Open Mobile Alliance Research Articles

Multi-frequency smartphone positioning performance evaluation: insights into A-GNSS PPP-B2b services and beyond

In August 2023, Xiaomi unveiled the Redmi K60 Ultra, the first multi-frequency smartphone integrated with BeiDou-3 Navigation Satellite System Precise Point Positioning (PPP-B2b) services and employing PPP technology as the primary positioning method. The positioning enhancement service is provided by the Assisted Global Navigation Satellite System (A-GNSS) location platform developed by the China Academy of Information and Communications Technology. The signaling interaction between the server and the users strictly adheres to the Third Generation of Mobile Communications Technology Partnership Project Long-Term Evolution Positioning Protocol and the Open Mobile Alliance Secure User Plane Location framework. To comprehensively evaluate the Redmi K60 Ultra’s capabilities, this study designed six distinct experimental scenarios and conducted comprehensive research on multi-frequency and multi-GNSS observation noise, Time to First Fix (TTFF), as well as the performance of both GNSS-based and network-based positioning. Experimental results indicate that the GNSS chipset within the Redmi K60 Ultra has achieved a leading position in the consumer market concerning supported satellite constellations, frequencies, and observation accuracy, and is comparable to some low-cost GNSS receivers. A-GNSS positioning can reduce the TTFF from 30 to under 5 s, representing an improvement of over 85% in the cold start speed compared to a standalone GNSS mode. The positioning results show that the A-GNSS PPP-B2b service can achieve positioning performance with RMS errors of less than 1.5 m, 2.5 m, and 4 m in open-sky, realistic, and challenging urban environments. Compared to GNSS-based positioning, cellular network-based Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA) positioning achieves an accuracy ranging from tens to hundreds of meters in various experimental scenarios and currently functions primarily as coarse location determination. Additionally, this study explores the potential of the Three-Dimensional Mapping-Aided (3DMA) GNSS algorithm in detecting Non-Line-of-Sight signals and enhancing positioning performance. The results indicate that 3DMA PPP, as compared to conventional PPP, can significantly accelerate PPP convergence and improve positioning accuracy by over 30%. Consequently, 3D city models can be utilized as future assistance data for the A-GNSS location platform.

Scalable and interoperable edge-based federated learning in IoT contexts

The analysis of data coming from massively deployed Internet of Things (IoT) devices pave the way to a myriad of intelligent applications in several vertical domains. Federated Learning (FL) has been recently proposed as a prominent solution to train Machine Learning (ML) models directly on top of devices (FL clients) generating data, instead of moving them to centralized servers in charge of training procedures. FL provides inherent benefits, mainly in terms of privacy preservation and reduction of network congestion for datasets exchange. Despite the huge recent research efforts, it still faces challenges for a practical implementation effectively targeting low communication footprint, robustness and interoperability. To fill this gap, in this work we propose a novel comprehensive framework built upon the Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) publish/subscribe messaging protocol and the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) Lightweight Machine-to-Machine (LwM2M) semantics to facilitate FL operations and make them more suited to handle IoT devices acting as FL clients. The viability of the proposal as well as its communication efficiency compared to a literature solution are evaluated through a realistic Proof-of-Concept (PoC) under different link settings and for different datasets.

A Survey of IoT Management Protocols and Frameworks

As the complexity of Internet of Things (IoT) systems increases, a large variety of tools and technologies for IoT management are making their way into both research setups and the market. IoT management solutions must consider the resource restrictions of embedded devices, as well as their heterogeneity and network dynamics. With these in mind, the Internet Engineering Task Force developed several standards targeting the integration and interoperation of heterogeneous devices, such as the Representational State Transfer Configuration Protocol (RESTCONF) or the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) Management Interface. Concurrently, the Open Mobile Alliance developed the Lightweight Machine-to-Machine protocol, for IoT device management. This paper provides a comprehensive, up-to-date overview of IoT management technologies, frameworks and protocols. Also, it proposes a taxonomy for IoT devices management. In addition to presenting the various solutions, the paper provides comparative views, standardization timeline, and market analysis. The presented analysis ranges from traditional network management protocols, such as Simple Network Management Protocol, to the newest IoT management and configuration protocols, such as CoAP Management Interface and Lightweight Machine-to-Machine protocols. Moreover, this survey identifies remaining challenges and solutions offered by recent management protocols, not covered by previous surveys.

A Feasibility Study on Mission-Critical Push-to-Talk: Standards and Implementation Perspectives

In this article, we study feasibility issues of mission-critical push-to-talk (MCPTT), which is an evolution of a group communication service for public safety use. Along with the overall standardization of the MCPTT in the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), distinguishing features of MCPTT are investigated in comparison with Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) PTT over cellular (PoC). Based on the requirements of MCPTT, we elaborate on various technologies that need to be leveraged for minimizing end-to-end latency in terms of both communications and application processes. To validate MCPTT in practice, we show not only the realization of MCPTT with a practical testbed but also the verification with key performance indicators defined in the 3GPP specification as performance metrics. The results from our proof of concept reveal that MCPTT can be a reasonable candidate for group communication, guaranteeing a sufficient level of survivability and immediacy beyond its potential.

DynNav: Toward Open and Interoperable Navigation Services

Navigation devices, including apps for smartphones, have thus far been proprietary and closed. The Open Mobile Alliance Dynamic Navigation Enabler lets developers create novel navigation services characterized by openness and interoperability across different information providers.

Digital Right Management Model Based on Cryptography for Mobile Multimedia Content

Cryptography is one field of science is the application of principles and mathematical methods to solve the problems concerning the security of information and data sent over the internet. By using the binary tree method, the digital image is converted into a secret password to keep your data safe. Step decrypt digital image by transforming the image into a binary matrix and then perform permutation KBRP who previously sequence of bits given action division bit per blok, after assembling bits into a binary tree and in the binary tree is given a key to turn it into a semi chipertexts, and finally recast the results of conversion bit into a matrix and then do a shift rows and columns so obtained chipertexts. Returns to the original image using the same symmetric algorithms. Based on the imagery used the result that there is some noise in the picture with an average of 40 dB, a good image quality and can be recognized as the original image. The security required seems to be either compromised or not present at all besides, security costs money, resources and time and there is no one to pay for it either. The arena of Mobile Digital Rights Management consists of various players. End-user, Mobile Operator and Content Provider (and owner, publisher and retailer) being the legs of the tripod, the groundwork is to be laid by the technology providers of Infrastructure, Handset, Content Delivery Solution, Digital Rights Management Solution, Billing and Clearing. Keywords: OMA- Open Mobile Alliance, DRM-Digital Right Management, CoIP : Communication over Internet Protocol, 3G-Third Generate

Ubiquitous Learning System using Femto Technology

Users or learners want ubiquitous connectivity independent of devices and locations. Femto technology seems to be a good candidate for the open mobile alliance that can potentially play a much broader role by enabling a new class of multimedia and ubiquitous learning. The femtocells operate in the licensed spectrum and provide flexible and scalable end-to-end connectivity. In this paper, we present a femto technology for ubiquitous learning (u-learning) system. We consider the scenario that femtocells and macrocells are being operated in campus area and study the link budget of femtocells.

OMA DM v1.x compliant lightweight device management for constrained M2M devices

ABSTRACTThis paper presents Exalted Lightweight For Open Mobile Alliance Device Management (OMA DM) v1.x, an alternative lightweight solution that is fully compatible with the current OMA DM protocol and with all existing OMA Management Objects. This solution aims to enable operators and service providers to leverage their existing OMA DM servers to continue supporting current OMA DM enabled mobile devices and to incrementally support new constrained machine to machine devices through an added proxy server. Exalted Lightweight For Open Mobile Alliance Device Management v1.x reduces the size of OMA DM messages by 89% while optimizing the processing performance and resource consumption. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The design and implementation of OMA restful location services in wireless sensor environments

Open Mobile Alliance RESTful location services are standard RESTful web services for terminal location. They are location technology independent, and enable applications' portability and interoperability. Wireless sensors are electronic devices that can sense context: space, environment, and physiology. Location is a key element of space context information. Wireless sensors can sense location with a level of accuracy that most other technologies cannot provide, which has made them the technology of choice for several applications. This article focuses on the design and implementation of OMA RESTful location services in wireless sensor environments. A novel architecture is proposed and implemented. The architectural components and operational procedures are described. The proof of concept prototype is also described, along with the measurements. Several lessons were learned in this process and are shared in the article.

Efficient RTSP-based multiple buffering and packet transmission methods for delivering OMA PoC Box service

OMA (Open Mobile Alliance) PoC (Push-to-talk over Cellular) integrates group voice-video communications, internet services, and multimedia services for use at terminals. It allows the use of PoC Box for users who cannot participate in PoC sessions for a variety of reasons such as absence, emergency situations, and battery discharge. The PoC standard recommends that RTSP (Real Time Streaming Protocol) be used when media is transmitted from a PoC Box to a PoC terminal. While for a RTSP-based VOD service a large packet size is used to take advantage of fast wired networks, a RTSP-based transmission method that takes into account the nature of wireless communication environments is needed for the PoC service. To enable a user to effectively access important information in in-transit media via playback control and to reduce playback delay, this paper proposed buffering and packet transmission methods, the performance and adequacy of which were verified through testing. The buffering methods are Alternating Double Buffering, Advance Partition Multiple Buffering, and On-Demand Multiple Buffering, while the packet transmission methods are Same-Priority Packet Transmission and Priority-based Packet Transmission.

OMA DS 표준을 지원하는 자료동기화 서버 구축 및 적합성 검증

본 논문에서는 모바일 통신 환경을 위한 자료동기화 서버를 구축하였으며, 구축된 서버의 적합성 및 성능 검증결과를 제시한다. 본 논문에서 구축한 자료동기화 서버는 클라이언트(모바일 단말기)가 최신의 자료를 유지할 수 있게 도와주며, 클라이언트와 서버 간 자료의 일치성을 보장하도록 한다. 또한 다양한 자료동기화 타입을 제공하며, 자료의 변경 및 충돌을 탐지하고 충돌 발생 시 이를 해결하기 위한 정책을 제공한다. 게다가, OMA(Open Mobile Alliance) DS(Data Synchronization) 프로토콜을 준수함으로써, 상호 호환성을 보장하도록 설계 구현되었다. 뿐만 아니라, 기존의 자료동기화 서버들이 사용하는 레코드 단위 전송방식의 단점을 보완하기 위해 필드 단위 전송 방식도 지원하도록 구현되었다. 구축된 자료동기화 서버의 기능 및 성능 적합성을 검증하기 위해 OMA에서 제공하는 적합성 검증 도구인 SCTS(SyncML Conformance Test Suit)와의 동기화를 수행하였으며, 다양한 상황에서 의 성능을 평가하였다. 검증 결과, SCTS 항목 중 대용량 오브젝트 기능을 제외한 모든 검증 항목을 만족함을 알 수 있었다. 대용량의 오브젝트를 분할하여 전송하는 기능은, 개인정보 동기화 목적의 본 연구에는 필요치 않아 구현하지 않았으며, 향후 구현할 예정이다. 서버의 성능을 평가하기 위한 동기화 소요시간 측정 결과, 본 논문의 자료동기화 서버는 동기화 자료 및 클라이언트 수의 증가에 따른 동기화 소요시간의 증가가 완만함을 확인할 수 있었으며, 확장성이 있다고 판단하였다. 또한, 제안된 서버와 동일한 프로토콜을 사용하는 SCTS 서버, Synthesis와 성능을 비교 한 결과, SCTS 서버에 비해 제안된 서버를 사용하였을 때가 동기화에 요구되는 시간이 더 짧음을 알 수 있었다. Synthesis 서버와 비교해보면, 제안된 서버가 더 많은 동기화 소요시간을 요구하지만, 동기화 할 자료의 수가 많고 동기화 대상 자료(레코드)의 일부 필드만 변경된 상황에서는 제안된 서버가 더 우수함을 알 수 있었다. 즉, 제안된 서버는 기존의 자료동기화 서버들과 비교해 동일하거나 추가된 기능을 제공하면서도, 동기화 자료의 수가 증가할수록 더 우수한 성능을 보여줌을 뜻한다. OMA DS를 준수하는 자료동기화 서버를 직접 구축해봄으로써, 향후 모바일 DS 기능을 개선하기 위한 다양한 연구의 기초 프레임이 될 것이라고 기대한다. In this paper, a DS (Data Synchronization) server for mobile communication environments is constructed and the suitability and the performance of its operations are validated. The DS server provides a way to update the newest data and keep data consistency for clients (mobile devices). In addition, the DS server constructed in this paper supports various synchronization types, and detects all changes and conflicts. In case of data conflicts, the DS server resolves the conflicts according to the several policies implemented in this work. The DS server conforms to the OMA(Open Mobile Alliance) DS standard protocol for interoperability with other mobile devices and servers. In addition to the transmission-by record scheme proposed by the OMA DS standard protocol, the DS server constructed in this paper also provides the transmission-by field scheme for the enhancement transmission performance between the server and clients. In order to validate its operations, data synchronization between the DS server and the SCTS (SyncML Conformance Test Suit), the suitability validation tool provided by the OMA, is performed. The validation results show that the DS server constructed in this paper satisfies all of the test cases except the Large Object function. The Large Object function will be implemented later because the function is not needed for the personal information synchronization process which this paper aims for. Also, synchronization times of the DS server are measured while increasing the number of data and clients. The results of the performance evaluations demonstrate that the DS server is scalable, in the sense that it has not suffered from any serious bottlenecks with respect to the number of data and clients. We expect that this work will provide a framework for various studies in the future for improving mobile DS operations.

A new call control scheme of Push-To-Talk system

For Push-To-Talk (PTT) system based on Public Mobile Data Network (PMDN), the end-to-end time delay is the key aspect of the user’s experience. The Push-Over-Cellular (POC) scheme defined by Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) is based on the VoIP phone model and use SIP protocol as the call control scheme. The call setup time delay in SIP may reach to several seconds, which is unacceptable for the PTT service. In this paper, we provide a new call control scheme for PTT system based on PLMN network. By combining the apriority knowledge of PTT call model and the priority control scheme, we encapsulate the signaling message and the voice data into a same data packet, when the user push the button, the voice and the call control signaling are sent to the server at the same time. So the long time delay of call setup procedure of POC scheme can be eliminate. The end-to-end call delay can be decreased significantly. The experiment result based on the commercial CDMA2000 1X network of China Unicom shows that the call delay can be decreased to 600 ms, which approach to the traditional trunk communication system’s requirement.

Supporting ubiquitous location information in interworking 3G and wireless networks

Location-based services (LBSs) have emerged as an important interest of wireless Internet service providers (WISPs) and network operators. Positioning mobile devices in the third generation (3G) of wireless communication networks (such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, or UMTS) is crucial to many commercial services, including location applications that utilize accurate positioning (such as handset navigation tracking and locating points of interest); public and private emergency services, calling firefighters, medical teams, and emergency roadside assistance; and future applications (such as fraud detection, location-sensitive billing, and advertising). However, positioning techniques vary by accuracy, implementation cost, and typical application scenarios (such as indoor and outdoor). WISPs can exploit their availability in order to locate their users in heterogeneous environments by using the most suitable positioning technique in a manner transparent to the user. The recent interworking between 3G systems and the current generation of wireless networks (such as IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth) allows WISPs to leverage wireless networks for localization purposes. Wireless hotspots in public and private places (including homes, offices, airports, shopping malls, arenas, hotels, and libraries), along with the new generation of mobile devices supporting multiple positioning technologies (such as GPS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and RFID), fosters WISP development of integrated positioning systems. Proprietary architectural solutions have been proposed, as in Faggion et al. and Autodesk.com, to provide ubiquitous location information by integrating multiple positioning methods and infrastructures. However, in order to put minimal demand on existing operator network infrastructure and safeguard customers from risk associated with new technologies, architectures, protocols, interfaces, and application environments means using open standards when designing solutions. An open-standards-based solution would allow and encourage interoperability, enabling WISPs that adopt different positioning solutions to negotiate roaming agreements. They could then provide LBSs to their users across networks belonging to other WISPs using different standard-compliant location platforms, expanding the coverage area of their own location services and delivering benefits for themselves and their users alike. Here, we explore the elements involved in provisioning LBSs and propose an open-standards-based two-tier architecture for inferring location information in heterogeneous wireless networks and ubiquitous personal networks (such as 3G, WLAN, and Bluetooth). This solution exploits multiple indoor and outdoor positioning methods and technologies to infer and provide location information compliant with LBS requirements, including accuracy, coverage, privacy, and security. Being designed as a user-plane architecture means location information is part of wireless user data and transported over user bearers (such as the wireless data network IP and short message service, or SMS). The architecture is based on the Open Mobile Alliance Secure User Plane Location (SUPL) using existing standards when available and enabling exchange of positioning information between mobile terminals and the network. The two levels in the architecture provide appropriate abstractions for supporting an extensible framework that enables new positioning technologies supported by the network or by the mobile device, added without further change to the existing architecture. Increased performance scalability makes it possible to balance the load among servers at different levels. The logical separation between communication and positioning infrastructures allows WISPs to locate a user through a network different from the one to which it is connected. This feature enables positioning and communication technologies to evolve independently, simplifying integration between them in the architecture.

A conformance test tool for next generation network applications and systems

AbstractThis paper describes the architecture and operations of a test system NGNAS‐SIOTP. NGNAS‐SIOTP is designed based on the Testing and Test Control Notation Version 3 (TTCN‐3) specifications for the conformance testing of next generation network applications and systems. By specifying conformance test cases in abstract level, the test cases are language and platform‐independent, and the implementation of the test cases can be more convenient. We use an Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) Browsing test case of XHTML Structure Module and an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) test case of Replaces Extension Header Field to illustrate how conformance tests can be implemented and conducted in our NGNAS‐SIOTP. These test cases conform to the OMA Enabler Test Specification (Conformance) for OMA Browsing and RFC documents for IMS. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Standardization as open innovation: two cases from the mobile industry

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to introduce standardization as a neutral arena for open innovation. The aim is to show that different policies towards open membership in standardization initiatives lead to different open innovation processes.Design/methodology/approachTwo cases are used to illustrate the differences in open innovation processes. The cases are the Android mobile operating system and the service platform developed by the Open Mobile Alliance. The core process types introduced by Gassmann and Enkel are used to show the different open innovation approaches.FindingsBoth cases use open innovation to create standards. Open membership leads to a coupled process, while a more restricted membership gives separate inside‐out and outside‐in processes. The case lead by established firms in the industry has a process where radical innovations are introduced early in the process, while the case lead by newcomers has a process where radical innovations are introduced late in the process. The two cases have different approaches towards commercialization of the products. Android relies on third‐party developers, while the Open Mobile Alliance relies on their own members.Research limitations/implicationsThe cases are from the telecommunication sector and based on standardization of large technical platforms. The findings might not be the same for other sectors.Originality/valueThe paper establishes open innovation as a neutral arena for open innovation outside the domain of any single firm. It shows how the openness towards membership influences the choice of open innovation processes.

Secure User Plane Location: concept and performance

Assisted GPS (A-GPS) has received much attention from both academic and industry because of its two major advantages, faster positioning and greater sensitivity. Secure User Plane Location (SUPL) is an emerging standard for A-GPS produced by the Open Mobile Alliance. This article briefly reviews A-GPS, then introduces the SUPL architecture and explains how SUPL works. An intensive SUPL A-GPS survey under different environments is reported in detail, while a standalone GPS test was utilized for comparison. The survey was carried out in 24 locations over the University of New South Wales campus representing 5 types of terrain: Urban, Suburban, Rural, Indoor, and Open sky with a wide range of acquisition difficulty levels. The results show SUPL can bring a great benefit in fast positioning—much shorter Time-To-First-Fix and high sensitivity—and a much lower failure rate.

OMA DM‐based remote software fault management for mobile devices

AbstractMobile devices (e.g. mobile handsets or PDAs) have gained much functionality and intelligence with the growth of mobile network technologies and the increased use of mobile services. As a consequence, mobile devices have become more complex and many related problems have occurred. Specifically, sudden rebooting and freezing problems caused by software faults decrease the availability of the mobile device and cause inconvenience to end‐users. To solve such problems, academia and industry have focused on Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) Device Management (DM); this method is the international de facto standard for mobile device management. In this paper, we propose a software fault management method to remotely determine and correct problems of mobile devices based on OMA DM. We present a definition of management objects and a method to collect them from mobile devices using the OMA DM protocol. We also present a method for debugging and correcting software faults using the collected information. Finally, we present a prototype implementation and performance evaluation to validate our proposed method. Results of the performance evaluation show that our proposed method is efficient and scalable in regard to network traffic overhead and response time. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Work of an International Standardization Consortia

This article gives an account of the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA), a standardization consortium. OMA incorporates actors both from the telecommunication and IT sector. The two sectors have different standardization traditions. OMA could have chosen a multitude of setups and work procedures, but ended up with a traditional organization with technical plenary and work groups, and a consensus oriented work style. Why did OMA chose to organize itself this way? The article argues that this is due to the legacy of the organization and its members, the interconnectedness and systemic nature of the infrastructure, and the overall structure and spirit of the telecommunication field. The article also argues that the whish for legitimacy steers the organization towards its current structure, and alternative organizational forms that are less open and inclusive could create IPR licensing problems, and reduce the perceived legitimacy of the OMA standards.

MBMS—IP Multicast/Broadcast in 3G Networks

In this article, the Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service (MBMS) as standardized in 3GPP is presented. With MBMS, multicast and broadcast capabilities are introduced into cellular networks. After an introduction into MBMS technology, MBMS radio bearer realizations are presented. Different MBMS bearer services like broadcast mode, enhanced broadcast mode and multicast mode are discussed. Streaming and download services over MBMS are presented and supported media codecs are listed. Service layer components as defined in Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) are introduced. For a Mobile TV use case capacity improvements achieved by MBMS are shown. Finally, evolution of MBMS as part of 3GPP standardization is presented.

Requirements for the Next Generation Standardized Location Technology Protocol for Location-Based Services

The booming location-based services business requires more accuracy and availability from positioning technologies. While several proprietary location and positioning protocols have been developing in the market, scalable and cost-effective solutions can only be realized using standardized solutions. Currently the positioning protocol standardization is concentrated in the 3GPP and 3GPP2 that define Control Plane (CP) positioning technologies for Radio Access Networks’ native use. The limitations of the control plane in terms of architecture and bearer protocols are necessarily reflected in the CP positioning protocols and limit the feature sets offered. In addition to 3GPP/2 positioning technologies are also defined in WiMAX Forum and in IEEE for WLAN networks. Location protocols in IP-networks, such as OMA SUPL (Open Mobile Alliance Secure User Plane Location protocol), encapsulate the CP positioning protocols. Thus the limitations of the CP protocols have also been copied to the User Plane, although the bearer there would be much more capable. Due to the shortcomings in the CP positioning protocols, standardization activity for a new bearer-independent positioning protocol is proposed in order to fulfil the needs of the future location-based services. This paper discusses the current solutions, trends in the location technologies and outlines requirements for the future location technology protocol in terms of protocol features and data content. The development of a generic positioning technology protocol is seen as an important development towards a convergence in the location protocols and the capability to provide location-based services irrespective of the bearer network. This has a major impact on the service development as well as user experience.