Open Government Data Implementation Research Articles

Institutional Dimensions in Open Government Data: A Deep Dive Into Indonesia’s Satu Data Initiative and Its Implications for Developing Countries

Institutional factors such as data standardization, data interoperability, and the ability to include other stakeholders (e.g., civil society) in ecosystems are now understood as crucial considerations in Open Government Data (OGD) implementation. However, most of the current understanding of institutional factors linked to OGD growth has evolved around highly digitalized and developed countries. This study aims to address this gap by investigating open data implementation in Indonesia, a developing country that has been an early advocate of OGD in the "Asia Pacific". In 2014, Indonesia implemented Satu Data Indonesia (One Data Indonesia) as a national initiative to promote OGD objectives. We employ institutional dimensions as the central theoretical lens to unpack the successes and impediments to Satu Data Indonesia’s development. This research dataset is built on 16 expert interviews from government (n = 14) and private (n = 2) organizations that directly contribute to the growth of Satu Data Indonesia, qualitatively triangulated with documentary analysis of key policy and regulatory documents. These new data provide important insights into the complexity and challenges of nationwide OGD implementation and data-sharing. Our findings show that despite its being an early advocate, Indonesia’s OGD initiative is still in the early stages of development, impeded by several policy and administrative bottlenecks.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ФАКТОРОВ, ОПРЕДЕЛЯЮЩИХ ПРИНЯТИЕ ОТКРЫТЫХ ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВЕННЫХ ДАННЫХ: ПРИМЕР ИНДОНЕЗИИ

In response to the growing interest in open government data (OGD) worldwide, there is a pressing need for research that explores the determinants of OGD adoption. This study aims to address this research gap by investigating the factors that influence the adoption of OGD among government agencies, especially in the Indonesian context. Drawing on previous research on innovation adoption, the study develops a comprehensive research model that integrates the technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework and four key factors: perceived benefits, perceived risks, organizational readiness, and external pressures. To empirically examine the research model, survey data from 320 government officials were collected and analyzed through regression and path analysis. The results reveal a significant positive relationship between perceived benefits and external pressures toward the adoption of OGD by government agencies. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and agencies seeking to enhance OGD implementation, emphasizing the pivotal role of tangible benefits and external stimuli in driving the adoption of initiatives.

Is it real or illusory? An empirical examination of the impact of open government data on innovation capability in the case of China

The values and effects of open government data (OGD) initiative are a hot issue in academic research and practical exploration, which is of great significance to promote the continuous implementation and development of OGD. Previous studies have discussed the various categories of potential values and impacts of OGD, however, the empirical evidence is limited. Hence, this study focuses on the innovation effect of OGD initiatives and employs the quasi-nature experiment method to explore and verify the causal relationship between the implementation of OGD and the innovation capability of cities in China. This research constructs panel data of cities in China from the years 2012–2020, and adopts the multi-period difference-in- difference analysis method to conduct empirical study. The results prove that the implementation of OGD initiatives has positive impact on innovation capability, and the parallel trend test and robustness test results also support this conclusion. In addition, this study also concludes that the impact of OGD initiatives on innovation capability is dynamic and continuous. Finally, the heterogeneity analysis results indicate that the effect of OGD initiatives on innovation capability varies among cities in different geographical locations and administrative levels. This manuscript enriches studies on the values and impacts of OGD initiatives and also provides references for OGD implementation.

Factors influencing open government data post-adoption in the public sector: The perspective of data providers.

Providing access to non-confidential government data to the public is one of the initiatives adopted by many governments today to embrace government transparency practices. The initiative of publishing non-confidential government data for the public to use and re-use without restrictions is known as Open Government Data (OGD). Nevertheless, after several years after its inception, the direction of OGD implementation remains uncertain. The extant literature on OGD adoption concentrates primarily on identifying factors influencing adoption decisions. Yet, studies on the underlying factors influencing OGD after the adoption phase are scarce. Based on these issues, this study investigated the post-adoption of OGD in the public sector, particularly the data provider agencies. The OGD post-adoption framework is crafted by anchoring the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework and the innovation adoption process theory. The data was collected from 266 government agencies in the Malaysian public sector. This study employed the partial least square-structural equation modeling as the statistical technique for factor analysis. The results indicate that two factors from the organizational context (top management support, organizational culture) and two from the technological context (complexity, relative advantage) have a significant contribution to the post-adoption of OGD in the public sector. The contribution of this study is threefold: theoretical, conceptual, and practical. This study contributed theoretically by introducing the post-adoption framework of OGD that comprises the acceptance, routinization, and infusion stages. As the majority of OGD adoption studies conclude their analysis at the adoption (decisions) phase, this study gives novel insight to extend the analysis into unexplored territory, specifically the post-adoption phase. Conceptually, this study presents two new factors in the environmental context to be explored in the OGD adoption study, namely, the data demand and incentives. The fact that data providers are not influenced by data requests from the agency's external environment and incentive offerings is something that needs further investigation. In practicality, the findings of this study are anticipated to assist policymakers in strategizing for long-term OGD implementation from the data provider's perspective. This effort is crucial to ensure that the OGD initiatives will be incorporated into the public sector's service thrust and become one of the digital government services provided to the citizen.

IMPLEMENTATION OF OPEN GOVERNMENT DATA IN ASIAN COUNTRIES: A REVIEW


 
 Open Government Data (OGD) is data gathered and processed by public sector or government agencies and made available to the public via a web portal. Many countries have implemented OGD in order to promote economic growth and social development (e.g., the UK, Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Australia, Netherlands, etc.). The purpose of this paper is to examine the implementation of OGD in a few Asian countries based on previous research, in order to understand the challenges and experiences of OGD implementation in these countries. Analysis was done on the relevant literature and online resources. The findings indicate that there are many benefits gained from the OGD implementation, at the same time there are challenges that need to be overcome before realizing these benefits. Additionally, it was found that there are several factors that contribute towards successful OGD implementation in those selected countries. Another finding is that there is not many past research related to OGD implementation in Asian countries, hence it can be concluded that OGD research in this region is still at infancy.
 

Performance of open government data in a developing economy: a multi-stakeholder case analysis of Ghana

PurposeThis study uses the technology fit–viability theory to study the performance of one of the early pioneers of open government data (OGD) in Africa. The study aims to investigate the task and technology fit, as well as the economic, IT infrastructure and organisational viability as performance measures for the Ghana Open Government Data (GOGD) initiative.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopted a qualitative approach by interviewing key actors within the GOGD ecosystem, namely, the OGD implementing body, data suppliers and data users. The results were compared with established OGD best practices and standards around the world.FindingsThe results suggest that Ghana’s OGD architecture appears far from meeting its fit and viability goals because of lacklustre performance attributed to the following factors: a complete lack of synergy among various stakeholder groups and actors in the GOGD ecosystem, a lack of sustainable financial support for the implementing body, a shortage of qualified staff for the GOGD project and partial neglect of GOGD as a consequence of the implementation of a new project called eTransform.Research limitations/implicationsThis research is limited to Ghana’s OGD initiative. Perhaps, a comparative study on the performance of other OGD initiatives in Africa and other developed countries will present another view of how OGD initiatives are performing across the globe. Again, the number of interviewees in the study may not be sufficient to generalise the results.Practical implicationsThe study guides developing economies on how to examine national and international legal frameworks that have consequences on the usage of OGD at the national and sub-national levels. Besides, the study results will help implementing agencies and by extension government to be wary of the consequences of neglecting relevant stakeholders in the implementation process. The study also emphasizes on the need for developing economies to have sustainable funding and technical support for OGD implementation.Social implicationsThe study helps shape citizens’ understanding of what the government is doing pursuant to making data readily available for them. Because OGD spurs innovations, citizens’ continuous involvement is key in the process of realising government drive to be open and accountable to citizens through data.Originality/valueThis research is the first, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, to present a retrospective and prospective view of a country’s OGD implementation to ascertain the country’s fit and viability. More uniquely, this study will be the first, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, in assessing the performance of OGD setup in Africa.

Incentive mechanisms for government officials' implementing open government data in China

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the factors influencing the behaviors of government officials during the implementation of open government data (OGD). By identifying and understanding the key factors that determine government officials' adoption of OGD in China, this study can create a valuable reference for other countries and their decision-making regarding government implementation of OGD.Design/methodology/approachThis research collected data by in-depth interviews with government officials in Chinese OGD departments. Through these interviews, the authors consulted 15 administrators from departments that are responsible for the information tasks in Beijing and other cities on their opinions about OGD. The authors also interviewed senior executives from information technology (IT) companies, as well as open data policy scholars from big data alliance and research institutions.FindingsThis paper provides insights about how to promote government officials in OGD implementation, including (1) strengthen social supervision for the environment, through developing and publishing OGD technology roadmaps, then attracting the public to actively participate in the implementing of OGD; (2) establish an OGD assessment mechanism for government officials, with bonus motivations, position promotion incentives, as well as spiritual incentives via regional or sector rankings; (3) alleviate the risks of officials' OGD decisions in actual practice, using the institution construction of OGD to guide its direction and strengthen security protection.Originality/valueThis paper fulfils an identified need to study how government officials' behavior can be motivated on OGD implementation.

Effect of an agency’s resources on the implementation of open government data

Open government data (OGD) exhibits substantial political, economic, cultural, and social values that have gained considerable attention globally. Based on the investigation and analysis of the OGD practice, this study raises the research question, “Why do considerable differences exist in the degree of OGD implementation among different agencies under the same local government?” Our study takes resource-based theory as theoretical foundation to explore the factors that affect OGD implementation of constituent agencies within the same local government. A questionnaire survey is conducted to analyze the effect of factors including technical capacity, organizational awareness, organizational arrangement, and rules and regulations on OGD implementation. Results show that the technical capacity, organizational arrangement, and rules and regulations of government agencies have a direct positive effect on OGD implementation. Notably, rules and regulations moderate the relationship between technical capacity and OGD implementation. Besides, the matching degree of technical capacity and other organizational factors in a government agency exerts a positive influence on OGD implementation. Finally, our study proposes policy suggestions that emphasize the direction and focus for OGD implementation.

Understanding the key factors and configurational paths of the open government data performance: Based on fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis

The governments worldwide have attached great importance to open government data (OGD), and many OGD projects have emerged in recent years. However, the performance of OGD greatly differs in various districts and governments. Therefore, the influencing factors of OGD performance should be explored. However, the existing research has not yet established a systematic analytical framework for OGD performance, and the explanation degree of performance differences in OGD implementation is limited. Thus, this study takes technical management capacity, financial resource, organization arrangement, rules and regulations, organization culture, public demand, and inter-government competition as antecedent conditions under the perspective of technology–organization–environment framework and resource-based theory. From the cases of 16 provincial OGD practice in China, we employ fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to explore the influencing mechanism of the interaction and coordination of multiple conditions on OGD performance. Results indicate that OGD performance depends on the integration of the total effect of various factors. Moreover, four configurational paths could be utilized to achieve high OGD performance, namely, organization–balanced path, organization–environment path, balanced path, and organization–technology path. Furthermore, a substitution relationship exists among different conditional variables, which points out the direction and focus of the implementation of OGD for governments with different endowment characteristics. This study enriches the existing studies of OGD implementation and provides references for OGD practice.

IMPROVEMENT STRATEGY FOR OPEN GOVERNMENT DATA USING FUZZY AHP: CASE STUDY JAKARTA OPEN DATA

Open Government Data (OGD) implementation provides benefits for government performance and public services. Based on the Indonesian government's openness action plan 2018-2020, the importance of monitoring and evaluation of OGD implementation for sustainable development is emphasized. This study aims to prioritize criteria and provide recommendations for OGD evaluations at the Jakarta Open Data. Through the mix method approach, expert interviews have been conducted to test the validity of the criteria which then carried out the distribution of questionnaires to eleven expert respondents from five departments. The data is processed using the fuzzy-Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine each weight on twenty criteria in four dimensions. The results of this study indicate that in the short term, OGD internal evaluations in the DKI Jakarta provincial government can be done by assessing eight main priority criteria, namely accuracy, completeness, compliance, understandability, timeliness, openness, functionality, and reliability which are then based on overall criteria. These results are the basis for discussion in the Data Forum and the establishment of Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) to assist and accelerate the process of collecting, processing, verifying and validating data from 51 regional work units. Externally, the Jakarta Open Data team can pay attention to the conditions of citizen engagement in the OGD and the existence of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between relevant ministries or agencies that does not yet have data officers or information and documentation management officers for effective and efficient data processing

A LITERATURE REVIEW ON OPEN GOVERNMENT DATA

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Institutional Dimensions of Open Government Data Implementation: Evidence from Transition Countries

Over the past 10 years, we have observed a significant growth in open data adoption in governments across the globe. Potential barriers and enablers of open government data have been well-documented in the literature. However, nearly all of this research has been conducted in Western, democratic and developed societies, with very little known about open government data implementation in less developed countries. This article investigates how institutional dimensions affect open data implementation in six understudied countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. This research presents rich data based on an analysis of 31 documents and focus group discussions with a total of 89 participants. In general, we find that in these countries the same institutional dimensions influence OGD implementation as in their Western counterparts. A striking difference, however, is that we find open data implementation in transition countries to be much more fragile and highly dependent on foreign aid initiatives. This paper also strengthens the argument that institutional dimensions explain the performance of open data implementation.

Exploring the Issues of Open Government Data Implementation in Malaysian Public Sectors

The paper presents a preliminary study of current progress and the issues of OGD implementation in Malaysia. With this objective, the authors attempt to identify initial factors that influence OGD implementation in the public sectors and discern how far the OGD initiative in Malaysia has grown since its inception. The authors make the highlight of the OGD implementation phase rather than adoption phase due to the research aim is to look at the OGD activities beyond adoption. Adoption phase is where the organization is in the state of deciding whether to adopt an innovation or not, while the implementation phase is the extent where the innovation is taking into actual use. Taking from the perspective of the central agency who is leading the OGD initiative, by using interview, observation, and desk research as the research approaches, the issues pertaining to OGD implementation is consolidated into the technology-organization-environment framework. The findings have indicated that data granularity, culture, policy, resources, skills, incentives, use and participation, and external pressure are the current issues transpired in the OGD implementation. These findings are contributing to the conceptual framework of authors’ future works in determining the factors influencing OGD post-adoption in the public sectors.

Institutional Dimensions of Open Government Data Implementation: Evidence from the Netherlands, Sweden, and the UK

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the institutional dimensions that shape Open Government Data (OGD) implementation in three developed countries: the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Thirty-two expert interviews and document analysis were used to research OGD implementation practices. The results reveal that OGD implementation as such is not enough to ensure the sustainability and success of OGD adoption in a country. Five different dimensions should be distinguished: policy and strategy, legislative foundations, organizational arrangements, relevant skills, public support and awareness. The approach to the institutional dimensions differs between the countries. Centralized OGD governance is shown to yield better results and a higher level of OGD implementation. The contribution of the present study is twofold: first, the article introduces institutional dimensions for explaining OGD implementation; second, it presents a comparative analysis of best practices in the three developed countries.

Significance of open government data in the GCC countries

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review the strengths and weaknesses of open government data (OGD) in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states: Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).Design/methodology/approachThe paper takes a qualitative approach to explore the OGD portals of the GCC countries.FindingsThe OGD policies of the GCC countries are at an early stage and there are many challenges that need to be addressed. Specifically, there are privacy concerns regarding the utilization and harnessing of OGD, and users are wary of sharing their vital information via the internet owing to information leaks. Besides, the paper throws light on some of the lessons which may be derived from the OGD policies of developed nations.Originality/valueAcademic research on OGD implementation in the GCC is limited. This study seeks to fill the gap in the extant literature by probing different dimensions associated with OGD implementation in the GCC context.

Prospects of open government data (OGD) in facilitating the economic diversification of GCC region

PurposeAs the ongoing oil prices’ crisis is emerging as a major cause of concern for the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region, the constituent governments are attempting at undertaking measures of economic diversification to attain long-term sustainability. The author posits that open government data (OGD) has a significant role to play in facilitating the economic turnaround of the GCC region, given that OGD promotes innovation and economic growth besides providing avenues for collaboration and participation among different stakeholders.Design/methodology/approachFollowing a structured literature review, the paper scans literature on OGD followed by providing a typology of countries on the basis of their OGD-adherence (“laggard”, “caged”, “forerunner” and “champ”). This is followed by a discussion on the ongoing oil prices’ crisis, and evidentiary support is lent by examples from the OGD portals of each of the six GCC countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates) to provide indicators as to how a robust OGD implementation may support their economic diversification objectives.FindingsAlthough the present OGD framework of the GCC is relatively weak, it is asserted that OGD has immense potential in facilitating the economic diversification initiatives of the GCC countries. Therefore, the GCC needs to strategize upon institutionalization of their OGD initiatives for realizing their “vision” and goals of economic diversification to result in an economic turnaround effectively.Originality/valueBesides providing a typology of countries as OGD-adherents and categorizing GCC as “forerunner(s)” on the basis of the typology, the originality of the study lies in its attempt to answer the research question: “what is the role of the OGD in facilitating the economic diversification of the GCC?” Conceding that the research on OGD in the GCC context is few and far between, the present study is a significant contribution to the extant literature pertaining to the roll-out of OGD in developing countries.

Utility of Open Government Data for PhD students in India

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the utility of Open Government Data (OGD) from the perspective of the PhD students in India.Design/methodology/approachSemi-structured interviews are conducted with 68 PhD students in India to solicit their perspectives regarding the utility of OGD for them. Convenience and snowball sampling was used for contacting the PhD students and the study was conducted among students of North India who are from public and private universities.FindingsWhile some PhD students tap OGD for their research work, others use OGD as informational tools for broadening their general knowledge. There are also some PhD students who do not use OGD at all. There are challenges associated with OGD usage by the PhD students. For instance, the outdated and incomplete data available on the government websites prevent their optimum use. Likewise, information available on the government websites needs to be revised on a regular basis for proper utilization in research.Research limitations/implicationsThe study approached PhD students for seeking their perspectives about OGD utility and further research is required with a large number of respondents. Nevertheless, the study leaves social and practical implications because while the study leaves insights for more involvement of PhD students in tapping OGD for their research, it also leaves recommendations for the policy-makers to take a pro-active stance by providing data sets regularly and accurately for improving government efficiency in public service delivery.Originality/valueHitherto, conceptual and theory-driven research on OGD has been undertaken and case study-based research works have been conducted to assess the challenges and prospects of OGD implementation in Western settings. Furthermore, prior research has solicited perspectives from stakeholders like public officials, politicians or citizens to investigate the difficulties in OGD use and policy-implementation. Identifying the research gaps in extant literature with respect to the aforesaid dimensions, this is the first study where the perspectives of Indian PhD students have been recorded in terms of the utility of OGD in research and other purposes.

A Model to Guide the Open Government Data Implementation in Public Agencies

A Model to Guide the Open Government Data Implementation in Public Agencies

Open government data implementation evaluation

This paper analyses the implementation of the Open Government Data strategy and portal of the City of Vienna. This evaluation is based on qualitative interviews and online polls after the strategy ...