Open Pit Research Articles

Study of Slope Stability of the Mining Wall in an Open-Pit Coal Mine by the Paste Cut-and-Backfill Method

According to this study’s findings, slope stability problems in open-pit coal mines can be avoided, and mine wall collapse can be effectively mitigated by the use of cut-and-backfill mining techniques. The main research results are as follows: (1) The stope and waste rock’s geotechnical, physical, and mechanical characteristics were gathered and examined; the geotechnical and mechanical characteristics found in this study largely satisfy the criteria for slope stability analysis. (2) Cemented paste backfill (CPB) materials were made of mine waste rock and fly ash at a desired ratio, mixed with cement as a bond material, and were tested in the laboratory, using a combination of cement percentages of 6%, 8%, and 10% for the cement content and 25%, 30%, 35%, and 40% for the fly ash content, to determine the ideal mix for artificial ground support in underground mines, taking into account both economic and performance factors. (3) By using this model, the changes in CPB strength were investigated under various factors influencing the cement ratio, and limit equilibrium modeling was used with the FLAC-Slope 8.1 program with different cement paste backfill ratio to calculate the factor of safety for each cement percentage after 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days of curing time (CT) to obtain the optimum compressive strength and shear straight of cemented paste backfill with high paste fill shear strength on the slope. (4) The research results are of great significance for the safety of important facilities in open-pit mines and provide a basis for the design and safety implementation of open-pit slope engineering.

Comprehensive geospatial mapping and monitoring of an eastern coalfield in India

Geospatial mapping and monitoring are crucial for designing slopes in opencast mining, as failure can result in significant economic and life loss. To overcome these issues, the present investigation evaluated the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generated using high resolution Cartosat-1 satellite imagery. Simultaneously, mapping of shaded relief map, aspect map and slope maps was done for the monitoring of Shatabdi opencast coal mine of Jharia region, an eastern coalfield region of India. Shaded relief map was categorized in to low, moderate and high categories and maximum area was covered by moderate to high shades. The constructed aspect map encompasses the range between 0 and 360 degrees of direction, with categorization and representation through distinct colors. The slope map was classified into various categories based on degrees of slope, including very gentle, gentle, moderate, moderately steep, steep, and very steep slopes. The maps were ground validated using Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) collected data points by field visit in the region. For opencast mines to operate safely and profitably, slope stability in different stages of mining must be mapped and monitored. The study synthesizes data from diverse sources, highlighting the role of geospatial technology in addressing multiple research gaps within the mining industries prior to leveraging Cartosat-1 satellite data. Slope mapping and monitoring of coalfield regions are crucial to reducing construction costs, mitigation of natural hazard risks like flooding and landslides, and effective conservation of natural resources such as soils, vegetation, and water systems. The present study benefits policymakers, environmental planners and government in formulating policies to ensure safety, reliability, and enhance the economic growth of workers and the country.

Study on the evolution of dissolved organic matter in the underground storage of mine water

ABSTRACT The water–rock interactions significantly affect the dissolution and release of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during the reinjection of mine water into the underground reservoir. In this study, the surface characteristics and chemical composition of the natural medium from the open-pit coal mine were characterized. The waste consists mainly of quartz-dominated sandstone (43.64%) and mudstone dominated by sanidine (76.36%). During the 35-day experiment, two protein-like, one humus-like, and one fulvic acid-like substances were identified by PARAFAC. It was observed that the type of aqueous medium significantly affected the variational trend of DOM. Compared to the artificial medium, the fluorescence intensity of waste materials in the waste dump increased significantly during the reinjection process. Therefore, a positive correlation was observed between the fraction of mudstone in the aqueous medium and the DOM composition, mainly due to the dissolution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon substances from the mudstone. The results revealed that the natural water storage medium had a certain water storage feasibility when compared with the expensive artificial medium. However, the fraction of mudstone in the water storage medium should be controlled to minimize the release of organic matter into the environment.

A novel intelligent stereo vision approach for blast-induced fragmentation size distribution: Case study at Golgohar open-pit mine, Iran

Rock fragmentation assessment is a critical aspect of evaluating blasting operations in the mining industry, offering insights for optimising procedures and subsequent mining processes. Traditional methods, such as sieving, while accurate, are costly and time-consuming. Digital image analysis methods have emerged as alternatives, yet they face challenges in accurately handling fragments of varying sizes. Recent advancements in computer vision, particularly deep learning techniques, offer promising solutions to automate and refine fragmentation analysis. This paper introduces a novel intelligent stereo vision approach utilising YOLOv8, an advanced deep learning model, for blast-induced fragmentation size distribution assessment at the Golgohar open-pit mine in Iran. By training YOLOv8 with an automated self-labelled dataset and evaluating its performance against real mine site data, this research aims to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of blast fragmentation analysis. The proposed method leverages stereo images and machine learning to provide precise measurements, leading to improved optimisation of blasting parameters and potential economic benefits compared to traditional methods. Through rigorous validation processes and case studies across diverse scenarios, the proposed approach demonstrates robustness and reliability in assessing blast fragmentation, offering a practical and efficient solution for the mining industry’s evolving needs.

Effect of the Connectivity of Weak Rock Zones on the Mining-Induced Deformation of Rock Slopes in an Open-Pit Mine

Geological structures significantly influence mining-induced deformations in open-pit mines, with their variations and interactions adding complexity to the excavation process and introducing uncertainties in deformation outcomes. This study utilized numerical simulations to analyze the impact of weak rock zones in a specific open-pit limestone quarry in Japan on mining-induced deformation. The simulation results were both qualitatively and quantitatively validated against field measurements, enhancing the reliability of the findings. Subsequently, four conceptual models were developed based on the characteristics of the quarry to investigate the mechanisms by which weak rock zones affect rock slope deformations. Our analyses demonstrated that slip deformation occurred exclusively when two weak rock zones were connected. This deformation was associated not only with shear failure in the upper weak rock zone but also with the contraction and bending of the lower weak rock zone. Furthermore, the simulation results were consistent with field data and supported by the conceptual models, confirming that the proposed sliding mechanisms can effectively explain the observed deformation behaviors. The insights gained from these models provide valuable references for managing similar geological challenges in other open-pit mines.

Energy control and block performance optimization of bench blasting

In this study, rock-like model blast tests with varying toe burdens are conducted and the evolution of blast-induced fractures is analyzed using the digital image correlation (DIC) method. In addition, post-blast fragmentations are image-processed to quantitatively investigate the blasting performance. A three-dimensional numerical model is developed and validated against the experimental results. The effects of blasthole inclination (70°, 80°, and 90°) and short delays on fragment size distribution (FSD) are numerically investigated. Field trials are conducted to verify the numerical results. The experimental results reveal that the overall fragment size increases significantly in proportion to the toe burden. The explosion energy utilization rates range from 3.56 % to 13.16 %, with a tendency to initially increase and subsequently decrease. The numerical results demonstrate that fragments are more evenly distributed with a blasthole inclination of 70°, resulting in a remarkable improvement in rock fragmentation compared to a vertical blasthole. Compared to the toe burden, the influence of short delays on concrete fragmentation is insignificant. The field test results indicate that a narrower FSD range and stable pit walls are achieved by utilizing inclined blastholes in bench blasting. This study provides theoretical guidance for optimizing bench blasting parameters, which has practical significance for improving explosive energy utilization and production efficiency in open-pit mines.

Simulation research on blasting of an open pit mine slope considering elevation conditions and slope shape factors

This study established a numerical model that considers elevation conditions and slope shape factors by the modified Sadovsky formula to analyze the vibration attenuation law of open-pit slopes under blasting vibration conditions. The blasting excavation of a slope in a certain open-pit mine in Yunfu, Guangdong, is selected as an example. Using a numerical model that considers elevation conditions and slope shape factors by the modified Sadovsky formula, a triangular pulse load was utilized to approximate the time-history characteristics of explosion vibration with FLAC3D software. The simulation results showed the radiation range of the blasting vibration seismic wave. By comparison with field monitoring data, the numerical model that considers the slope shape factor had a relative error of ∼10%, while the numerical model that disregards the slope shape factor had a relative error of ∼15%. The relative accuracy of the calculation results of the new numerical model is higher and closer to the actual attenuation law of blasting particle vibration speed, providing more reliable results for slope stability assessment. The peak particle velocities obtained from the numerical simulation results were generally higher than the field monitoring data. These discrepancies might be attributed to the use of simplified models that disregard the discontinuous structural planes within the rock mass. This study provides an important reference for the stability assessment of open-pit slopes under blasting vibration conditions, offering guidance for improving slope stability assessment and related engineering practices.

Научно-методический подход к разработке проектов опытно-промышленных испытаний открытой разработки месторождений

Methodology of designing pilot tests in open-pit mining is a complex and insufficiently developed issue in the theory and practice of designing mining systems, which, as a rule, fails to take into account the mining and geological features of the deposits. The complex development of mineral deposits requires new methods of open-pit designing. Thus, the theoretical justification and development of the methods to determine the optimal parameters and indicators of open-pits during the design of pilot tests with the establishment of scales, deadlines, tasks and test conditions is an urgent research problem. The authors of the study have systematized the research trends in developing the basis for designing pilot tests in open-pit geotechnology. The level of geological inaccuracies in case of insufficiently reliable prospecting results leads to a decrease in the expected technical and economic indicators of the mining project ranging from 5-20% to several folds. When information on the deposit is insufficient, pilot test projects are prepared. This is done in order to obtain additional input data for preparation of the feasibility study of permanent conditions or at the stage of the field development to verify the created technologies and means of their mechanisation in order to avoid revision of the mining system parameters in the course of the field operations due to discrepancies between the geomechanical and hydrogeological representations given in the detailed exploration materials and the real conditions.

Научно-методический подход к разработке проектов опытно-промышленных испытаний открытой разработки месторождений

Methodology of designing pilot tests in open-pit mining is a complex and insufficiently developed issue in the theory and practice of designing mining systems, which, as a rule, fails to take into account the mining and geological features of the deposits. The complex development of mineral deposits requires new methods of open-pit designing. Thus, the theoretical justification and development of the methods to determine the optimal parameters and indicators of open-pits during the design of pilot tests with the establishment of scales, deadlines, tasks and test conditions is an urgent research problem. The authors of the study have systematized the research trends in developing the basis for designing pilot tests in open-pit geotechnology. The level of geological inaccuracies in case of insufficiently reliable prospecting results leads to a decrease in the expected technical and economic indicators of the mining project ranging from 5-20% to several folds. When information on the deposit is insufficient, pilot test projects are prepared. This is done in order to obtain additional input data for preparation of the feasibility study of permanent conditions or at the stage of the field development to verify the created technologies and means of their mechanisation in order to avoid revision of the mining system parameters in the course of the field operations due to discrepancies between the geomechanical and hydrogeological representations given in the detailed exploration materials and the real conditions.

Проектирование современных российских дробильно-перегрузочных установок для комплексов циклично-поточной технологии

The article discusses methodological aspects of designing semi-stationary and mobile crushing and transfer units (DPU) carried out by the experts of Uralmashzavod PJSC and IGD Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on behalf of the Russian Metalloinvest company during the development of the Russian DPU-7200 model. As the result of the R&D work performed, a DPU was manufactured and installed at a mining operation as part of the in-pit crushing and conveyor (IPCC) systems, which is intended for conveyor transportation of ore from the open pit. A distinctive feature of the discussed DPU is that it is made as a complete system with the supporting steel structures integrated in its design, which makes it possible to relocate it during the service life when expanding the IPCC. The issues concerned with justifying the DPU layout, parameters of the receiving and unloading hoppers are discussed with account of structural, strength, mining and technological factors. The paper presents the technical characteristics of the developed DPU, as well as the design features of the primary equipment. The impact of the related technological factors, i.e. irregular character of dump truck traffic, the technological and temporal modes of the IPCC operation in general and those of the DPU in particular, the designed schedule of maintenance and repair, etc., is shown.

Проектирование современных российских дробильно-перегрузочных установок для комплексов циклично-поточной технологии

The article discusses methodological aspects of designing semi-stationary and mobile crushing and transfer units (DPU) carried out by the experts of Uralmashzavod PJSC and IGD Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on behalf of the Russian Metalloinvest company during the development of the Russian DPU-7200 model. As the result of the R&D work performed, a DPU was manufactured and installed at a mining operation as part of the in-pit crushing and conveyor (IPCC) systems, which is intended for conveyor transportation of ore from the open pit. A distinctive feature of the discussed DPU is that it is made as a complete system with the supporting steel structures integrated in its design, which makes it possible to relocate it during the service life when expanding the IPCC. The issues concerned with justifying the DPU layout, parameters of the receiving and unloading hoppers are discussed with account of structural, strength, mining and technological factors. The paper presents the technical characteristics of the developed DPU, as well as the design features of the primary equipment. The impact of the related technological factors, i.e. irregular character of dump truck traffic, the technological and temporal modes of the IPCC operation in general and those of the DPU in particular, the designed schedule of maintenance and repair, etc., is shown.

Оценка нагрузок приводов рабочего оборудования карьерного экскаватора (часть 1)

One of the major tasks in carrying out open-pit mining operations is timely and high quality maintenance and repair of mining equipment, in particular, mechanical shovels, which secures a required availability level. The most loaded are the lift and pressure drives of the shovel's working attachments, which significantly increases the risk of failure of their components. An adequate assessment of the loads acting on these drives through analyzing the changes in currents and voltages of their motors makes it possible to adjust the time between maintenance. In the course of the study, the representative points of the following three lumped working processes were obtained within the working cycle of 26.75 s: excavating; platform rotation with simultaneous movement of the shovel from the upper point of the path to the unloading point; reverse movement of the platform rotation mechanism with the returning and its positioning of the working attachment to the initial position. Changes in forces acting on the ropes of the lifting winch of the shovel were determined based on the evaluation of the obtained layout of the working attachment positions for the EKG-18R mechanical shovel and taking into account the driving and motion resistance forces within the working cycle. Analysis of the obtained force values acting on the ropes of the lifting winch at the three linear excavation paths with the inclination angles of 60, 70 and 80° has shown that the lowest forces in the lifting winch rope occur at the closest path with the angle of 60°. The received data will allow not only to select a rational path and the angle of bench mining, but also to adjust the time between maintenance according to the actual operating time of the lifting, pressure and movement drives.

Research on the Influence Radius on the Surrounding Groundwater Level in the Beidianshengli Open-Pit Coal Mine of China

Coal mining has a certain influence on and causes disturbances in groundwater. To investigate the variation trend of groundwater around the open-pit mine in grassland area, taking Shengli No. 1 open-pit mine as an example, the impact and variation trend of groundwater level in Quaternary aquifer around the mine area was studied by using the data of hydrological monitoring wells. The results show that the water level around the mining area varies from one year to the next. Since 2008, the water level has experienced a process of reduction, stability and increase. Compared with the background water level value, the current water level of each monitoring well is lower than the background water level. The influence radius calculated by Kusakin formula ranges from 94.15 m to 906.80 m, and the aquifer is heterogeneous. On the basis of the correlations between changes in waterline in monitoring wells and the stope distance, the disturbance radius of open-pit mining on surrounding diving water in grassland area is less than 2000 m. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the alteration of diving waterline and its influencing factors, the main factors affecting the variation in the phreatic water level are atmospheric precipitation, evaporation, groundwater usage and dewatering water. All factors act on the diversification of diving water level synthetically. The internal waste dump of an open-pit mine has a positive effect on the surrounding groundwater recovery. The aim of this study is to reveal the impact of open-pit mining on surrounding groundwater and providing scientific basis for future mining in other open-pit mines.

Stochastic Rock Slope Stability Analysis: Open Pit Case Study with Adjacent Block Caving

AbstractIn last decades, numerical modelling become a useful tool for solving complex geoengineering problems such as slope stability. On the other hand, probabilistic slope stability analyses are able to consider the variability of the rock mass properties in the decision making process. However, the application of probabilistic slope stability analysis with large three-dimensional numerical models is still limited due to the computational expenses of evaluating a substantial number of considered models. It is well-known that response surface methodology (RSM) couples the mathematical and statistical techniques to relate input variables to the response, allowing a reliable outcome and reasonable time of the analysis. Taking these advantages, this article presents an application of RSM in probabilistic slope stability analysis using three dimensional distinct element modelling. For this purpose, the most influencing factors including: uniaxial compressive strength, geological strength index (GSI), and shear strength of discontinuities, were taken into consideration to determine the probability of failure of an open pit slope located in vicinity of a block caving-induced subsidence crater. Numerical analysis of slope stability was conducted for an open pit slope using the Distinct Element Method code-3DEC. Probability distribution of the factor of safety (FS) was determined and possible slope failure mechanism was observed. In addition, the block caving-induced subsidence was investigated. The final outcomes indicate that Response Surface Methodology is applicable when couples with numerical modelling of complex issues, GSI is considered the most influential variable. The studied slope is considered stable due to the low value of the FS probability distribution (2.2%). This research is expected to provide a reference for slope stability analysis in case of transition from Open Pit to Underground Mining.

Stochastic Rock Slope Stability Analysis: Open Pit Case Study with Adjacent Block Caving

AbstractIn last decades, numerical modelling become a useful tool for solving complex geoengineering problems such as slope stability. On the other hand, probabilistic slope stability analyses are able to consider the variability of the rock mass properties in the decision making process. However, the application of probabilistic slope stability analysis with large three-dimensional numerical models is still limited due to the computational expenses of evaluating a substantial number of considered models. It is well-known that response surface methodology (RSM) couples the mathematical and statistical techniques to relate input variables to the response, allowing a reliable outcome and reasonable time of the analysis. Taking these advantages, this article presents an application of RSM in probabilistic slope stability analysis using three dimensional distinct element modelling. For this purpose, the most influencing factors including: uniaxial compressive strength, geological strength index (GSI), and shear strength of discontinuities, were taken into consideration to determine the probability of failure of an open pit slope located in vicinity of a block caving-induced subsidence crater. Numerical analysis of slope stability was conducted for an open pit slope using the Distinct Element Method code-3DEC. Probability distribution of the factor of safety (FS) was determined and possible slope failure mechanism was observed. In addition, the block caving-induced subsidence was investigated. The final outcomes indicate that Response Surface Methodology is applicable when couples with numerical modelling of complex issues, GSI is considered the most influential variable. The studied slope is considered stable due to the low value of the FS probability distribution (2.2%). This research is expected to provide a reference for slope stability analysis in case of transition from Open Pit to Underground Mining.

Adapting an environmental impact assessment method for open pit mines in Myanmar: A modified semi-mathematical Folchi approach

Since 1970, the global adoption of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has fostered the development of multiple EIA methodologies, ranging from sample techniques to scientific approaches, for assessing environmental impacts. These methodologies encompass diverse models such as Ad hoc, matrices, checklist, network, overlay, mathematical, simulation, and dispersion models. Among these, the Folchi method is one of the quantitative matrix methods, assigning magnitudes to each impacting factor based on different possible scenarios. In this method, a matrix consisting of weighting factors is systematically utilized to quantify and standardize the effect of each impacting factor on various environmental components. Myanmar, as a developing nation that has recently implemented EIA practices, has encountered significant challenges in the realm of EIA, particularly concerning methodologies for impact evaluation, assessment, and the formulation of effective mitigation measures for various development projects. To address these challenges, this study introduces an adapted semi-mathematical Folchi EIA method, demonstrating its application in open-pit mines across Myanmar. Adjustments were made to integrate domestic environmental guidelines and EIA procedures, often overlooked in previous studies. The assessment of impact magnitude prioritizes sensitivity, project type and size, and pollution thresholds. Additionally, the correlation weights (nil, minimum, medium, maximum) between impact factors and environmental components were also adjusted based on the project's nature and regional conditions. The findings of this study revealed both positive and negative environmental impacts associated with the four case study mines. Decision-makers and stakeholders can utilize this approach in decision making process, advancing sustainable development. With suitable adaptation, this approach can facilitate a rapid and comprehensive assessment of diverse environmental and social impacts associated with various development projects in the country.

Adapting an environmental impact assessment method for open pit mines in Myanmar: A modified semi-mathematical Folchi approach

Since 1970, the global adoption of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has fostered the development of multiple EIA methodologies, ranging from sample techniques to scientific approaches, for assessing environmental impacts. These methodologies encompass diverse models such as Ad hoc, matrices, checklist, network, overlay, mathematical, simulation, and dispersion models. Among these, the Folchi method is one of the quantitative matrix methods, assigning magnitudes to each impacting factor based on different possible scenarios. In this method, a matrix consisting of weighting factors is systematically utilized to quantify and standardize the effect of each impacting factor on various environmental components. Myanmar, as a developing nation that has recently implemented EIA practices, has encountered significant challenges in the realm of EIA, particularly concerning methodologies for impact evaluation, assessment, and the formulation of effective mitigation measures for various development projects. To address these challenges, this study introduces an adapted semi-mathematical Folchi EIA method, demonstrating its application in open-pit mines across Myanmar. Adjustments were made to integrate domestic environmental guidelines and EIA procedures, often overlooked in previous studies. The assessment of impact magnitude prioritizes sensitivity, project type and size, and pollution thresholds. Additionally, the correlation weights (nil, minimum, medium, maximum) between impact factors and environmental components were also adjusted based on the project's nature and regional conditions. The findings of this study revealed both positive and negative environmental impacts associated with the four case study mines. Decision-makers and stakeholders can utilize this approach in decision making process, advancing sustainable development. With suitable adaptation, this approach can facilitate a rapid and comprehensive assessment of diverse environmental and social impacts associated with various development projects in the country.

Advancing sustainability: An integrated decision support framework for fleet selection in open pit mining construction

The process of selecting and configuring equipment fleets for open-pit mining is complex, requiring consideration of both quantitative and qualitative criteria. This paper presents a novel comprehensive framework for selecting loading/hauling fleets in open-pit mining projects. Through an extensive review of the literature, a total of 21 selection criteria are initially identified. With guidance from local experts, these criteria are shortlisted into five primary groups: site conditions, managerial, social, and environmental criteria. The ranking of the identified selection criteria is carried out by employing the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT) methods, utilizing a questionnaire survey. The most crucial criteria in selecting loading/hauling equipment are identified as the equipment's operating cost, productivity, repair and maintenance costs, and soil condition. An optimization module is developed to optimize the selected fleet, while adhering to sustainability principles and project constraints. The optimization module considers social, economic, and environmental sustainability variables to determine the optimal number, size, type, and capacity of fleets needed to complete the work within the allotted time. As a case study, the proposed framework is validated by experts in these types of projects. The framework's ability to effectively select fleet units for sustainable loading/hauling fleet is confirmed through this validation method.

Large dump critical zone of interest identification and slope failure prediction using realistic 3D numerical modelling

Dump failure is one of the most catastrophic hazards in the opencast mining industry and involves sudden and violent failures. Therefore, susceptible region identification is essential for slope failure mitigation in the large dump. This study proposed a sustainable approach for large dump critical zone of interest (CZI) identification, stability monitoring and slope failure prediction. UAV close-range photogrammetry survey and structure-from-motion (SfM) approach were used for the dump realistic 3D model reconstruction. 3D numerical modelling was employed for dump stability analysis. In this investigation, the dump critical zone, slope factor of safety (FOS), displacement and slope failure prediction were analysed using the 3D numerical modelling. The results indicate that maximum displacement was found in the critical zone I. However, the dump was stable under static conditions. Dump critical slope failure time is predicted using the inverse velocity method. The results of this investigation are reliable and establish the scope of UAV photogrammetry for realistic 3D modelling. In addition, the slope stability state and failure model were consistent with field observations. The proposed approach can be used for the mine, hill, and roadcut slopes. UAV technology and 3D modelling approaches have substantially reduced data collection time and expense.

Integrated Optimization of Production Scheduling and Haulage Route Planning in Open-Pit Mines

In mining, deposits are divided into blocks, forming the basis for open-pit mine planning, covering production and haulage route planning. Current studies often stage optimization and lack the consideration of road capacity, leading to suboptimal solutions. A novel approach integrates production scheduling and haulage route planning through a bilevel optimization model. The upper-level model integrates ore mining constraints to establish a mixed-integer production scheduling model, minimizing haulage costs. Spatiotemporal correlation constraints for block mining are determined using a two-stage algorithm. The lower-level model incorporates road capacity, forming a haulage route optimization model based on multicommodity network flow. A solution algorithm with a distance penalty strategy facilitates feedback between the upper and lower levels, achieving optimal solutions. Tested on a real open-pit coal mine with over 5 million blocks, this approach reduces haulage costs by 10.06% compared to stage optimization. Additionally, this approach allows for adjusting haulage demand in both temporal and spatial dimensions, effectively preventing road congestion. This study advances rational mining processes and enhances the efficiency of open-pit mining haulage systems.