Open-end Yarns Research Articles

Modification of cotton yarns utilizing graphene ink to functionalized as conductivity

In this study, the oxidation and reduction method was combined with chemical and hydrothermal method to prepare graphene ink for high electrical conductivity. The prepared ink samples were subsequently analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an X-ray dispersion spectrometer (EDS). The resulting samples displayed a deposition of extremely thin slices and consistent geometric shapes with a thickness from 3 to 1 nm. Moreover, the weighty and atomic ratios of carbon and oxygen in the samples were 48.75 and 36.59%, respectively; the carbon ratio was higher than the oxygen ratio. Open-end, carded, and combed cotton yarn samples were coated using the surface coating technique. The tensile strength of the treated cotton yarns was tested and analyzed. On the open-end yarn sample’s surface, thin slices of graphene were densely present. Additionally, the open-end yarn’s atomic ratios of carbon and oxygen were 5.4 and 7.3%, respectively. Sample’s electrical resistance was constant even after 12 washes; the open-end yarn had the lowest electrical resistance. The suitability of the treated yarns for use in heat generation applications was studied. As a result, by increasing the applied voltage and the number of graphene ink layers, the open-end yarn temperature rises to 55 °C. The open-end yarn temperature was increased by increasing the number of applied graphene layers. This finding suggests that these yarns could be used in wearable smart textiles that generate heat.

Valorization of fabric wastes through production of recycled cotton yarns by compact ring and open-end rotor spinning

This study aims to determine the appropriate methods and parameters for the eco-friendly and sustainable production of finer yarns from recycled cotton fibers with acceptable quality and high recycled fiber ratios to transform pre-consumer textile wastes into better-quality products with value-added in the ready-made clothing industry. Cotton fibers were mechanically recycled from dyed fabric wastes. Mélange 100% cotton yarns were produced with different recycled/virgin fiber blend ratios (80/20, 72/28, 64/36, and 56/44) at different yarn counts (30 and 20 tex) and by different spinning methods (compact and open-end spinning) without any chemicals treatment. The yarn properties were tested and compared to determine the best production parameters. As a result of the study, it was seen that the yarn properties improved when the proportion of virgin cotton fiber in the yarn increased in parallel with previous studies. Besides, the yarn hairiness and unevenness of open-end yarns were better than compact yarns. On the other hand, using the compact spinning method led to higher yarn tenacity. The results indicated that the compact spinning method is advantageous in achieving the target of increasing the ratio of recycled fiber use with good tenacity for the production of %100 cotton yarns.

Study of Dyeing Process of Hemp/Cotton Fabrics by Using Natural Dyes Obtained from Rubia tinctorum L. and Calendula officialis.

The objective of this work was to assess the possibility of dyeing a substrate composed of non-textile industrial hemp using natural dyes from common madder (Rubia Tinctorum L.) and calendula (Calendula Officialis) and tannin and alum as mordants. The substrate used for the dyeing had a 25/75 hemp/cotton composition. The hemp raw material is an agricultural by-product that was subjected to mechanical and chemical treatments in order to cottonize the fibers, blend them with cotton, and thus obtain first 40-tex open-end yarns and then a knitted fabric. The latter was subjected to different dyeing conditions by varying the dye, mordant, and method for its application, type of water, and rinsing after dyeing. Measurements of the difference (ΔE) and intensity (K/S) of color and fastness to washing and rubbing were carried out. The results showed that dyeing of a non-textile residual hemp substrate is possible, and that calendula is a good option for dyeing it with tap water, tannin-alum set in a meta-mordanting process, and rinsing after 24 h. In this way, a contribution has been made to the circular economy of the textile industry through the use of more sustainable sources and products.

Pre, Post and Meta Mordanting Recycled Cotton with Chitosan

The textile processing industry has imposed strict ecological and economic restrictions on the chemicals used, including bans on certain consumer goods containing synthetic agents which are posing challenges to sustainability issues [1, 2]. The worldwide demand for the use of environmentally friendly products in the textile industry is nowadays of great interest, possibly because of increasing concern about the environment, ecology, and pollution control [3, 4].It is a fact that the textile industry has grown many times during the last decades to meet global and domestic demand. This tremendous growth has also led to a parallel growth in environmental problems, which remained unnoticed. Any industrial activity produces pollution in one form or the other, and the textile industry certainly released a wide spectrum of pollution into the environment.The textile manufacturing process is characterized by the high consumption of resources such as water, fuel and a variety of chemicals in a long process sequence which generates a significant amount of waste. The common practices of low process efficiency result in substantial wastage of resources and severe damage to the environment [5, 6].Recycling implies the breakdown of a thing into its unrefined materials with the end goal that the rough material can be recuperated and used as a piece of new items. On the other hand, recycle insinuates a present thing being used again inside a comparable creation chain. Textile material recycling is the strategy by which old pieces of clothing and diverse materials are recovered for recycle or material recovery. It is the explanation behind the material recycling industry. Material recycling may incorporate recouping pre-consumer waste or post-consumer misuse. There are different ways to deal with perceive the sorts of recycling possible inside the material [7].Pre-consumer waste is a material that was disposed of before it was prepared for customer utilize. Pre-consumer recycled materials can be separated and revamped into comparative or diverse materials or can be sold as such to outsider purchasers who at that point utilize those materials for buyer items. Pre-consumer material waste for the most part alludes to squander results from fiber, yarn, material, and clothing fabricating. It can be process closes, scraps, clippings, or merchandise harmed amid creation, and most is recovered and recycled as crude materials for the car, furniture, sleeping cushion, coarse yarn, home outfitting, paper, and different ventures. Pre-consumer squanders are produced all through the first phases of the inventory network. In the crude materials area (fiber and yarn creation), ginning squanders, opening squanders, checking squanders, comber noils, brushed waste yarns, meandering squanders, ring turning waste fibers, ring-spun squander yarns, open-end spinning waste fibers, and open-end spinning yarn squanders are usually gathered for recycling [8].The ground root of the madder plant, Rubia Tinctorum L., formerly cultivated in many parts of Europe and North and South of America. Was largely used for dyeing Turkey Red on cotton mordant with alum in presence of lime. Applied to wool on an alum- or chrome-cream of tartar mordent [9].Natural dyes with a few expectations are non-substantive and hence must be used in conjunction with mordants. Mordant is a chemical, which can fix itself on the fiber and combines with the dyestuff. The challenge before the natural dyers in application of natural colour is the necessity to us metallic mordants which themselves are pollutant and harmful. Due to the environmental hazard caused by metallic mordant while dyeing of textile fabric, dyers are always looking for safe natural mordant for natural dyes [10].The applications of chitosan for different applications in textiles are reported [11–12], but the application of such functional biopolymer as a mordant in natural dyeing has been quite rare in the literature. In the current work, chitosan extracted from waste shrimp shells [12] was utilized as a mordant for simultaneous natural dye printing and antibacterial finishing of cotton in comparison with commonly used metal mordants. The efficacy of chitosan as eco-friendly mordant and antibacterial finish has been studied.The paper discusses a comparison between different ways to mordant cotton with chitosan. This research as a first step of further experimental, provide us the optimum values and applications for the future research. As a result, we could conclude the mordanting process was more effective from the point of view of dyeing yield.

Effect of the Imperfection of Open-End Yarn (Thin, Thick, and Nep Place) on Air Permeability of Plain Woven Fabric

Wearing clothes is an intermediate channel by exchange of air released from human bodies and environments to bring breathing stability and to control body temperature. Air permeability is an expression describing the properties of a fabric that permit the passage of air through the fabric’s interstices. It has been found that there are many factors that can affect the air permeability of a fabric comfort. Several early studies of air permeability of different materials showed that different factors affect air permeability and breathability of fabrics, and some of them are imperfections of yarns (thick, thin, and nep place) which are introduced on the surface of the fabric that originated from the appearance of the yarn. In this experiment, the yarn and fabric samples are collected from five different spinning mills which have an identical warp yarn linear density of 20 Ne regardless of the weft linear density, and the fabric was constructed from those selected yarns by using the thread set of 28 ends per centimeter and 20 picks per centimeter. The experiment was conducted by measuring the imperfection of each code of yarn on USTER statistics and air permeability of the fabric with respect to the thin, thick, and nep place/km of the yarn and fabric cover. The impacts of each factor were analyzed, and the relationships of each parameter were stated on the graph. The results were discussed by using the design of the experiment by quadratic and linear models to the response of air permeability and fabric cover, respectively, and the results showed that there is a direct impact of thin, thick, and neps of the yarn on the ability of the fabric to permeate air.

Combined Effect of Carding Machine Process Parameters on Yarn Properties; Process Optimization

Yarn tensile properties, unevenness, and irregularities are the most important properties of the yarn quality parameters that determine the fabric’s mechanical properties and appearance. In the current study, the combined effect of carding machine parameters (cylinder speed, flat speed, cylinder to flat setting, and taker-in speed) on yarn properties (yarn strength, elongation, unevenness, and total yarn imperfection) have been examined. In this research, 40 samples of open-end yarn were produced and each of them was tested for their strength, elongation, unevenness, and imperfection. Design-expert 7.0.0 software and Factorial designing have been employed to analyze the results. The results from statistical analysis have showed that increasing the gap between the cylinder and flat setting and increasing the taker-in speed increased yarn unevenness and increasing cylinder speed, flat speed, and taker-in speed increased total yarn imperfection significantly. Similarly, increasing the flat speed, cylinder speed, and taker-in speed as well as increasing the gap between the cylinder and flat reduced yarn strength and elongation significantly.

Evaluation of Unevenness and Tensile Properties of Open-End Yarns Produced by Recycled Acrylic-Based Textile Wastes from Different Sources

Abstract The classification of acrylic textile wastes based on source is important, because each waste type from different sources greatly affects product quality. This study primarily deals with recycled acrylic fibers obtained from three categories of acrylic-based tops, yarn, and fabric waste through a mechanical recycling method of garneting. With the use of recycled acrylic fiber types as 100 % ratio and in blends with recycled cotton and virgin polyester fibers, open-end yarns in two twist coefficients were produced, and then the effects of these selected materials and twist coefficient on the unevenness (CVm) and tensile properties of the yarns were discussed. The 100 % recycled acrylic yarn type produced from the tops waste type revealed the lowest CVm results and the highest tenacity and breaking elongation results. The blending of the virgin polyester fiber with the recycled acrylic fiber types improved the tenacity results. It can be concluded that tops, yarn, and fabric acrylic wastes have potential to be used as sustainable and low-cost sources of raw material in the production of open yarns of acceptable quality.

Turning textile waste into valuable yarn

To utilize spinning wastages and convert into a value-added product, different blends of fiber reclaimed from yarn waste and rags/fabric clippers were made with different soft wastages. Theses fibers were converted into open end yarn. Fiber reclaimed from yarn waste had superior properties than fiber from rugs in term of fiber length, uniformity %age and floating fiber %age which are 8% and 8.95% and 12% respectively. Yarn produced from blended waste yarn sample have less yarn irregularities and better tensile strength properties than of rag waste blended yarn. Among, soft wastages, liker-in waste fiber in yarn showed better results as compared to card fly and ring ac fan. A cost comparison was made which showed that the cost of yarn produced from fibers extracted from rag is cheaper than yarn-waste. Statistical evaluation of fiber and yarn properties was conducted using ANOVA statistical approach. A Tukey HSD provided the level of significance of the relationship between the waste types and the fiber and yarn properties at α value of 0.05. These recycled yarns can be used for manufacturing higher quality textile products like denim, chino cloth for trousers and towel. Cost with recycled content is potentially beneficial in terms of resource depletion and waste minimization strategy. • Green and sustainable approach for utilization of textile waste to prepare yarns. • Sufficient mechanical performance with respect to tensile strength, tenacity. • Statistical evaluation of results establishes significance of properties. • Minimization of variability by suitable blend ratio. • Cost analysis for economic process and sustainable product.

Investigation of Open End Yarn Tension Using an Elastic Yarn-Guide

This paper presents the results of Open End (OE) yarn tension investigation using a yarn-guide funnel with an elastic element. Obtained were the dependencies of tension change on such factors as body mass, elastic element rigidity, yarn coordinates on the funnel surface, and the speed of yarn moving. The values of these factors cause fluctuations in yarn tension and, consequently, in yarn structure and characteristics. On the basis of experiments, it was shown that due to using of a yarn-guide funnel with an elastic element, a decrease in yarn unevenness is achieved. It is easily regulated by the funnel mass, the rigidity rate of the elastic element, and the spinning speed.

Spinning Behaviour of Egyptian Cotton/Waste Blends on Open End Spinning System.(Dept.T)

Long and medium cotton wastes, either individually or blended with lower grades of cotton were blended to produce open-end yarns. The effect of blending ratios of the waste on the properties of produced yarn have been exaimend. Different blowing rooms, single and tandem card, one and two drawing passages were used to process the silvers for open-end yarns. In addition BD 200 Rc and platt sacelowell open-end spinning machines were used. It was found that the waste of long staple Egyptian cotton, containing considerable amount of good fibres is suitable for open-end processing. Blended wastes of long fibres with lower grade raw cotton slightly decrease the quality of open end yarn. Tandem card is more suitable for sliver preparation of open-end yarns produced from waste.

Investigation on the performance properties of polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) based staple fibers and cotton blended OE-rotor yarns

In this study, firstly, it is aimed to spin PTT (Polytrimethylene Terephthalate) based staple Sustans® fibers together with cotton in Open-End rotor yarn production system. In this way, it is aimed to transfer the positive properties of Sustans® fibers such as good elasticity, good dimensional stability, low static electrification and soft hand to the staple yarn structure with a high efficiency spinning technique. In this context, using 5 different ratios of Sustans®/Cotton blends and 100% Cotton, 6 different rotor yarns with Ne 8.25 (71.6 tex) were produced and the quality characteristics of these yarns were tested. In the study, Sustans®/Cotton blends were successfully spun with the Open-End rotor system. As a result, compared to 100% cotton, it was observed that the elongation at break, unevenness, yarn defects and hairiness values were better for yarns containing Sustans® fibers, while the strength values were slightly lower. The optimum blend ratio was concluded to be 50/50% Sustans®/Cotton for the open-end spinning technique.

Analisis tentang Setting Roller Gauge dan Break Draft Tidak Merubah Total Draft pada Mesin Roving Rieter type F10 / 55011- 00425 Tahun Pembuatan 1998

At PT Indiratex Spindo, there are 2 units that produce 100% cotton yarn. For unit 1 produces open end yarn, and for unit 2 produces ring spinning yarn. The production process in unit 2 starts from the raw material, namely cotton in the blowroom process, opening and mixing of the cotton so that the shape of the feathers will be processed in the carding machine to further open cotton fibers, clean dirt and short fibers with long fibers. The result of the card is that the card sliver will then be duplicated and drafted on the draw frame breaker, after which it will be processed and duplicated again in the finisher draw frame. Then the sliver drawing finisher will be drafted, given a twist and rolled in a bobbin on the roving machine. The output of the roving machine will then be processed in the ring spinning machine, the roving will be drafted, twisted so that the yarn will then be rolled into the cop, then put in the winding machine to remove thread imperfections or yarn defects and change the cop roll to cones rolls. After the process is complete, the thread will be packed in the packing section. To produce good quality yarn, it is necessary to plan production, repair and maintenance as well as repair machines properly. Drafting is one one process that is very important and to be hard to the quality of the yarn that will be produced. If the drafting process is not perfect it will affect the unevenness of the material or yarn. One of the problem topics related to drafting on the Rieter type F10 / 55011-00425 roving machine in 1998 is that if the break draft is changed, the total draft will change. This assumption is really true because if the draft is damaged, what will change is the main draft, and the total draft will remain the same. Meanwhile, for the correct setting of the roller gauge so that the roving does not experience a high level of unevenness, if the setting is wide, the draft break must be small. And if the arrangement is eternal then the break draft used must be large. The second arrangement is so that the fiber can be properly drafted and does not experience floating fibers or fiber cracks.

Analisis tentang Setting Roller Gauge dan Break Draft Tidak Merubah Total Draft pada Mesin Roving Rieter type F10 / 55011- 00425 Tahun Pembuatan 1998

At PT Indiratex Spindo, there are 2 units that produce 100% cotton yarn. For unit 1 produces open end yarn, and for unit 2 produces ring spinning yarn. The production process in unit 2 starts from the raw material, namely cotton in the blowroom process, opening and mixing of the cotton so that the shape of the feathers will be processed in the carding machine to further open cotton fibers, clean dirt and short fibers with long fibers. The result of the card is that the card sliver will then be duplicated and drafted on the draw frame breaker, after which it will be processed and duplicated again in the finisher draw frame. Then the sliver drawing finisher will be drafted, given a twist and rolled in a bobbin on the roving machine. The output of the roving machine will then be processed in the ring spinning machine, the roving will be drafted, twisted so that the yarn will then be rolled into the cop, then put in the winding machine to remove thread imperfections or yarn defects and change the cop roll to cones rolls. After the process is complete, the thread will be packed in the packing section. To produce good quality yarn, it is necessary to plan production, repair and maintenance as well as repair machines properly. Drafting is one one process that is very important and to be hard to the quality of the yarn that will be produced. If the drafting process is not perfect it will affect the unevenness of the material or yarn. One of the problem topics related to drafting on the Rieter type F10 / 55011-00425 roving machine in 1998 is that if the break draft is changed, the total draft will change. This assumption is really true because if the draft is damaged, what will change is the main draft, and the total draft will remain the same. Meanwhile, for the correct setting of the roller gauge so that the roving does not experience a high level of unevenness, if the setting is wide, the draft break must be small. And if the arrangement is eternal then the break draft used must be large. The second arrangement is so that the fiber can be properly drafted and does not experience floating fibers or fiber cracks.

Effects of yarn type, process history, softener type and concentration on wicking and drying properties of cotton plain knitted fabrics

Wicking and drying performances of knitted cotton fabrics made from siro, ring and open-end yarns were investigated before and after bleaching and dyeing procedures. Moreover, the samples were treated with cationic, non-ionic and silicone softeners at various concentrations. The data obtained were evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) as well as independent t-tests, and the results were discussed comparatively. The results showed that the selected parameters were highly effective on the wicking and drying behaviors of cotton plain knitted fabrics. Fabrics made from siro yarns tended to perform better. Dyeing process caused improvement of fabric wicking and drying behaviors. Also, application of silicone, especially at higher concentrations, was shown to negatively affect the discussed comfort properties, probably due to silicone double-layer formation with polar outside.

A new model of open end yarn twist using torus coordinate based on dynamical mechanics

Yarn structure and its relationship with the properties have attracted many researchers and scientist in textile science. The importance of this subject has increased due to the need of yarn with best possible quality. In this study, we have established a new equation to relate open end (OE) yarn count number in metric count (Nm) toward yarn twist on OE spinning. Based on this research, twist has been determined and formulated by analyzing the movement of fibre inside yarn using tensor calculus on torus coordinate based on dynamical mechanics.

Impact of Gin Saw-tooth Design on Fiber and Textile Processing Quality

Toothed gin saws have been used to separate cotton fiber from the seed for more than 200 years. A scientific analysis of saw-tooth design has never been published and the optimum saw-tooth design has not been found. Initial laboratory ginning evaluations of some modern gin saw teeth have shown differences among designs in ginning rate, fiber length measurements, and textile processing quality. The saw gin stand used for testing was a Continental Double Eagle that had been cut down to 46 saws. Four different sets of 16-in diameter, commercially available replacement saws were obtained from independent suppliers. These four sets, along with the standard Continental saw set, were used for five test saw treatments. The test saws varied in the number of teeth per saw from 328 to 352. Testing of the five saw treatments was replicated four times for a total of 20 ginning lots. Each ginning lot was analyzed for raw fiber quality and textile spinning performance. Most of the raw fiber properties were not significantly affected by the saw treatments. However, HVI length and length uniformity after one stage of lint cleaning and seed cotton processing rate were significantly different among saw treatments. The ginning rates varied by 34% from the lowest to the highest at 75% gin stand motor load. The ginned fiber was processed into both open-end and ring-spun yarns. There were few significant differences among saw treatments for the open-end yarn, but there were significant differences for the ring-spun yarn in ends down (a measure of spinning efficiency), yarn evenness, and yarn strength. This indicates that gin saw-tooth design might significantly affect spinning efficiency and yarn quality. Research is currently being done to further understand how gin saw-tooth design affects ginned fiber quality and textile processing quality factors.

Optimization of Opening Roller Speed on Properties of Open End Yarn

An experiment conducted to spun 6’s, 12’s count on well-maintained open end machine by changing opening roller speed i.e.,7000 and 8000 rpm. Present investigation reveals that, as increases opening roller speed yarn properties Like Rkm, Unevenness, total IPI improved, but there is marginal improvement in U% and RKM, and drastic reduction in total IPI, of the both yarn count. Investigation also summarized that as increases opening roller speed the cleaning intensity increases, deposition of trash in rotor groove increases leads to increase end breakages for both count. For reducing the end breakages frequency of cleaning rotors were suggested. This study also gives the difference between the properties of yarns which are produced from two different opening roller speeds. The quality parameters of the yarns produced were evaluated on an Uster Evenness Tester, the Uster Tensorapid with a testing speed of 250 mm/m and the UT4 with a testing speed of 400 m/m.

Assessment of the surface roughness of cotton fabrics through different yarn and fabric structural properties

The effects of some yarn properties (i.e. type, count, twist level, ply number, unevenness and crimp) and fabric constructional properties (i.e. cover, thickness and balance) on surface roughness values of cotton woven fabrics were investigated. A general overview of the results showed that surface roughness values of fabrics were affected from yarn and fabric properties and the effects were related to fabric balance, fabric cover (not cover factor), fabric thickness and crimp values of yarns in fabric structures. Surface roughness values of fabrics decreased as yarn fineness and yarn twist levels increased but as yarn ply number decreased. Also, surface roughness values gradually decreased from open-end yarn constituting fabrics to combed yarn constituting fabrics. Results showed that different properties of yarns caused changes in yarn crimps in fabric structure and also governed the changes in fabric balance, as well as changes in roughness of fabric surfaces. The changing properties of yarns and impact of these properties on fabric construction affected the formation of cotton fabric surfaces from smooth to coarse.

Evaluation of Spliced Open-end Yarn Performances Using Fuzzy Method

This work explored a prediction of spliced open-end spun-yarn appearance, strength, and twist using the fuzzy method. To determine the most relevant input variables, affecting the spliced open-end spun yarns, and output properties, defining the splice performance, a principal component analysis was used. Therefore, the selected parameters (recalling yarn code, duration of tearing, and delivered quantity of fibers code) were used to predict the splice performance using the fuzzy logic technique. Compared with the experimental method, the fuzzy technique gives more accurate results that help in the splice properties prediction as function of selected input parameters.

Mechanical and tactile properties of plain knitted fabrics produced from rayon Vortex yarns

We investigated and compared rayon Vortex, ring-spun, and open-end spun yarns, and plain knitted fabrics produced from these yarns. Yarn tensile, compression, bending, and torsion tests were conducted, and differences between spinning systems were observed for bending and torsion properties. Evaluation by hand indicated that the Vortex fabric was much smoother than fabric made from open-end yarn, but less smooth than the fabric produced from ring-spun yarn. Fabric smoothness was related to both its air resistance and the hairiness of its yarn. Fabric air resistance is found to be a useful index to describe the tactile properties of knitted fabrics.