 cm (Duabanga grandiflora) to 1411.10 cm (Anthocephalus macrophyllus) indicated that planting fast-growing trees in the suburban area is suitable to increase land coverage in a relatively short time, while slow-growing species are more suitable for species preservation purposes.

Shadi Park Renovation with Social Development Emphasis: A Case Study Halabja City, Iraq

The expansion of urbanization and the lack of open spaces in cities, urban green spaces have become very important, especially in recent decades. Among urban green spaces, parks are important because they have leisure and recreational functions, and the favorable physical and mental effects on humans have been proven today. Depreciation of materials, park equipment, destruction of vegetation and lifestyle changes over time have changed the needs and desires of the people and caused the old parks do not meet the needs of citizens. Today, improving parks is a new approach that makes parks matches the demands human beings have evolved over time with the advancement of technology. Shadi Park in Iraq is one of the regional urban parks; the lack of its design, as well as the wear and tear of some uses, lack of optimal lighting system and various uses by different age groups reduces the number of visits. In this research, based on field perceptions of the park and public opinion polls, prioritization and solutions to strengthen the presence of people has been pointed out. The results of the questionnaire indicate the priority of people's demands, the most important of which include: building a sports venue for women, proper service of restaurants and cafes during the day and night, the presence of swimming pools and fountains in the park, parking at the entrances, space allocation to hold cultural and artistic festivals.

Bayesian analysis of demand for urban green space: A contingent valuation of developing a new urban park

Recreational opportunities and amenities are important human-use services generated by urban open spaces. However, empirical evidences on the magnitude of monetary values of these services are hardly available, in fact anecdotal if any, in developing countries. In this research, using contingent valuation methods (CVM), we estimated the recreational value of developing urban park in Kampala city. Our CVM scenario involved development of Nakivubo wetland from its current degraded state into urban park to provide new outdoor recreation alternative. We applied Bayesian approaches with informative prior to a single-bounded-CVM survey response to obtain more precise willingness to pay (WTP) estimate. Results from our preferred model showed that average WTP was estimated to be USH14184.538 ($4.728) per household as an entry fee. This estimate was similar to WTP estimates obtained from alternative models in the sense that the later lie within 95% confidence intervals of the former. Our results generally confirm that there is statistically significant welfare benefit to be derived from urban parks, lending supports to commonly held view that provision of urban open spaces in cities of developing countries offers significant welfare benefit to the city residents.

Возможности применения концепции «зимнего города» в российской Арктике (на примере города Надым)

On example of the city of Nadym, located in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Area, the authors consider the socio-ecological problems of the development of green, blue and white open urban spaces. The research approach presented in the article is based on the study of a multifaceted complex of urban social and natural systems in their integrated unity, not just as public places, but as biomes — highly integrated urban ecosystems. A posteriori the reserchers based on the materials of interviews conducted in 2020 with experts who in different years took part in the study or planned the development of the open urban spaces in Nadym, as well as on the analysis of available publications on this topic and publicly available data. The study found that factors such as the short summer, during which many residents leave the city, as well as the prevalence of freezing temperatures for almost eight months, in fact, transform the green and blue spaces of Nadym into white. This situation indicates the advisability of a more active appeal to the concept of a “winter city” in the development of the city urban environment. The application of the concept principles can be in demand in the process of creating more comfortable living conditions and spatial mobility of the Nadym residents, as well as for developing the recreational opportunities of the city open spaces and integrating them into the natural environment surrounding the city, which in general can be considered as one of the factors for the sustainable development of the city and the formation of post-industrial features in its socio-economic life.

Fostering Interactions at Public Open Spaces. The Role of Physical Interface in Facilitating User Interactions in the UAE

Over the past few decades, the importance of public open spaces has been substantially increased due to rapid urbanization and developments. Likewise, cities and communities in the Arab world are also going through urban transformation; driven by the global context in which cities are being reshaped along with the modernization of urban planning themes. Over the last 15 years, Dubai has emerged as one of the world’s fastest growing cities. It has been associated with the desire to build tall buildings as a statement of modernity, globalization, and economic prosperity, which lead to a rapid growth in population. This expansion has caused many environmental and urban planning challenges. Hasty urbanization, demographic, and economic growth alongside land privatization process has progressively changed the nature and theme of public open spaces within the UAE which in turn creates a gap between social life and community urban planning. The regeneration of public open spaces in cities of the UAE is a major issue as multiple factors must be taken into consideration during the design stages. This paper aims at understanding the role of physical interface of the public open spaces in context of UAE and its transformation over the years. These spaces act as a catalyst which accelerate this transformation of urban scenario and there by citizens life. Open places play an important role for bringing people closer and act as a socio-cultural entity for the sake of improving social life and interactivity. Social well-being arises from a sense of security, belonging, familiarity, support, cohesion, and integration of social groups, based on respect for different cultures, traditions, and backgrounds. Hence this research analyzes the influence of such tangible and intangible elements in the public open spaces, through which the social interaction happens and offers unprecedented experience to the users, visitors and urban community alike.

COMMUNITY GARDENING AND THE CAPACITY TO ENRICH SOCIAL BONDING IN URBAN NEIGHBOURHOODS

Aim: The aim of this concept paper is to identify a conceptual framework to investigate the level of social bonding/social attachment amongst participants of community gardening activity. It is estimated that more than 50% of the population would be living in urban areas by 2050. One of the drivers is the urban migration, where people are relocating themselves to new neighbourhoods, cities or countries often with the hope of better economic opportunities and social infrastructure, therefore changing the landscape of the new society and the place they reside. It is worrying as these people might not receive enough social support due to their limited social network. It could further escalate to social well-being problems such as individualism and social isolation and could later manifest mentally or psychologically as loneliness. Methodology and Results: This paper argues that the selection of the type of urban green spaces to be integrated into urban neighbourhoods is critical in addressing the well-being problems. Community gardens, as part of urban green spaces, offer meaningful social interaction opportunities, often being missed in the context of modern societies and urban lifestyle. Therefore, there is a need to review the effects of community gardening activities as an intervention strategy to strengthen the degree of social bonding to identify its capacity in integrating isolated people back into community life. Conclusion, significance and impact study: As a conclusion, urban designers and policymakers are suggested to adopt community gardens as a safe open space in cities to encourage more people-people-places interaction.

Community gardening and the capacity to enrich social bonding in urban neighborhoods

This paper argues that the selection of the type of urban green spaces to be integrated into urban neighborhoods is critical in addressing these well-being problems. One of the drivers is the urban migration, where people are relocating themselves to new neighborhoods, cities or countries often with the hope of better economic opportunities and social infrastructure, therefore changing the landscape of the new society and the place they reside. It is worrying as these people might not receive enough social support due to their limited social network. It could further escalate to social well-being problems such as individualism and social isolation and could later be manifested mentally or psychologically as loneliness. Community gardens, as part of urban green spaces, offer meaningful social interaction opportunities that often being missed in the context of modern societies and urban lifestyle. Therefore, there is a need to review the effects of community gardening activities as an intervention strategy to strengthen the degree of social bonding to identify its capacity in integrating isolated people back into community life. As a conclusion, urban designers and policymakers are suggested to adopt community gardens as a safe open space in cities to encourage more people-people-places interaction.

Strategi ruang terbuka hijau pemakaman di Kota Pekanbaru

One alternative to overcome the issue of Pekanbaru City Open Space quantity that does not meet the requirements is to reorganize the function and optimization of existing Open Space. A potential open space that has been neglected is cemetery. Cemetery are often ignored because of images related to death, whereas in addition to social functions, there are also ecological and economic functions. One form of cemetery is a public cemetery (TPU) managed by the Pekanbaru City government. Given its potential, a funeral green space strategy is needed. Strategic formulation using SWOT and priority setting using AHP. Inputs needed in the preparation of this strategy are the existing conditions and their compliance with funeral green space guidelines, people's perceptions and preferences.

Investigation of Adoption and Cognizance of Urban Green Spaces in India: Post COVID-19 Scenarios

Urban open and green spaces provide various ecosystem services such as aesthetics, biodiversity, recreation and most importantly health. These spaces, especially in an urban area, are beneficial for the physical and mental health of people. These services become more important at the time of social and health crisis such as COVID-19. Access to urban open and green space with suitable precautionary measures such as social distancing and personal hygiene would have improved individuals resilience during the pandemic. Due to the COVID-19 imposed lockdown, people were forced to isolate with no access to any of the recreational spaces to combat the global challenge. Once the lockdown was eased in India, the public focus shifted towards the need for urban green and open spaces along with hygiene. The present study examined the change in need, usage patterns, hygiene and infrastructure facilities for such urban green and open spaces in cities. Multi-parameter analysis was conducted for the data collected from 27 cities, especially with respect to age and behavioral patterns. 170 valid responses for the designed survey were received from 27 Indian cities and towns. The results indicated that these areas were important for a wide range of activities, such as walking and jogging, relaxation, health, and yoga, meeting with friends, etc. The study results show that 62.35% of people feel that urban open and green spaces should be increased while 31.18% of people feel that more facilities should increase in current open and green spaces. 85% of people feel that yoga activities have increased in urban open and green spaces during post COVID-19 imposed lockdown compared to pre COVID-19 era. 99% of individuals agree that to make their immune system healthy and to mentally and physically prepare for such pandemic, they need to more often use green spaces for yoga and other health-related activities. Whereas, 90% of visitors admitted that urban green and open spaces help them cope with their physical and mental health concerns. People started using green and open spaces for productive purposes and avoided social gatherings as far as possible in such areas. The results were validated with statistical analysis using ANOVA in MINITAB14. The statistical analysis indicates a clear effect of age group and lockdowns on the people's activities, specially for Health and Yoga with p < 0.05 at confidence interval of 95%. The study conclusively demonstrates that open and green spaces are certainly needed in urban areas to maintain the mental and physical health of people and COVID-19 has redfined the importance of urban open and green spaces to the residentis of urban areas. Overall, COVID-19 pandemic must be considered as as impetus situation in planning a sustainable and health resilient city.

Designing urban parks for inclusion, equity, and diversity

ABSTRACT Urban parks are vital spaces that provide the much-needed open space in cities offering numerous benefits and opportunities. One of the prime roles of urban parks is to fulfill the physiological and psychological needs of diverse populations. Empirically observing and analyzing park use can be an important tool toward reducing the gap between user needs and the planning, design, and management of urban parks. This paper reports the findings of systematic observation and evaluation of park design and management of two major urban parks in Cincinnati, Ohio. First, we conduct systematic on-site observation and document user-activity patterns at different times of day and week. Second, we graphically represent the observations using outputs from qualitative and quantitative analyses. Finally, we synthesize and analyze the observations to identify the dominant users of the parks, their behaviors and activities, and the utility of the park designs and facilities in serving the needs of the diverse social groups. The findings provide useful insights on aspects of park design that create affordances for diverse groups to use the park and ones that create territorial segregation, thus showing whether contemporary parks are inclusive, equitable, and diverse or not. The paper concludes with recommendations for designing for diversity in urban parks.