Open Collar Research Articles

Comparative Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Apron with Mandarin Collar and Open Collar in Prevention of Microbial Contamination on Street Clothing

Abstract Aim To comparatively evaluate the protecting efficiency of mandarin collar aprons as against the open collar aprons. Settings and Design Cross-sectional randomized comparative study Methods and Material Ten post graduate students were given a verbal written set of instructions to be followed during the study. Each study participant was made to wear an open collar and a mandarin collar aprons separately on two different days. The microbial samples were collected using a sterile swab from the chest area of the street clothing at the beginning of the day at dental clinic (Pre patient care) and at the end of the day at dental clinic (Post patient care). The obtained samples were microbiologically analyzed and the difference in the colony count between the two types of aprons were compared. Results Significantly more number of gram positive cocci were seen in open collar apron group, when the difference between the pre work and post work colony counts were compared (p=0.031). Conclusion Mandarin collar aprons offer significantly better protection of the street clothing of the dental health care providers than the closed collar aprons against the colonization of gram positive cocci.

Riding a Bus in a Castle Town

Riding a Bus in a Castle Town Ōshiro Tatsuhiro (bio) Translated by Hamagawa Hitoshi As quickly as the figure appeared outside the window of the bus, it was gone, left far behind. At first I wondered if I had seen anyone at all. A momentary vision among the houses that lined the street: “Agarie?” He was gone before I had time to say his name. But then I was certain that it had been him, wearing a shabby shirt, with an open collar and no tie, an old man’s alpine hat on his head. I recognized his face. He was waving, holding his right palm next to his ear. The face was of Seishō Agarie: we used to call him by the nickname Small-Eyed Seishō because his eyes were so little and friendly. What I had glimpsed was the aged face of a second-year middle-school student I knew sixty-two years ago. It was bewildering for me to think that this had been the person waving at me. Did he recognize me merely as Eisuke Kobashigawa, his classmate from the First Prefectural Middle School? It was forty years ago that I left Okinawa. It would have been next to impossible for him to recognize my face from where he stood as the bus passed him. I had recently sent him a letter asking for his help in recalling a sixty-two-year-old memory from the battlefield. No answer had arrived, so I decided to seek him out and meet face to face. When I called on the phone, his wife had picked up, responding to my request vaguely—neither encouraging me nor discouraging me. Even now, I’m not sure I should have come all this way. I think his wife must have already spoken to him about my call, but would he feel comfortable talking to me? Would he welcome me? Was it a good idea to come? The Castle Town Bus Line was started three years ago, I’m told. It’s just six kilometers long, and the trip takes only twenty minutes. The outbound bus leaves Shuri-Ishimine Town, passes by the monorail’s Shuri Station, and circles about half of Shuri Castle. It then travels through Kinjō Town, in the southernmost corner of the old city of Shuri, runs along the ridge at Samukawa Town until it turns onto Prefectural Road 29, and arrives at Miyako Hotel & Resorts and Hotel Nikkō Naha Grand Castle, its final stop. Having grown up in Okinawa before the war, I feel like calling these places by their old district names, Kanagushiku and Sungā, rather than by their modern names, Kinjō and Samukawa. One reason I feel this way is [End Page 151] that these areas have always seemed set apart from the heart of old Shuri Town. As soon as I arrived in Okinawa after my forty-year absence and heard about the Castle Town Line, I jumped on the bus—not just because it was convenient for getting to my destinations, but out of curiosity and nostalgia. I quickly learned about the bus stop called Entrance to Stone Path. I had lived in Okinawa for twenty years after the war and knew about this stone path, where the old part of the town remained intact, even after the battle had destroyed nearly everything. The narrow stone pavement descends steeply for about three hundred meters toward the south, so as the bus neared the stop, I was prepared to look straight down the path and see the hillside town of Hantagawa as we passed. But it can’t be seen anymore, if only because the bus is rushing along as fast as a clicking camera. However, now that I caught a glimpse of the figure resembling Agarie, I’m convinced that his house is nearby and that the stone path is still there. Halfway down the slope, as I recall, the path forks at a small spring shaded by a large banyan tree. People say that before the war, the residents of the area set up stands to sell their bean sprouts every morning. It was there, at a little open space facing the spring...

French Portraits of Byron, 1824–1880

The chameleon-like character of Byron makes it difficult to portray him. (Lady Blessington) Lady Blessington's comment about portraying Byron in words is just as applicable to the visual arts.1 In France, the many painted, engraved and sculpted portraits of Byron, produced from the beginning of what the poet himself called the 'contagion of Byronism' all over Europe,2 freely fantasised about Byron's personality and physical appearance, but nevertheless marked the French mind for a long time, laying the foundations of what can be considered a typically French image of Byron. Very recently, a nineteenth-century portrait of a male appeared on the Parisian art market with the following attribution: 'Lord Byron. Painted in Venice in 1817 by Laurencel'. Though presented as an unknown picture of Lord Byron by a little-known French artist,3 the portrait in question is obviously not of Byron. Featuring a man of about 25-30 years of age, with curly hair, open collar, wearing a fur coat and adopting a pose which clearly calls to mind the most famous portraits of Byron, this oil-oncanvas painting answers to a very widespread French image of Byron, which first appeared around 1820 and still persists today. It would be interesting to know whether this portrait was originally meant as a portrait of Byron - being in that case a kind of imaginary or ideal depiction of the poet - or has only retrospectively been associated with him. But what I intend to discuss here deals more with the artistic evaluation of Byron in nineteenth-century France that allows for either possibility. In early nineteenth- century France, a certain idea of Byron came into being that is expressed very clearly in this portrait. What follows is concerned with the history of this distinctive idea of Byron in French art. It is well known that the distinction between Byron and his work was blurred in his readers' minds from the outset of his publishing career. In particular, as his French translator Amedee Pichot put it, he was a 'man identified with the portraits of his heroes'.4 As Victor Hugo wrote: 'As we know Byron only through his poems, it is sweet to us to suppose him a life according to his soul and genius'.5 This identification of fact with fiction strongly affected visual representations of the noble poet. In early nineteenth-century French pictures, Byron is represented not just as a young and handsome poet, but also a seducer - and this is generally achieved through the re-use of poses and features from his British portraits (often made, it is interesting to recall, after Byron's own instructions).6 In France and beyond, large nineteenth-century history paintings based on Byron's poems frequently make characters - usually Don Juan or Manfred - look like the Byron of portraiture. This practice originated in British art (such as Richard Westall's illustrations for Childe Harold's Pilgrimage), but soon spread to France. In 1829, Francois-Louis Dejuinne re-used Westall's 1813 portrait of Byron in his Childe Harold and Ines in Cadiz, a now lost painting known through a lithograph by Aubry Lecomte.7 In 1831, Alexandre-Marie Colin did the same in his Don Juan and Haidee.8 This helps to explain how the subject of a portrait of a young dandy in early 1820s' costume, with a Romantically untidy appearance, can be so easily misidentified as Byron - and why such misidentifications were not, and apparently are still not, at all rare in France. Numerous other portraits of unknown young men have been wrongly identified as portraits of Byron, such as an oil painting often attributed to Theodore Gericault and kept in the Musee Fabre in Montpellier, traditionally called Portrait of Lord Byron,9 or Paillot de Montabert's Portrait of Lord Byron, painted in the 1820s and kept in the Musee des Beaux-Arts de Troyes.10 The art historian George Williamson once suggested that the famous eighteenth-century French portraitist Elisabeth Vigee- Lebrun, Marie-Antoinette's favourite painter, could have executed, sometime around 1805, a portrait of Byron (who was only seventeen at the time). …

Manifolds with non-stable fundamental groups at infinity

The notion of an open collar is generalized to that of a pseudo-collar. Important properties and examples are discussed. The main result gives conditions which guarantee the existence of a pseudo-collar structure on the end of an open n-manifold (n > 6). This paper may be viewed as a generalization of Siebenmann's famous collaring theorem to open manifolds with non-stable fundamental group systems at infinity.

Isolation and technology: the human disconnect

Management control over production has often meant control over one means of production: people. There is evidence of the use of social isolation to control human behavior throughout recorded history. Traces the development of social isolation through the multiple lenses of management, economics, psychology, sociology, engineering technology, social psychology, and communication science and presents a taxonomy of perspectives for discussion. The taxonomy is further elucidated through the assignment and distribution of 13 organizational factors for both the objective state and subjective feelings of social isolation as linked to advances in telecommuting and other off‐site “open collar” work.

Possible mechanisms of collar-induced intimal thickening.

The positioning of a soft silicone collar around the rabbit carotid artery induces intimal thickening. We investigated to which extent occlusion of the vasa vasorum, damage of the perivascular nerve network, and/or changes in blood flow velocity contribute to intimal thickening. To this end, collars with different bores (diameter of inlet and outlet) were positioned around the carotid artery of male rabbits for 14 days. In another experiment, 75% of the wall of fitting collars was removed (open collar). In the midcollar region, the cross-sectional area of the intima reached a maximum (72 +/- 14 mm2/1000) when the endings of the collar fitted the artery closely. Removal of the side wall of these fitting collars reduced intimal thickening by 90%. Examination of unoperated carotid arteries never showed penetration of the adventitia or the media by vasa vasorum. The perivascular neuronal network in the region surrounded by a closed or an open collar was almost completely lost as compared with the zones outside the collar. Both the closed and open collar slightly bent the artery and increased the peak systolic velocity, measured with pulsed color Doppler after 6 hours, to a similar extent as compared with the proximal zone outside the collar. After 2 weeks, the peak systolic velocity within both the closed and open collar was partly normalized and was statistically not different from the proximal zone outside the collar. In conclusion, the geometry of the collar influenced the extent of intimal thickening, whereby more intimal thickening was obtained with a collar whose endings fit the carotid artery, rather than with a loose collar. Moreover, a closed structure was essential. The results obtained with the open collar exclude occlusion of vasa vasorum, damage of the perivascular neuronal network, kinking of the artery, and changes in blood flow velocity as major factors in the collar-induced intimal thickening. Our findings are consistent with the possibility that intimal thickening is the consequence of the combination of both vascular injury and hindrance of transmural flow by the collar. The obstruction of transmural fluid transport may then lead to retention of toxic metabolites, and/or cytokines within the segment enclosed by the collar.

An Open Collar Theorem for 4-manifolds

An Open Collar Theorem for 4-manifolds

An open collar theorem for 4-manifolds

Let M 4 {M^4} be an open 4 4 -manifold with boundary. Conditions are given under which M 4 {M^4} is homeomorphic to ∂ M × [ 0 , 1 ) \partial M \times [0,1) . Applications include a 4 4 -dimensional weak h h -cobordism theorem and a classification of weakly flat embeddings of 2 2 -spheres in S 4 {S^4} . Specific examples of ( n − 2 ) (n - 2) -spheres embedded in S n {S^n} (including n = 4 n = 4 ) are also discussed.

Réinvestigation de l'ultrastructure du spermatozoïde d' Haematoloechus (Trematoda: Haematoloechidae)

en The threadlike spermatozoon of the frog lung fluke, Haematoloechus , shows two patterns of external ornamentation. The first type is anterior and consists of bristles on the membrane that coincide with certain peripheral microtubules. This already exists in the zone of differentiation (ZD) of the young spermatid. The ZD is pinched off from the cytoplasmic mass at the arching-membrane level. The centriolelike body and striated roots are depolymerized. The two centrioles, made up of triplets, and the bristles are retained in the anterior part of the spermatozoon. The second type is more posterior. At this level, the transverse sections of the spermatozoon are asymmetric; only the larger side has peripheral microtubules, arranged in a semicircle around the axoneme, and a thick external crenate layer on its membrane. After several micrometers, this zone ends in an open collar ( collerette ) enclosing the next region of the spermatozoon. Only the part anterior to the collar is motile; on spontaneously breaking off, this region is mobile, although the unbroken spermatozoon is not. After the collar there is a region without microtubules. Then comes the very long middle region with dorsally and ventrally placed microtubules; the nucleus is at the posterior end. This new spermatozoon pattern, with retained ZD and anterior centrioles, resembles what we described earlier in a didymozoid. It probably occurs often in Digenea and perhaps other Platyhelminthes as well.

Local homology of groups of volume preserving diffeomorphisms. I

This is the second in a series of three papers on the local homology of groups of volume-preserving diffeomorphisms: see [9], [10]. It may be read independently of the other two papers since it uses none of their results or methods of proof. Here is a s ta tement of the main theorem. (A slightly sharper version is stated in w We will explain later how it is related to the results of [9], [10]. W e consider a compact , oriented, smooth manifold W~ with boundary OW~. Let W0 c W1 be the complement of an open collar ne ighbourhood of OWa. If ~o is a volume form on Int W1, we write Diff,o (W~, rel 0) for the discrete group of all co-preserving diffeomorphisms of W~ which are the identity near OWv Clearly Diff,, (Wo, rel 0) c Diff~ (W~, rel 0).

A Study of the Pycnia, Flexuous Hyphae, and Nuclear Migrations in the Aecia of Scopella gentilis

1. The early ontogenetic study of flexuous hyphae in Scopella gentilis has revealed that they are modified pycniosporophores, which occasionally develop septa. 2. The pycniospore-flexuous hyphae fusions in this rust are classifiable as the "hypha-to-peg" type. After their fusion with pycniospores, the flexuous hyphae become prominent in the hymenial layer and are traceable to the palisade layer of the host tissue. Pycniospores may be abstricted from the pycniosporophores through a small thickened ring instead of an open collar. 3. Nuclear migrations occur both in the intercellular mycelium and in the aecial primordia. It was not possible to recognize that any one of these migrating nuclei was pycnial in origin. 4. The role of pycniospore-flexuous hyphae fusions and the nuclear migrations in the dikaryotization process is discussed.