Open Questionnaire Research Articles

Strengthening Rasch Modeling for Objective and Fair Assessment for Chemistry Teachers

The competence of a good chemistry teacher will contribute to a fair assessment ability. This service aims to improve the professional competence of the sub-field of assessment for chemistry teachers at madrasahs in the Mranggen sub-district. This service is participatory by processing the results in a quantitative descriptive manner with one variable, namely the professional competence of the teacher's assessment. Service Locations in Madrasahs, Mranggen District. The number of participants in this service is 20 active chemistry teachers. Data collection techniques using closed and open questionnaires. Data validity uses content validity. Data reliability using Croncbach's Alpha technique. Data analysis techniques use the percentage formula to determine the achievement of each component through statistical data. The results of Community Service found that the professional competence of chemistry teachers at madrasas in the Mranggen sub-district was on average in the very good category, but variations in the use of assessment software were very lacking and had never been carried out. The service contribution gives a good value for changes in the ability to use the Rasch model assessment software after the service is over, but this depends on the amount of motivation the participants have.

Financial Resource Availability and Implementation of Child Protection and Safeguarding Programs in Kwale County, Kenya

The Kenya child protection data on Kwale County revealed an increase of child negligence cases from 49.6% in 2020-2021 to 61.7% in 2022-2023. This has led to the establishment of various child protection and safeguarding programs to curb child protection and safeguarding menace in the county. Despite this effort, implementing such child protection and safeguarding programs has experienced problems. Thus the purpose of this study was to establish the influence of financial resource availability in the implementation of Child Protection and Safeguarding Programs in Kwale County, Kenya .The research was grounded in complexity theory and implementation theory. A descriptive research approach was employed to accurately depict the target population, which included key program personnel such as social workers, government officials, and child/probation officers involved in child protection programs in Kwale County. The sampling frame encompassed personnel from 11 NGOs, 2 government agencies, and 3 rescue centers currently implementing child protection programs in the county. Proportionate and simple random sampling were used for the NGOs and CBOs, while census sampling was employed for the government agencies and rescue centers. Of the 141 selected participants for the sample, 132 responded to the open and closed-ended questionnaires. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS, including descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations) and inferential statistics (correlation and multiple linear regression).Correlation analysis revealed that a financial resource availability showed a correlation of (r=0.859, p=0.000). Multiple linear regression indicated financial resource availability had a significant positive impact (B=0.351, p=0.00).To enhance child protection programs in Kwale County, the study recommends that organizations diversify funding sources, Implement clear reporting mechanisms and independent oversight committees can enhance transparency and accountability. Long-term financial planning, including emergency funds and scenario planning, along with stakeholder engagement, will help create a stable financial environment for implementing child protection and safeguarding programs in Kwale County.

Strategic Planning and Service Delivery at Kenya Power Headquarters in Kenya

Purpose: The major objective was to establish how strategic planning affected service delivery in KenyaPower. The study was based on the theory of contingency. Methodology: The study employed descriptive design. The target population consisted of 247 managers at various levels (low-level, mid-level and senior-level) from 11 departments at headquarters of Kenya Power. This study employed stratified random sampling techniques to select sample size of 114 staff. The study used primary data collection utilizing both open and closed-ended questionnaire. The questionnaires were distributed and collected using a drop-off and pick-up later method. The quantitative analysis used descriptive techniques such as frequency, percentage, standard deviations and means. The research also employed linear regression to examine the effect of strategic planning on service delivery. Findings: The research established that strategic planning (β=0.787; p=0.000) had substantial effects on service delivery at KenyaPower. Research concluded that strategic plannings have significant effects on delivery of services in Kenya Power. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The study recommended that Kenya Power's executives should implement training programs for its workers. This would provide employees with the essential skills and abilities needed to improve the quality of service delivered to clients. Kenya Power should also make sure that its goals and objectives are clear and understandable to employees at every level by use of efficient communications.

Smallholder Farmers’ Perception Of Sunflower Commercialization: A Case In Kimilili Sub-County, Bungoma County, Kenya

Low-income generation among Smallholder farmers could be attributed to their low sunflower commercialization with subsequent effects from their knowledge, entrepreneurial skills, commercializing efforts, and trust in critical stakeholders in the agricultural value chain. Thus, this study analyzed smallholder farmers’ perception of sunflower commercialization, which may contribute to improving sunflower commercialization. A pilot study was carried out in Kabuchai Sub-County before the Kimilili Sub-County, Bungoma County, Kenya survey. 288 sunflower smallholder farmers were interviewed using an open and close-ended questionnaire where a multistage sampling procedure was applied. The study used factor analysis and structural equation models to analyze the perception of smallholder farmers on sunflower commercialization. The factor analysis model reflected that smallholder farmers firmly trust agricultural cooperatives, media, and the national government in sunflower commercialization. However, they moderately trusted producer groups, farmer groups, and neighbour farmers. Smallholder sunflower farmers also strongly trusted different market outlets based on Factors 1 and 2. They strongly trusted exporters, producer groups, and neighbor farmers under factor 1 as their market outlets but lowly trusted brokers and supermarkets. Further, they highly trusted brokers and supermarkets under factor 2 as their market outlets and lowly trusted exporters, producer groups, and neighbor farmers as their market outlets. Additionally, smallholder farmers expressed their proactiveness strongly on commercial impact, commercial efficiency, and farmers’ view concerns about their sunflower commercialization. They lowly suggested marketing channels contracts, and commercial contributions to their livelihoods to shape their proactiveness on sunflower commercialization. An alpha reliability scale of over 0.79 per measurement variable and a KMO value of over 0.8 was obtained for this study, showing the internal consistency of the data. The SEM analysis showed that smallholder farmers’ entrepreneurship, trust in institutions, and market outlets influenced sunflower commercialization. However, their proactiveness negatively affected sunflower commercialization. The study recommends support of sunflower smallholder farmers in access to market information and strengthening their trust through institutions viable outcomes on them through the agricultural cooperatives, the national government, and coordination by the international markets.

Development of a 3D Ethnomathematics Model for the Dayak Tribe of Central Kalimantan with the Assistance of Virtual Reality Media

This research aims to test the feasibility of the 3D Ethnomathematics model for the Dayak Tribe of Central Kalimantan as well as provide alternative learning media for students using Virtual Reality technology and create a 3D Ethnomathematics model based on Virtual Reality so that students get an in-depth and interesting learning experience to strengthen numeracy literacy. This research uses the Research and Development (RnD) method with the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) development model. This research was conducted using qualitative and quantitative solving approaches. A qualitative approach is used at the analysis stage, model development design stage, and assessment stage of product feasibility obtained from an open questionnaire in the form of input, responses, criticism, and suggestions. A quantitative approach is used in product feasibility assessment tests from media experts and material experts as well as testing the effectiveness of 3D models from students. Feasibility assessments by media experts and material experts were obtained from closed questionnaires. The effectiveness test was carried out through a pretest-posttest design in small groups, namely 5 elementary school students. Based on the research results, the results of the feasibility test by media experts and material experts showed that the 3D Ethnomathematics model of the Dayak Tribe of Central Kalimantan was in the feasible category with a percentage of 92% and 90%. The results of the effectiveness test carried out in small groups through pretest-posttest increased from the pre-test average with a score of 64 to 84 during the post-test after using the 3D Ethnomathematics model. So, it can be concluded that the 3D Ethnomathematics model of the Dayak Tribe of Central Kalimantan is feasible and effective to use.

Geo Talk Media: Microlearning-Based Innovative Learning Media To Foster Student Interest In Natural Resources Material At The South Malang Nature Laboratory.

One of the innovative learning media that can be applied is learning video. Geo Talk Media is an innovation in education that combines the microlearning approach with multimedia technology by utilising natural resources as a laboratory in South Malang. This research aims to produce microlearning-based video learning media. The main focus of this platform is to foster student learning interest in Natural Resources material, especially those in South Malang. The type of research used is Research and Development (RnD), using the ADDIE development model. The instrument used is an open questionnaire with qualitative descriptive data analysis and a closed questionnaire with quantitative descriptive data analysis. The research subjects were geography teachers and students of class X SMAN 1 Kepanjen. The results showed that the micro-learning approach of Geo Talk learning video media can foster student learning interest in natural resources material in the South Malang laboratory. Proven by the percentage level of 87.12% with very feasible criteria. This research is important because it can overcome the problems that are often found, namely the limited focus of students in understanding the material provided, so that the advantages of this media are effective in helping facilitate student understanding of the material taught with a microlearning approach, and can provide new experiences for students.

현직 체육교사의 표현활동에 관한 인식과 지도의 어려움

Objectives The purpose of this study was to analyze the understanding of physical education teachers' expression activity classes and physical education class experiences. In the field of physical education, we would like to investigate the difficulties and limitations of awareness and teaching of expression activity classes. Methods Three physical education teachers participated in the study and analyzed qualitative case studies. Open questionnaires and in-depth interviews were conducted to collect related data, and in order to analyze the collected data, the meaning of all the experiences and processes of current teachers' expression activity classes was analyzed in accordance with the four stages of analysis by Clandin & Connelly (2000). Results As a result of the study, first, teachers had different views and perceptions of the expression area depending on their experience in expression activity classes. Second, among the difficulties in expression activity classes, teachers showed fear of students due to the burden of demonstration. Third, it was found that teachers thought the evaluation of expression activity classes was burdensome. Fourth, it was found that various environmental factors prevented access to the expression area in the school field. Conclusions Physical education teachers should reflect on the area of expression and have expertise in the area of expression. Teachers and prospective teachers should abandon their preconceived notions about dance subjects and expression areas and study the expression area on their own so that they can restore confidence and practice classes.

Analysis of State Civil Response to Thematic Bureaucratic Reform Implementation and Perception

Thematic bureaucratic reforms allow the government to focus more on addressing challenges in specific sectors so that the results can be felt directly by the public. This study aims to explore deeper responses, views, and perceptions of a small number of State Civil Apparatus (ASN) to the Thematic Bureaucratic Reform Reaction. The method used in this study is a qualitative study with an exploratory approach using an open questionnaire that allows respondents to provide narrative responses regarding their views, reactions, and perceptions of the reform program. The study was conducted in the Organization Section of Lampung Province as one of the OPD (Regional Apparatus Organization) that has implemented thematic bureaucratic reforms. The result obtained in this research is the lack of understanding of the State Civil Apparatus (ASN) regarding preparing the Thematic Bureaucratic Reform roadmap. However, civil servants have tried to compile the roadmap as a reference for preparing government programs. The involvement of civil servants in the preparation of the thematic bureaucratic reform roadmap has also been. What can be developed next is the existence of research or socialization related to how to technically prepare a thematic bureaucratic reform roadmap according to procedures so that it can be implemented properly.

Investigating and evaluating the impact of COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 response measures on construction projects in Iraq

Abstract. At the end of 2019, the whole world was exposed to a major health crisis, which the Coronavirus, which went out of the control of all countries, including Iraq, The negative impact of the coronavirus pandemic continues to this day on the construction industry sector in Iraq. This research aims to study and find the most common risk factors for the Coronavirus crisis and analyze them using the descriptive analysis method (HEAT MAP), in addition to identifying, analyzing and evaluating response procedures after Covid-19 by finding the relative importance index (RII). The factors of the Covid-19 crisis were extracted and the most common different response procedures were found from the archives of (24) completed construction projects in the projects of the University of Kufa, Karbala and Babylon. The current practice and the possibility of occurrence of risk factors, their severity and the possibility of their occurrence were diagnosed by conducting interviews accompanied by an open questionnaire with (15) Iraqi experts concerned with construction project management and then directing a detailed closed questionnaire to (140) others. All the results obtained were subjected to statistical tests to verify their validity, and the results showed the presence of (37) factors related to the Coronavirus, with the identification of their characteristics and the most affected project objectives, as well as the most affected contracting parties. When using the (HEAT MAP) method, it was found that the group of political risk factors is dominant and that the most harmful factors are the curfew and changes in the current government policies followed to combat the epidemic, curfew decisions and changes in the current government policies followed to combat the epidemic, political division, conflicting decisions, and the absence of plans and preparation for such crises. The delay in state funding for funded projects in the Middle Euphrates due to strict measures in the Middle Euphrates by the government that has existing projects was the most harmful. When applying (RII) to find the most important response measures, it was holding regular working sessions to discuss COVID-19 policies and response mechanisms, imposing a state of emergency due to the Corona virus as a force majeure, and finally cooperating with regulatory bodies to facilitate policy changes as well as enhancing scientific advice. Through this study, the project reached many conclusions and recommendations that would reduce or mitigate the impact of the Corona pandemic or any future events on the objectives of any construction project.

Pembentukan Karakter Peserta Didik melalui Penguatan Kompetensi PPKn: Studi Kasus di SMAS GKPI Padang Bulan

This research aims to determine whether strengthening PPKn competencies can shape the character of students at SMAS GKPI Padang Bulan Medan. The character theory used as a reference is according to expert Thomas Licona who divides character education into 3 aspects, namely; knowledge (Moral Knowledge), emotions (Moral Feeling), and actions (Moral Action). This research uses quantitative descriptive methods. The research implementation time is approximately one month, namely April 17 to May 18 2024. Data collection techniques were carried out using observation, interviews and documentation. The data collection instruments used in this research were Likert Scale questionnaires and open questionnaires. The research subjects were determined based on samples selected using purposive sampling techniques, namely class X-3 students and 3 PPKn teachers. The type of data in this research uses primary and secondary data. The data analysis technique used is simple descriptive statistics, namely table analysis and percentages P= F/N x 100%, with categories 0-69% (Low), 70-89% (Medium), 90-100% (High) calculated based on the provisions of the Likert Scale score. The research results show that the character of the students there is categorized as "Medium" because the average score is above 70%. And this has an impact because of the strengthening of PPKn competencies carried out by teachers, namely with the methods, approaches and attitudes shown during teaching and learning activities.

The Impact of Some Computer Integrated Manufacturing Techniques in Achieving Production Efficiency

Refers to the field reality for integrated manufacturing in Iraq, it needs to be developed Production efficiency in order to improve the quality level, reduce defects and errors, and control time and cost, there is a need to apply effective methods in this field. The goal of this study is to develop performance and improve quality integrated manufacturing by improving performance manufacturing resource planning systems in the hierarchical structure that begins with the institution, factory, cell, and production field, and implementation works manufacturing through line, star, tree, ring, controller area network For the purpose of achieving the objective of the study, the researchers relied first on the comprehensive theoretical study of the concepts of integrated manufacturing, and secondly on the field study carried out by the researchers by conducting an open questionnaire , we have been able to design a closed questionnaire based on 426 questionnaires.

Performance-based budgeting or budgeting-based performance?

Performance Based Budgeting carried out in Indonesian private higher education found lots of constraints. Apart from factors of cultural work, leadership, and negative perceptions of the community academics, obstacles, and budget limitations are big challenges. This study examines field data related challenge of performance-based budgeting in Indonesian private higher education in particular linked with budget limitations. This study uses a quantitative method with an equipped open questionnaire for getting input about the implementation of performance-based budgeting that is recommended in finance management finance in Indonesian private higher education. Respondents were heads of financial management at 213 private universities in Indonesia. Statistical results show that budget limitations have a significant negative effect on performance-based budgeting in terms of performance orientation of -0.824, implementation flexibility of -0.634, and functional approach of -0.654. Furthermore, proposal optimization of performance-based budgeting with challenging Budget limitations is discussed.

(Development of Biology Based Learning Media Flip Chart on Rhizophora Material for Class X High School Students)

The low percentage of students' test scores on rhizophora material shows that rhizophora material is included in material that is difficult for students to understand. Apart from that, the lack of learning resources and supporting facilities in delivering learning material is also a factor in the low grades obtained by students. One effective way that teachers can use to overcome this problem is by using learning media, one of which is Flip Chart media. This media was designed using the Adobe Photoshop application with the final result in the form of printed media. The aim of this research is to develop biology learning media in the form of a Flip Chart, and determine the feasibility and determine the perceptions of teachers and students towards the Flip Chart media. This research is development research (R&D) which uses the ADDIE development model (analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation). The final product produced is learning media in the form of a mushroom flip chart. Small group trials were carried out at SMA Negeri 8 Mataram City with test subjects of 9 class X students. The instruments used were open questionnaires and closed questionnaires. The types of data in this research are quantitative data and qualitative data. The validation results by media experts obtained a final score of 62 or 77.5% in the "very good" category, and the validation results by material experts obtained a final score of 57 or 89.1% in the "Very Good" category. The results of the small group trial obtained a score of 547 or 95% in the "Very Good" category. Meanwhile, the teacher's perception results obtained a score of 117 or 94.1% in the "Very Good" category. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that biology learning media in the form of Flip Charts using mushroom material is suitable for use in classroom learning activities or as an independent learning resource for students. The deficiencies in this media can be corrected in further relevant development research.

Fans' behaviour in selecting green accommodations

Sport tourism has become an increasingly popular global phenomenon, merging the allure of sporting events with the adventure of travel. Given the scale of such events and the transient spike in population they induce, it is crucial to consider sustainable practices, particularly in choosing accommodations. Green accommodations emerge as a key solution to mitigate the environmental footprint associated with sport tourism. This study investigates the behaviour of sports fans in selecting green accommodations, highlighting the increasing preference for environmentally responsible travel options in the context of sport tourism. Following the Theory of Planned Behaviour, this research assesses how attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control influence fans’ decisions towards eco-friendly lodging. Data were collected from an open questionnaire distributed across diverse digital platforms in Italy. The online survey included questions aimed at investigating fans’ preferences and behaviours in selecting green accommodations. Key findings reveal that, while environmental sustainability is not always the primary factor in accommodation choice, there is a notable consciousness towards eco-friendly living among sports tourists. However, the booking of green accommodations often falls short of initial intentions due to factors like limited availability, higher costs, and insufficient information. This study proposes strategies for event organisers and policymakers to bridge this intention-behaviour gap, such as enhancing the visibility of green accommodations and offering incentives to promote sustainable choices. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of consumers’ behaviour in sustainable tourism and underscores the need for integrated efforts to facilitate more environmentally conscious decisions in sport-related travel.

A new surgical technique to increase airflow in the olfactory cleft: superior turbinate lateralization procedure.

The olfactory cleft (OC) is the most important anatomical site for the maintenance of olfactory function. Obstruction of airflow in the OC by various conditions, such as inflammation, leads to poor olfactory function. Therefore, it is important to increase OC airflow while performing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). However, no technique to increase airflow has yet been established. We designed a superior turbinate lateralization (STL) procedure that displaces the entire ST bone laterally by eliminating the connection between the posterior ST and the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus. The effect of the STL procedure was investigated in terms of anatomy and olfactory function. ESS with the STL procedure was performed on seven patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps. The cross-sectional area of the OC at 3months postoperatively was significantly larger than that before ESS. In addition, the Open Essence test and questionnaires revealed significantly improvements in sense of smell. Airflow in the OC was significantly higher in STL procedure group than in the non-STL procedure group. The STL procedure enlarges the bony framework of the OC, and by increasing OC airflow, facilitates the transport of odorants to the olfactory epithelium, thereby improving olfactory perception.

Inclusive actions at school: what do teachers know in practice?

This work seeks to presente reflections on inclusive pedagogical practices, bringing continuity in discussions about teacher training in the face of inclusion, in order to verify how teachers organize their practice to serve students with disabilities in regular classrooms. We sought, through qualitative research, in which we used interviews and open questionnaires, to analyze the practices developed by Basic Education teachers. We understand that, to move towards truly inclusive education, it is essential to invest in teacher training, providing them with the tools, knowledge and support necessary to meet the varied needs of all students. Furthermore, it is essential to promote a broader and more comprehensive understanding of what inclusion means, recognizing that it goes beyond mere diagnostic considerations and encompasses the creation of educational environments that value diversity, equity and mutual respect.

Development of Interactive Multimedia Indonesian Language Teaching Material Based on Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in Elementary Schools

Contemporary education necessitates innovative teaching strategies and the integration of digital technologies. Current observations indicate that the learning process remains one-way, lacking student engagement. Thus, there is a pressing need for technological advancements in learning media, mainly Indonesian language instruction. This research endeavours to develop interactive multimedia teaching materials based on the Problem-Based Learning approach, utilizing the Articulate Storyline 3 application in combination with Google Forms for elementary schools. Following the ADDIE development model, the research employs various data collection methods, including observation sheets, validation instruments, interview questionnaires, practicality assessments, open evaluation questionnaires, and evaluation tests (Pretest and Posttest), which are then analyzed descriptively, qualitatively, and quantitatively. This research was conducted in 3 elementary schools in Padang City. The product validity test results obtained an overall average score of 95.38 in the very valid category. The results of the practicality test for teacher and student responses received an average score of 92.05 and 96.59 in the very practical category. The effectiveness test results are effective, with an average N-Gain Score of 0.81. This interactive multimedia meets the characteristics of interesting learning multimedia, is easy to operate, and is very suitable for meeting students' needs.

The Coping Stress Differences among Work from Home and Work from Office Individuals

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Abstract. </strong>Working from home and working permanently in the office (work from office) have their problems. These differences indeed lead to different responses in coping with stress. This research aims to analyze the differences in coping with stress in individuals who experience work-from-home and work-from-office periods, as well as analyze coping strategies during the work-from-home period. This research uses a quantitative method, using a t-test. The sampling technique uses purposive random sampling, with the characteristics of the population being married and having children, working in agencies either from home or the office. Data collection techniques used a stress coping scale and an open questionnaire regarding identifying feelings and problems that arise, expressed via Google Forms. Quantitative analysis is carried out using t-tests and descriptive analysis. Based on the Mann-Whitney test, the Mean Rank or average group ranking was obtained, namely for work from home, it was 95,15, and work from office was 94.54 with a significance value of (0.947) > 0.05. The quantitative research results show no difference in coping with stress between individuals who experience the work-from-home period and during the work-from-office period. Meanwhile, the results of the descriptive analysis show that the most dominant feeling during the work-from-home period is anxiety, anxiety, or worry (40.74%), while the problem most frequently experienced by respondents is difficulty dividing their time between office work and homework (26.45 %). In general, coping strategies overcome feelings of worry by conveying hobbies (23.28%), while coping strategies overcome problems during the work-from-home period by interacting online (26.45%) and doing good time management (17.98%).</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>Coping Stress; Work from Home; Work from Office</em></p>

Faculty Development Program and the Outcome of Academic Development

Background: Faculty Development Programs (FDPs) aim to improve the academic careers of faculty members. This study was designed to assess the attitudes of faculty members and the impact of FDP on their academic improvement. Methods: 12 faculty members took part in the research from 2016 to 2019. Using a Delphi method, an open secure questionnaire was provided to 12 junior faculty members in the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care (DACC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU), Tehran, Iran. Then, the keywords of the latter were analyzed, leading to a 32-item closed-answer questionnaire, filled out by the same participants. Also, the impact of the study was assessed using bibliometric improvement indices. Results: Both the response rate and participation rate were 100%. Approximately all the participants considered FDP an advantageous and promising academic program. 65 percent of the participants had academic improvement, from “Assistant Professor” to “Associate Professor” rank. Besides, the cumulative number of citations to the participants had a 16.2 times improvement. Both latter results were significantly higher than the mean improvement of the cohort faculty members in the DACC, SBMU. Conclusion: Faculty members of DACC, SBMU had positive attitudes towards FDP and described it as “a well-designed multilateral academic teamwork, thriving ethical, educational, managerial and research-related capacities”. Also, objective improvement in some academic indices was observed. In many academic environments including developing countries, FDPs are effective scientific investment methods.

Analisis Kesalahan Mahasiswa dalam Mengerjakan Latihan Soal Materi Ring pada Mata Kuliah Struktur Aljabar: Sebuah Kajian Mendalam Tentang Faktor-Faktor Yang Memengaruhinya

This study is motivated by the presence of mistakes in solving Algebraic Structure problems, particularly on the topic of Ring. The purpose of this research is to analyze the mistakes made in solving Algebraic Structure problems, specifically on the topic of Ring at Universitas Negeri Medan. Mistakes are classified into conceptual errors, data usage errors, language interpretation errors, technical errors, and conclusion errors. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, involving three sixth-semester students of the academic year 2024/2025 with prior knowledge of the Ring topic. Data collection techniques included tests and open questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted through data reduction and categorization of error types. The results show various errors such as conceptual errors, technical errors, and conclusion errors. This research can serve as a recommendation for educators to be more proactive in assisting students in understanding the material through more effective and engaging teaching methods, as well as providing more in-depth training.