Open Burning Of Municipal Solid Waste Research Articles

Estimating emissions from open-burning of uncollected municipal solid waste in Nigeria

<abstract> <p>Open-burning of municipal solid waste (MSW) is very common in Nigeria. Hence, this work estimated the emissions (greenhouse gases and others) from open-burning of uncollected MSW in Nigeria. The parameters (secondary data) used for the estimations were obtained from pertinent literature of MSW generation rate in Nigeria, level of uncollected MSW subjected to burning in Nigeria, oxidation/burning efficiency and others, 80.6% of wastes generated in Nigeria are combustibles. The National Bureau of Statistics showed that 52% of Nigerians lives in urban areas in the year 2020. With an annual mean growth rate of 2.62% between 2006–2020 (World Bank data), the urban population of Nigeria was estimated at 104, 885, 855 in 2020. The estimation for the year 2020 shows that the MSW generated by the urban population of Nigeria ranges from 16.8–25.3 million tons. With burning/oxidation efficiency ($\eta $) of 0.58, between 2.4–3.7 million tons of the uncollected wastes are open-burned. This represents 14.7% of the total MSW generated in Nigeria for the year. IPCC guidelines show that only fossil-carbon wastes are climate-relevant for CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. Our estimation shows that 14.3% of the MSW generated in Nigeria contain fossil carbon. The total emissions for the three GHGs–carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen oxides were between 798 to 1, 197 kilotons of CO<sub>2</sub>-eq per year. Other emissions associated with open-burning of MSW was also estimated using their default emission factor. The findings suggest the urgent need for the country to transition to proper waste management system, which will include improved collection and disposal to sanitary landfills, to protect public health and the environment.</p> </abstract>

Estimating emissions from open-burning of uncollected municipal solid waste in Nigeria

<abstract> <p>Open-burning of municipal solid waste (MSW) is very common in Nigeria. Hence, this work estimated the emissions (greenhouse gases and others) from open-burning of uncollected MSW in Nigeria. The parameters (secondary data) used for the estimations were obtained from pertinent literature of MSW generation rate in Nigeria, level of uncollected MSW subjected to burning in Nigeria, oxidation/burning efficiency and others, 80.6% of wastes generated in Nigeria are combustibles. The National Bureau of Statistics showed that 52% of Nigerians lives in urban areas in the year 2020. With an annual mean growth rate of 2.62% between 2006–2020 (World Bank data), the urban population of Nigeria was estimated at 104, 885, 855 in 2020. The estimation for the year 2020 shows that the MSW generated by the urban population of Nigeria ranges from 16.8–25.3 million tons. With burning/oxidation efficiency ($\eta $) of 0.58, between 2.4–3.7 million tons of the uncollected wastes are open-burned. This represents 14.7% of the total MSW generated in Nigeria for the year. IPCC guidelines show that only fossil-carbon wastes are climate-relevant for CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. Our estimation shows that 14.3% of the MSW generated in Nigeria contain fossil carbon. The total emissions for the three GHGs–carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen oxides were between 798 to 1, 197 kilotons of CO<sub>2</sub>-eq per year. Other emissions associated with open-burning of MSW was also estimated using their default emission factor. The findings suggest the urgent need for the country to transition to proper waste management system, which will include improved collection and disposal to sanitary landfills, to protect public health and the environment.</p> </abstract>

Emission estimates and inventories of non-methane volatile organic compounds from anthropogenic burning sources in India

Comprehensive, spatially disaggregated emission inventories are required for many developing regions to evaluate the relative impacts of different sources and to develop mitigation strategies which can lead to effective emission controls. This study developed a 1 km 2 non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emission model for the combustion of fuel wood, cow dung cake, municipal solid waste (MSW), charcoal, coal and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in India from 1993 to 2016. Inputs were selected from a range of detailed fuel consumption surveys and recent emission factors measured during comprehensive studies of local burning sources. For the census year of 2011, we estimated around 13 (5–47) Tg of NMVOCs were emitted from biomass and MSW combustion in India. Around 54% of these emissions were from residential solid biofuel combustion, 23% from open burning of MSW, 23% from crop residue burning on fields and <1% from LPG for cooking. NMVOC emissions from residential combustion were shown to be highly sensitive to the amount of cow dung cake combusted and this acted as a key pollution source across the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The results of this study indicate that multiple mitigation strategies are required across several different categories of burning source to achieve effective NMVOC emission reduction. • New emission inventories developed for burning sources in India. • Estimates made for non-methane volatile organic compounds. • Estimates made for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. • Pollution from cow dung cake combustion significant to North of India. • Waste and crop residue burning also significant pollution sources.

Estimating emissions from open burning of municipal solid waste in municipalities of Nepal

Open burning of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a poorly-characterized and frequently-underestimated source of air pollution in developing countries. This paper estimates the quantity of MSW that was burned in five erstwhile municipalities of the Kathmandu valley, Nepal. A household survey, a transect walk survey, an experiment to measure the fraction of waste that is combustible, a survey on fraction of population burning waste outside their houses, and a survey of the fraction of MSW burned at dump sites were performed in this study, whereas burning/oxidation efficiency, municipal populations, MSW generation rates, and emission factors were derived from the literature. The total mass of MSW burned during 2016 is estimated to be 7400 tons (i.e., 20 tons/day), which was of 3% of the total MSW generated in the valley municipalities that year. This exceeds Government estimates by a factor of three. Multiplying the burned MSW mass by emission factors, the air pollutant emissions are estimated as PM2.5 55 tons (OC 42 tons and EC 1.4 tons), PM10 60 tons, BC 25 tons, CO2 11,900 tons, CH4 30 tons, SO2 5.0 tons, NOx 19.2 tons, CO 630 tons, NMVOC 112 tons, and NH3 5.7 tons per year. Open burning of MSW can trigger health impacts such as acute and chronic respiratory disease, heart diseases, and allergic hypersensitivity, in addition to impacts on local climate. Improved waste-segregation practices at the source and waste-collection systems throughout the valley are needed to mitigate this pollution source and its effects.

Characterizing the Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Open Burning of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Indian Cities.

Open-burning of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a major source of PM emissions in developing world cities, but few studies have characterized this phenomenon at the city and intracity (neighborhood) scale relevant to human health impacts. This paper develops a consistent field method for measuring the spatial frequency of the incidence of MSW-burning and presents results in three neighborhoods of varying socioeconomic status (SES) in Delhi, India, observed in winter and summer over 2 years. Daily MSW-burning incidents ranged from 24 to 130/km2-day during winter and 5-87/km2-day during summer, with the highest intensity in low SES neighborhoods. Distinct seasonal and diurnal patterns are observed. The daily mass of MSW-burned was also estimated at 90-1170 kg/km2-day and 13-1100 kg/km2-day in highest to low SES neighborhoods, in winter and summer, respectively. The scaled-up estimate of total MSW-burned for Delhi city ranged from 190 to 246 tons/day, about 2%-3% of total generated MSW; morning-burning contributed >65% of the total. MSW composition varied systematically across neighborhoods and season. Agra had much higher MSW-burning (39-202 incidents/km2-day; 672-3485 kg/km2-day) in the summer. The field method thus captures differences in MSW-burning across cities, neighborhoods, diurnally and seasonally, important for more fine grained air pollution modeling, and for tracking/monitoring policy effectiveness on-ground.

Planning Municipal Solid Waste Management in Africa: Case Study of Matadi - The DRC

The purpose of this article is to present the key elements for best performance and profitability of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management in Matadi, the Democratic Republic of Congo. The research provides an overview of methods and models for integrated planning of a two-phase program: MSW collection and transportation and MSW treatment. Matadi has a very poor infrastructure and very low level of the MSW management. We present a comparison table of MSW quantity and composition in Matadi and other African cities. We develop a model for collection and transportation of MSW in Matadi. The greenhouse gases emissions (GHG) as a result of open burning of MSW are predicted using the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) guidelines and formulas. CDM methodology and decay model are used to predict the GHG emissions in disposal site and calculate carbon grants. The Anaerobic Digestion technology is selected as the most appropriate for MSW treatment plant in case of Matadi. The key factors that ensure profitability of MSW treatment plant are as follows: tipping fee from the municipality (19% of total revenue), amount of carbon credits which can sum up to 14% of the total revenue, expansion of waste collection range from 25 to 50 km, local abilities like labor costs and municipality budget support. The methodology of our study can promote other low-income African cities in the solution of waste problem, particularly when starting from a very low level of MSW management.