Open Atmospheric Conditions Research Articles

A novel annular slit-type emitter developed for multi-jet electrospray propulsion

Electrospray thrusters employ ionization in the liquid phase to produce and propel streams of molecular ions or highly charged droplets at significant velocities. In this study, we developed a novel annular slit-type emitter for electrospray and investigated its operational modes under varying applied potentials in both open atmosphere and vacuum conditions. To assess the performance of the annular slit-type emitter in comparison to the conventional capillary-type emitter, benchtop electrospray experiments were conducted using water and glycerin as working fluids for both emitter types. The study examined the formation of the Taylor cone, cone-to-jet transition, stable jet, whipping jet, and multi-jet, along with their dependence on fluid viscosity and electric potential for both emitter designs. Clear distinctions in hydrodynamic mode, drop-to-cone mode, and cone-to-jet transition mode were observed between the two emitters. As the electric potential increased, the capillary-type emitter exhibited a whipping and pulsating water jet, while glycerin displayed a steady tilted jet. In contrast, the annular slit-type emitter demonstrated a pulsating water jet followed by a distinctive dripping mode at higher electric potentials, while glycerin formed multiple steady jets around the annular slit. Notably, the annular slit-type emitter, when subjected to an 18.5 kV potential, produced seven electrospray jets for glycerin, a phenomenon attributed to the novel design of the emitter and the viscosity of glycerin enabling the generation of multiple cone-jets at a specific electrostatic potential around the slit peripheral meniscus. Vacuum chamber tests of the annular-type emitter using liquid indium as an ion source at 1 × 10−5 Torr revealed an ion-current density of 0.3 mA/mm, resulting in a thrust of 290 μN.

Numerical simulations of oscillatory combustion and extinction of a liquid pool fire in a reduced-scale and mechanically-ventilated enclosure

The paper presents a numerical study on an 18 cm-diameter liquid pool fire in a reduced-scale and mechanically-ventilated enclosure. The enclosure walls are made of a calcium silicate layer and a steel layer on five sides, the remaining sidewall is made of heat-tempered glass. The ventilation system is extracted mechanically with free air inlet. Three air renewal rates (ARR) and open atmosphere conditions are considered in the numerical study. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are carried out with Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS 6.7.5). The default evaporation model in FDS (i.e., forced convection approach) is compared to a natural convection approach implemented in the source code. The results show that the oscillatory combustion, occurring at ARR = 15 h−1, is best captured by the natural convection approach. It is also found that prescribing the fuel Auto-Ignition Temperature (AIT) is important to capture the fire oscillations and (local) flame quenching. At ARR = 8 h−1, extinction occurs. It is found that prescribing the fuel AIT allows to prevent spurious oscillatory combustion. At ARR = 22.5 h−1, there is a stable steady-state burning regime for which (as well as for open atmosphere conditions) prescribing the fuel AIT is not crucial.

On The Application Of Gibbs Equations In Determining The Relationships Of Vapour Pressures To Phase Diagrams Of The Reactive Chloride Systems

Most of the phase diagrams reported in the literature have been determined in open atmospheric conditions indicating that the substances involved are not influenced by the presence of air and moisture. In these cases, the Gibbs phase rule is applied in its open condition of 1 atm pressure, and no special conditions need to impose. However, for many elements, such as all reactive metals, the phase diagrams are determined by conditions imposed to remove all the reactive actions of the presence of an atmosphere. In these cases, a special cell is needed to be constructed in a way that the material of construction of the cell and the absence of air is secured. The Gibbs phase rule is applied in its full mathematical formulation in those cases. The present publication reports on the determination of correct conditions to obtain meaningful results on the phase diagrams.

Biogenic Synthesis, Characterization, and Antifungal Activity Studies of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Extract of Moringa oleifera Leaves

AbstractThe present study reports the green synthesis of cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) by an aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera and the antifungal activity assessment of CuO NPs against the phytopathogenic fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. The CuO NPs showed variable fungitoxic effects against A. flavus and A. niger. At higher doses (1 mg/mL), 83.51 % of mycelial inhibition was found against A. flavus, but 43.51 % was found against A. niger. The percentage inhibition of mycelial growth was found to be dose dependent. The cell viability analysis was carried out to reveal the mechanism of the fungitoxic effect of synthesized NPs and it was revealed that the CuO NPs caused oxidative stress associated with increased ROS production, leading to fungal cell death. The synthesized CuO NPs showed single phase cupric oxide with a monoclinic structure and highly uniform in size (3–5 nm). As the synthesized CuO NPs showed good stability under open atmospheric conditions and a fungitoxicity effect against A. flavus, they may be used to control fungal diseases in an eco‐friendly manner.

Experimental study in open atmosphere and confined conditions of fire spread between adjacent electrical cabinets connected by cable trays

Electrical cabinet-related fire events are among the most recorded fire events in nuclear power plants. As part of the OECD PRISME-3 project, four fire tests were carried out to highlight the fire spread paths from an open-door electrical cabinet (CC) to two adjacent closed-door electrical cabinets (ACs). The cabinets, separated by a double wall with an air gap, were connected by overhead and subfloor cable trays. These last ones were filled with either a “low” or “well-qualified” (LQ or WQ, respectively) cable type. Each cable type was used for two tests. In addition, tests were conducted either in open atmosphere conditions (two) or in confined and mechanically ventilated conditions (two). These tests highlighted three fire spread paths from the CC to the ACs. Regarding the first one through the double wall with an air gap, several ignitions of electrical components (used as targets) occurred in the ACs when the wall temperature near the ignited target exceeded 600 °C (or the heat flux incident to the target was higher than 26 kW/m2) whatever the test conditions. Furthermore, the two other fire spread paths through the overhead and subfloor cable trays were highlighted only if the LQ cable type was used.

Common OECD/NEA FIRE and PRISME Cable Benchmark Exercise

This paper deals with the common OECD/NEA FIRE and PRISME Cable Benchmark Exercise conducted for a realistic cable fire scenario in an electrical system of a nuclear power plant. The major goal was to simulate a real cable fire event in order to assess the behaviour of fire models for a complex and real fire scenario with the current state of knowledge. Since a numerical Benchmark Exercise on a real fire event is quite challenging, a three-step methodology was adopted: (1) a calibration phase of the cable fire models, (2) a blind simulation of a cable fire test, and (3) the real cable fire event simulation. The selected fire event from the FIRE Database occurred in 2014 in a heater bay of a nuclear power plant. Thirteen institutions from nine NEA member countries participated in this Benchmark Exercise. Simulations were performed using computational fluid dynamics codes, a lumped parameter code, and zone codes. The simulations have provided a wide range of results which reflect the difficulty for fire simulation codes to correctly predict the development of the fire heat release rate over time of a cable tray fire, even under simple, open atmosphere conditions.

Validation of wind measurements from a multirotor RPAS-mounted ultrasonic wind sensor using a ground-based LiDAR system

The aim of this research was to establish the validity of wind measurements from on board a multirotor Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) for the purposes of wind monitoring applications. A custom-built hexacopter RPAS recorded wind speed and direction by means of an onboard ultrasonic wind sensor, whilst operating in the inherently highly stochastic nature of open field atmospheric conditions. Experimental data were collected during open field hovering flights subject to different ambient conditions with free stream horizontal wind speeds reaching up to 12 m/s. Flights were conducted at different altitudes above ground level and in proximity to a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) remote wind measurement unit that was used as a low-resolution reference meteorological station. Very good correlation was obtained between the RPAS and LiDAR unit for both wind speed and wind direction measurements across all hovering flight altitudes. The RPAS-based wind speed measurements were found to have a consistent 1 m/s positive offset, whilst the RPAS-based wind direction readings had a 6.16° negative offset. These were potentially caused by differences in the localized wind fields between the LiDAR and RPAS measuring positions, as well as by localized RPAS rotor-induced air flows for wind speed measurements and potential slight misalignments in the instruments’ reference datum for wind direction readings.

Investigation on nonlinear optical and optical limiting properties of Cd0.7Zn0.3Te quantum dots

Ternary alloyed Cd0.7Zn0.3Te colloidal quantum dots were synthesized under open atmosphere conditions. The Cd0.7Zn0.3Te quantum dots were characterized under XRD studies, DLS technique and optical absorption measurements. Using tauc and urbach relation the optical energy bandgap and urbach energy were obtained. The intensity depended nonlinear optical parameters of Cd0.7Zn0.3Te quantum dots were determined with Z-scan experimental setup using a green laser source working on continuous wave mode. The nonlinear absorption coefficient β, along with optical limiting capacity of Cd0.7Zn0.3Te quantum dot is investigated through the open aperture set up. The transmittance of Cd0.7Zn0.3Te quantum dot showed a sharp dip at the maximum intensity point of the laser which indicates reverse saturable absorption. The optical limiting threshold value for Cd0.7Zn0.3Te quantum dot was obtained around 4.6 KJ/cm2. The nonlinear refractive index of Cd0.7Zn0.3Te quantum dot is find out using closed aperture set up. The nonlinear refractive index with a negative sign was obtained for the Cd0.7Zn0.3Te quantum dot which is attributed to the self-defocusing phenomena. The nonlinear studies indicate that the sample exhibits good nonlinear properties and find applications in optical limiting materials.

Ultrasonic Clusterization Process to Prepare [(NNCO)6Co4Cl2] as a Novel Double-Open-Co4O6 Cubane Cluster: SXRD Interactions, DFT, Physicochemical, Thermal Behaviors, and Biomimicking of Catecholase Activity.

A novel double-open-cubane (NNCO)6Co4Cl2 cluster with a Co4O6 core was made available under aqua-ultrasonic open atmosphere conditions for the first time. The ultrasonic clusterization of the (3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methanol (NNCOH) ligand with CoCl2·6H2O salts in ethanol yielded a high-purity and high-yield cluster product. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and ultraviolet (UV)–visible techniques were used to elucidate the clusterization process. The double-open-Co4O6 cubane structure of the (NNCO)6Co4Cl2 cluster was solved by synchrotron single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) and supported by density functional theory (DFT) optimization and thermogravimetric/differential TG (TG/DTG) measurements; moreover, the DFT structural parameters correlated with the ones determined by SXRD. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), Mulliken atomic charge/natural population analysis (MAC/NPA), highest occupied molecular orbital/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO/LUMO), density of states (DOS), and GRD quantum analyses were computed at the DFT/B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) theory level. The thermal behavior of the cluster was characterized to support the formation of the Co4O6 core as a stable final product. The catalytic property of the (NNCO)6Co4Cl2 cluster was predestined for the oxidation process of 3,5-DTBC diol (3,5-di-tert-butylbenzene-1,2-diol) to 3,5-DTBQ dione (3,5-di-tert-butylcyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-dione).

Nanoparticles based single and tandem stable solar selective absorber coatings with wide angular solar absorptance

Solar selective absorber coatings with wide angular solar absorptance aids in attaining high photo-thermal conversion efficiency for solar thermal systems. In this regard, nanoparticles-based absorber coatings were developed on stainless steel grade 304 by combining the impregnation method, solvothermal process, and dip-coating technique. Developed nanocomposite (SiO 2 nanoparticles in transition metal oxide matrix) based single layer absorber coating with nano void textured surface, exhibits solar absorptance of 0.92 and spectral emittance of 0.12. MgF 2 nanoparticles based anti-reflective layer on single-layer absorber coating improves the solar absorptance to 0.94 by destructive interference mechanism. Both nanoparticles based single and tandem absorber coatings show wide angular solar absorptance of 0.88 and 0.89, respectively, at an incidence angle of 50°. Besides, developed absorber coatings show lower thermal emissivity of 0.17 and good photo-thermal conversion efficiencies at high operating temperatures (400–500 °C). These developed absorber coatings offer excellent thermal stability at an open atmospheric condition till operating temperature, such as 400 °C for 100 h. Selective nature with wide angular solar absorptance and low heat loss behaviour of stable absorber coating show the photo-thermal conversion efficiency of 91% can improve the performance of receiver tubes in solar thermal systems. • Cost-effective and novel nanoparticles based single and tandem absorber coatings. • Nanocomposite based absorber coating exhibits wide angular solar absorptance. • Tandem layer (MgF 2 AR/nanocomposite) absorber shows solar absorptance of 0.94 • Absorber coatings shows excellent photo-thermal conversion efficiencies (>90%). • Absorber coatings are thermally stable at 400 °C for 100 h with good adhesion.

Investigation of cross-stream spray injection and wall impingement in a circular channel for SCR application

A parametric study of cross-stream pulsed spray injection and wall impingement characteristics in a circular channel has been carried out with an objective to investigate performance improvement in selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems for exhaust gas after-treatment in diesel engines. The spray computations are performed based on a combined Eulerian and Lagrangian based modeling approach for the continuous and the discrete phases respectively. The simulation results are validated using the in-house experimental data for water injection in both open atmospheric and channel flow conditions. The spray structure, penetration, and droplet size are compared and good agreement between the experiments and simulations is demonstrated. Though the focus of the present work is on studying the influence of liquid preheating on post-impingement spray and wall-film characteristics as well as evolution of species mass fraction, the effect of air mass flow rates, and temperature, and the choice of the working liquid (water or Urea Water Solution (UWS)) are also investigated. While the mass flow rate of air and the selection of the above liquids for spray injection are found to have marginal influence on the results, the liquid preheating is shown to strongly affect the droplet evaporation and thus, the spray impact process. Especially, the liquid injection temperature that leads to flash evaporation results in reduced wall filming, higher ammonia generation rate and spatial uniformity of NH 3 across the channel. This paper demonstrates preheating as a promising approach for the improvement of SCR performance. • Spray injection and wall impingement in a duct air flow relevant to SCR systems is numerically investigated. • The predicted post-impingement droplet size and spatial distribution compared well against the in-house experiments. • Marginal influence of air mass flow rate and choice of the liquid (water or UWS) is observed. • Preheating the injected liquid is a viable alternate for performance optimization of the SCR systems. • Especially, the flash evaporation condition ensures reduced wall filming and, higher rate of NH 3 and its spatial uniformity.

Synthesis and Photoluminescence Characterization of 3- MPA Capped CdZnTe Quantum Dots

3-MPA capped CdZnTe alloy quantum dots synthesized using Na2TeO3 as the tellurium source under open atmosphere conditions in aqueous medium. The optical and photoluminescence properties of the CdZnTe quantum dots characterized using UV-Visible absorption and Photoluminescence spectrum. An excitonic peak at 527 nm observed in the absorption spectrum. Tauc relation and Urbach relation were employed to find the bandgap energy and urbach energy of the CdZnTe quantum dot. The quantum dot particle size was estimated using the bandgap energy from Tauc plot employing tight binding approximation, which was 4.75 nm. A high intense emission peak at 567 nm obtained in the photoluminescence spectrum. The emission peaks correspond to yellow fluorescence. The CIE chromaticity diagram gives color coordinate at (0.41,0.56) with a color purity of 92%. The high intense yellow fluorescent CdZnTe quantum can placed as potential candidates for fluorescent probes, biolabeling and cell imaging applications.

Stable Formamidinium‐Based Centimeter Long Two‐Dimensional Lead Halide Perovskite Single‐Crystal for Long‐Life Optoelectronic Applications

AbstractSolution‐processable 2D metal‐halide perovskites are highly promising for cost‐effective optoelectronic applications due to their intrinsic multiquantum well structure. However, the lack of stability is still a major obstacle in the use of this class of materials in practical devices. Here, the authors demonstrate the stable optoelectronic properties using formamidinium (FA)‐based centimeter‐long 2D perovskite (BA)2FAPb2I7 high‐quality single‐crystal controlled by the thickness of two perovskite layers. The large area single‐crystal exhibits good crystallinity, phase purity, and spectral uniformity. Moreover, the (BA)2FAPb2I7 single‐crystal shows excellent stability at open atmospheric conditions when compared to methylammonium (MA)‐based (BA)2MAPb2I7 counterparts. The photodetectors fabricated using 2D perovskite single‐crystal on the rigid Si/SiO2 substrate reveal high photoresponsivity (Rλ)(≈5 A W−1), the fast response time (<20 ms), specific detectivity (D*) (≈3.5 × 1011 Jones), and excellent durability under 488 nm laser illumination. The Rλ and D* values are obtained from the (BA)2FAPb2I7 single‐crystal 25 times and three orders magnitudes, respectively, higher than the (BA)2MAPb2I7 single‐crystal. Additionally, the perovskite material on flexible polymer substrate reveals good photo‐sensing properties in both bending and nonbending states.

Disinfection of Dental Chair Water Using Aqueous Chlorine Dioxide

Chlorine dioxide is a safe, environmentally friendly disinfecting agent. In this study, aqueous chlorine dioxide (ACD) was used to improve the water quality of dental chairs. However, chlorine dioxide is readily released from ACD solutions under open atmosphere conditions. Described herein is a water purification and disinfection system using ACD. The system was designed, fabricated, and integrated into an existing dental chair water system. This system is referred to as an ACD dental chair. Because ClO2 readily degasses from ACD, there needs to be a way to maintain and measure the ACD solution in real time. In our studies, we found that pH and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) change as a function of chlorine dioxide concentration and are easily controlled and measured. The dosing of the ACD was designed to begin at 800 mV and stop dosing at 810 mV in the ACD dental chair. Through use of this continuous monitoring and automatic dosing system, the water ORP was controlled between 800 and 860 mV. This range is the effective concentration of chlorine dioxide that is without chlorine-like odor and microorganism growth. The ACD dental chair controlled the total bacterial count to <5 CFU/mL and the chlorite concentration was less than 0.0004 mg/L, meeting legal standards of Taiwan, the USA, and China. In addition to the application of ACD in dental chairs, it may also be used in closed water systems for food, cosmetics, beverages, and other industries.

In situ hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone on Pd/C with phosphotungstic acid at open atmospheric condition

The production of cyclohexanone, of industrial importance, is at a distance to environment friendly and efficiency. As a solution, a mild sustainable catalytic hydrogenation is presented herein, of phenol into cyclohexanone on Pd/C with potassium formate the hydrogen donor under open atmosphere. Some important reaction conditions, such as temperature, reaction time, catalyst, amount of potassium formate, etc. were investigated and analyzed. The positive growth was found to accelerate the conversion rate of phenol while reducing cyclohexanone selectivity by weakening the protection of phosphotungstic acid. Phosphotungstic acid was confirmed to be the co-catalyst exhibiting the highest activity under given conditions. Based on experiments, we have made reasonable assumptions about the reaction mechanism, while the reaction kinetics proves high reaction rates within a wide temperature range, indicating the reaction to be quick process. Furthermore, the good reusability and recyclability of Pd/C catalyst is verified to benefit future industrial applications.

N-Arylation of Protected and Unprotected 5-Bromo-2-aminobenzimidazole as Organic Material: Non-Linear Optical (NLO) Properties and Structural Feature Determination through Computational Approach.

The interest in the NLO response of organic compounds is growing rapidly, due to the ease of synthesis, availability, and low loss. Here, in this study, Cu(II)-catalyzed selective N-arylation of 2-aminobenzimidazoles derivatives were achieved in the presence of different bases Et3N/TMEDA, solvents DCM/MeOH/H2O, and various aryl boronic acids under open atmospheric conditions. Two different copper-catalyzed pathways were selected for N-arylation in the presence of active nucleophilic sites, providing a unique tool for the preparation of NLO materials, C-NH (aryl) derivatives of 2-aminobenzimidazoles with protection and without protection of NH2 group. In addition to NMR analysis, all synthesized derivatives (1a–1f and 2a–2f) of 5-bromo-2-aminobenzimidazole (1) were computed for their non-linear optical (NLO) properties and reactivity descriptor parameters. Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis was performed to get information about the electronic properties and reactivity of synthesized compounds.

3D printing of large-scale components of titanium alloys under open atmosphere

Titanium alloys are light in weight and exhibit high strength and toughness, even at high temperatures. Thus, they are widely used in key sectors, such as automotive, offshore, medical and especially aerospace industry. The most widely used titanium alloy is Ti6Al4V. It accounts worldwide for more than 50% of all titanium usage, of which more than 80% is used in aerospace (Alcisto et al., 2011; Donachie, 2000; Majumdar and Manna, 2012; Dragolich and DiMatteo, 1994). Ti6Al4V can be 3D printed with laser radiation with both the LPBF (laser powder bed fusion) and the DED (directed energy deposition) process, but still now, there is the necessity of a process chamber filled with inert gas in order to prevent oxidation. The main limitations of using a process chamber are the limited ability to produce large scale parts and the high energy and resource consumption, e.g. inert gases. In this work, we demonstrate 3D printing of large-scale and oxidation-free components out of Ti6Al4V under open atmosphere conditions with DED by using local gas shielding. Large-scale parts with neither bonding defects nor cracks and a porosity lower than 0.1% are achieved. The printed material shows tensile strength of up to approx. 1270 MPa and yield strength of up to 1170 MPa, which are significantly higher than the relevant specifications. For demonstrating the technology, a pylon bracket of about half-a-meter in length for mounting the turbojet engine to the wing of an airplane has been printed. We anticipate our assay to be a starting point for 3D printing materials susceptible to oxidation under open atmosphere in the future.

Elimination of wetting study flaws in unsaturated vapors based on Laplace fit parameters

Performing digital video image processing of sessile droplets and Laplace fit optimization is one of the most widely used modern techniques to measure the contact angle. The attractive feature of this approach is related to the possibility of simultaneous determination of numerous droplet parameters, such as contact angles, droplet surface tension, droplet surface area and droplet volume. However, lately in the literature, the analysis of the droplet shape is usually restricted by the contact angle determination, and the experiments are performed under open atmospheric conditions without simultaneous monitoring of the other droplet parameters. In this brief note, it is shown how wettability measurements under conditions of undersaturated water vapor affect the observed water droplet parameters.

Mesoporous silica coated CeO2 nanozymes with combined lipid-lowering and antioxidant activity induce long-term improvement of the metabolic profile in obese Zucker rats.

Obesity is one of the most important public health problems that is associated with an array of metabolic disorders linked to cardiovascular disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. A sustained therapeutic approach to stop the escalating prevalence of obesity and its associated metabolic comorbidities remains elusive. Herein, we developed a novel nanocomposite based on mesoporous silica coated cerium oxide (CeO2) nanozymes that reduce the circulating levels of fatty acids and remarkably improve the metabolic phenotype in a model of obese Zucker rats five weeks after its administration. Lipidomic and gene expression analyses showed an amelioration of the hyperlipidemia and of the hepatic and adipose metabolic dysregulations, which was associated with a down-regulation of the hepatic PI3K/mTOR/AKT pathway and a reduction of the M1 proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α. In addition, the coating of the CeO2 maximized its cell antioxidant protective effects and minimized non-hepatic biodistribution. The one-pot synthesis method for the nanocomposite fabrication is implemented entirely in aqueous solution, room temperature and open atmosphere conditions, favoring scalability and offering a safe and translatable lipid-lowering and antioxidant nanomedicine to treat metabolic comorbidities associated with obesity. This approach may be further applied to address other metabolic disorders related to hyperlipidemia, low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress.

Computational Investigation and Optimization of Cooling System Used For Hub Motors

The main aim of doing this project is to fix the strategy to provide the cooling for a hub motor so that there will be no effect on the copper windings of the motor while operating under variable load conditions. This works is carried out because of the fact that if the motor reaches the higher limits of its operating temperatures then the winding will get heated up and also there would be possibility of damage of the motor. So basically, we have proposed a fin attached casing from which the 30 numbers of fins are protrudes from the outer surface of hub motor and these fins are mounter in the open atmospheric condition considering the convectional heat transfer as low as possible based on the flow velocity of air and that is 5 W/m2K. Also, this value had been justified based on analytical approach followed in the study in order to find out the efficiency of the fins installed. We chose the casing material as stainless steel and fin material as aluminum because they have good thermal conductivity. The Computational investigation is carried out using ANSYS Module and the parameters i.e. Temperature distribution, Total heat flux and Directional heat flux were investigated based on the optimization technique followed based on two models that are a) Hub-Motor with Fin b) Hub-Motor without Fin. From the numerical investigation we achieved the Fin efficiency as 99%, followed by Heat dissipation from fin is 232.12 W and Fin effectiveness as 0.032 and hence results into an efficient model for the better cooling of the hub-motors of chosen dimension.