Ontological Problems Research Articles

Only consciousness truly exists? Two problems for IIT 4.0's ontology.

In this article we present two ontological problems for the Integrated Information Theory of Consciousness 4.0: what we call the (i) the intrinsicality 2.0 problem, and (ii) the engineering problem. These problems entail that truly existing, conscious entities can depend on, and be engineered from, entities that do not objectively exist, which is problematic: if something does not exist in objective reality (i.e., in itself, independently of another entity's consciousness), then it seems that it cannot be part of the material basis and determinants of other entities that do exist on their own. We argue that the core origin of these problems lies in IIT's equation between true existence and phenomenal existence (consciousness), and the corresponding ontological exclusion of non-conscious physical entities (i.e., extrinsic entities) from objective reality. In short, these two problems seem to show that IIT should reconsider the ontological status of these extrinsic entities, because they need to exist objectively to account for the ontological implications of the scenarios we present here, which are permitted by the operational framework of the theory.

Family Planning Policies in Peru (1995-2023): Ontological Problems on Fertility and Infertility in Andean and Amazonian Culture

The research proposes a historical analysis of family planning policies in force from 1995 to 2023, with the objective of understanding the problems derived from the Voluntary Surgical Contraception (VSC) program implemented between 1995 and 2000, as well as the current decline of the health system in relation to sexual health and family planning. It addresses the influence of conservative-oriented governments and policies, as well as the interaction with Andean, Amazonian and urban cultural conceptions of fertility and infertility. The methodology employed is historical in nature, with an anthropological and qualitative approach. The findings highlight that policies related to sexuality and family planning in the historical context of the country did not take into account the cultural values and perspectives of local communities, which has contributed to a social gap in the field of public health. It is evident that the mass sterilization policies implemented in Peru during the 1990s suffered from lack of informed consent, pressure and coercion on individuals, having a disproportionate impact on the most vulnerable communities. Therefore, this study seeks to provide guidance and recommendations to address the current problem identified.

К ассоциативной типологии в контексте изучения языка как достояния человека

The article discusses a number of fundamental for the development of associative typology propositions connected with systemogenesis of language as a human species- specific phenomenon. Using the example of the psychological meanings of lexical units that make up the ethnopolitically marked paradigm of the “national”, the author reflects on the patterns in the functioning of a living language, which are revealed on associative- verbal models of the Russian Language Personality (RLP) and can serve as the basis for the development of an associative typology of language. The article considers the problem of ontology and functional motivation of associative (active) grammar (as an inherent property of a linguistic personality) on a semantic basis. The hypothesis of associative grammar as a factor contributing to the integrative formation of meaningful units in the course of their being recruited for the inclusion into the speech flow through elimination of redundancy is proposed for consideration. It is stated that different functionally specific types of techniques aimed at elimination of redundancy and discovered via experiment can be considered as a subject for analysis in associative typology in the light of whole-systemic comparative analyses of network models of an average (national) linguistic personality. They can be described in terms of associative dominants (accentuations of a linguistic personality) and statistically formalized using vector models represented as psychoglosses and /or chronoglosses (in current diachrony).

Chronopolitics: Decolonising African Migration Studies

This article proposes the concept of ‘chronopolitics’ as a heuristic for a kind of decolonial imagination in migration studies, one that insists on structural changes as opposed to those relational ones that dominate the field. The article argues that migration scholars should question the coloniality of key concepts they use in their work to understand how the ‘solutions’ they propose (re)embed a colonial world and view. Building on previous critiques of migration studies, the article proposes that a chronopolitical argument to decolonising migration studies reveals the intrinsic connectivity of temporal and geographical linkages, in order to relate migration research epistemologies to ontological problems. This can allow the migration discourse to move beyond the centre, to address the current ‘black burden’ of ambivalent academic positioning and predominant methodological and conceptual approaches to migration studies. In these ways, chronopolitics adds conceptually to an underexplored debate in the field.

Ontology and collaborative data annotation for the standardisation of documentation processes of underground heritage spaces

Progress in the field of documentation and safeguarding of heritage buildings has evolved considerably since the implementation and use of information models. However, these models are being refined and particularised in an attempt to cover the full range of elements to be protected.There is one case that has not yet been sufficiently studied, namely the specific typology of underground built heritage spaces, where the procedures designed for more conventional buildings are not applicable. A lack of consensus has been detected in the standardisation of data processing, which is fundamentally since these spaces do not respond to the classification nor as a building or as an archaeological site.In addition, the morphology of these spaces, -with irregular surfaces of complex geometry-, makes the three-dimensional representation indispensable to record concise and exact documentation.This research proposes a specific methodology for processing heritage data from CIDOC-based models for underground built heritage spaces that fills the identified gap. The research also proposes solutions to the ontological problem of linking information and annotated data, establishing a methodology for performing this kind of work directly on three-dimensional models using web applications. This simplification of the procedure facilitates the reading and multidisciplinary access to the information of the agents involved in safeguarding heritage, replacing two-dimensional projections representation with the introduction of three-dimensional tools.

Exploring Dance Theory: Philosophical Foundations, Aesthetic Principles, and Critical Perspectives

This paper explores the complex realm of dance theory and explores its philosophical, aesthetic, and critical viewpoints. First, we consider the philosophical foundation of dance ontologically and strive for an ontological problem of action, expression and avatar. Dance semiotics and symbols are studied as basic tools for deciphering the meaning and understanding complex language of movement. Furthermore, the theory of body cognition reveals a complex relationship between mind, body and environment in the background of dance. Then we deeply study the principles of Dance Aesthetics, and emphasize the importance of the work of form and composition, labor force and choreography of expression. We also study the criticism and criticism of dance works using analytical techniques, interpretations, and comparative analysis, and provide a knowledge of the complex discourse of dance as an art form.

INTERGENERATIONAL DIALOGUE IN THE NOVEL “BONJOUR TRISTESSE” BY FRANҪOISE SAGAN

The article aims to study the poetic means of reproducing models of intergenerational dialogue in the parameters of “conflict/solidarity”. The material of the study is the novel “Bonjour tristesse” (“Hello Sadness”) by Françoise Sagan, which demonstrates models of intergenerational relations within and around one family. The objective of the research is to study the existential model of “friend or foe” in intergenerational relations, the peculiarities of generational identification and self-identification, to clarify the mythopoetic interpretation of the archetype of Mother, Eros and Thanatos, and the gender focus of intergenerational relations. The study uses the methodology of literary gerontology, existential interpretation of a literary text, mythocriticism, psychoanalysis, sociological and psychoanalytic works related to age anthropology. Historical, cultural, comparative historical and typological methods are used to study the embodiment of age-related aspects, as well as to establish thematic, figurative, and compositional features of the functioning of intergenerational dialogue in a literary text. The result of the study shows that the intergenerational dialogue in the novel takes place within the framework of the models of “solidarity” and “conflict”. The figurative and motivational complex “solidarity” is characteristic of Cécile and Raymond’s relationship with elements of the idealisation of the father. The model of “solidarity” with elements of manipulation prevails in the relationships of Cécile-Elsa and Cécile-Cyril. During the story, these relationships do not have a deep emotional connection. The “conflict” model is expressed in the Cécile-Anne interaction. Anne makes the mistake of taking her role as a mother to Cécile to heart. Thus, she breaks the established ties in the family, trying to impose “foe” roles on the father and daughter, and on the other hand, she attempts to try on the sacred image of a mother, which leads to Anne’s death. The novel presents an artistic interpretation of the Mother archetype in several projections. First of all, in the variation “patronage as a maternal function”, the Mother archetype is characteristic of Anne. However, if Anne’s patronage as a “foe” is acceptable to Cécile, she does not plan to see her as her father’s wife, or her mother (stepmother). The Cécile-Anne conflict can also be seen in the mythological tradition of the stepmother-stepdaughter. Another variation of the Mother archetype, the “sacrificing mother”, is characteristic of Cyril’s mother, but Cécile negatively perceives the type of “woman in the family kinkeeper role”. The mythopoetics of the conflictual parallel of Eros and Thanatos in the novel is closely related to the motif of the intergenerational relationship between Raymond and Elsa. Here, the connection between an older man and a young lover is a necessary confirmation of a man’s physical and emotional state. The line of mutual love between 40-year-old Anne and Raymond provides an example of harmonious ageing. However, the destructive conflict between Cécile and Anne becomes a modulated energy aimed at eliminating the threat (Anne). In this way, the author’s intention reveals the ontological problem of playing with death, the unconscious realisation of the primordial instinct of destructiveness. The motif of Thanatos is immanently present in the novel because of the death of Cécile’s mother. The relationship between Raymond and Anne causes Cécile’s rejection and ends in Anne’s suicide. Anne’s attempt to take her mother’s sacred place ends in death.

Perdebatan Realisme-Antirealisme dalam Filsafat Agama Kontemporer

This article starts from the ontological problem in the discourse on the philosophy of religion, namely between the realist and anti-realist poles. The two are differentiated from the way of understanding the world, where realists believe that there is a world that is independent of mind and consciousness (mind-independent world) while anti-realists believe that the world, including perspectives on it, is completely dependent on the intentionality of the subject, so it is only a construction of mind and consciousness. Regarding religion, for realists, religion and its substance truly refer to objective reality, while anti-realists believe that religion is fictitious because it is only a construction of the mind and consciousness, not referring to objective reality. This debate also implies a disagreement between theism and atheism, especially in the context of the ontological status of religion and the epistemic status of religion. This article wants to explain that a believer is definitely a realist. This realist attitude is confirmed through an ontological commitment to the existence of God. However, the semantic construction of divinity is in the domain of mind and consciousness. The object of representation exists in a world independent of the mind, while the content of the representation exists within the influence and determination of the mind. This has consequences for the subject's plurality of meanings of the world. Regarding the theism-atheism dialogue pattern, this article offers a more analytical dialogue pattern, namely dialogue that is not theologically centric. This means that the debate is more directed at how to talk about God, not just about God's existence.

Finite Freedom and its split from the Absolute in Schelling’s Bruno

Abstract The dialogue Bruno of 1802 is arguably the natural starting point for any investigation on the concepts of finitude, evil and human freedom in Schelling’s middle metaphysics. In this dialogue the author elaborates for the first time in his system a concept of freedom and independence of the finite, which extends via his reformulation in Philosophy and Religion of 1804 to the Freedom Essay of 1809 and beyond to the works of 1810 and 1811 – Stuttgart Private Lectures and The Ages of the World. The central ontological problem of the dialogue relates to the possibility of a separation between the absolute and the world as space of finite beings, which, according to the system of identity first presented in 1801, cannot exist as such. The question we will then address concerns the status of the finite as such and how would it be possible to admit both its existence for consciousness and the positing of an absolute and infinite principle of philosophy. We will show how Schelling’s interest shifts, almost unintentionally, from the infinite principle to the finite as such, as a principle of freedom and self-initiation independent of the real.

HISTORIOSOPHICAL AND ANTHROPOCENTRIC ASPECTS IN THE NOVELS BY YURIY KOSACH

Purpose. The article deals with the novels by Yuriy Kosach in the context of historiosophical and anthropocentric issues of the European and national existentialism. The study is based on the little-known historical novels ​“The Rubicon of Khmelnytskyi” ​and ​“The Day of Wrath​”. Theoretical basis. Yuriy Kosach’s prose oeuvre is an impressive and original phenomenon of the Ukrainian creative writing. It greatly regenerated the Ukrainian fiction in worldview, problematic and thematic, genre and stylistic aspects, showing the concordance with the need to modernize national and European literary-aesthetic consciousness of the 20th c. The historical and adventure novels “The Rubicon of Khmelnytskyi” and “The Day of Wrath”, which present a person against the historical background, are particularly conspicuous in the aspect of artistic portrayal of historical events and figures. Kosach managed to integrally render the concept of a person, to apprehend the depth of its nature and multiplicity of senses of its existence, to reconsider the complexity of psychological filling of a person’s inner world, to present a broad view of the problem of relations between people, to originally substantiate his anthropological concept which is the embodiment of the “national code”. Originality. It traces the evolution of the word picture of B. Khmelnytskyi, which unfolds against the background of sociohistorical events and moral challenges. For the first time it has been proved that in his historical and adventure novels with the elements of philosophism (existential antejizm) and psychologism, the prose writer showed the specificity of forming the historic figure of Hetman as a wise European helmsman, a state-minded person, and a leader of the Ukrainians. Conclusions. It has been emphasized that Yuriy Kosach raised important psychological, historiosophic and ontological problems such as a human being and its existence, life and death, psychological splitting, fate and a person’s destiny, morality, national identity, struggle for own rights and freedoms, feeling of responsibility for others etc.

Психологическая непрерывность как онтологический критерий личной идентичности субъекта

In the current article the author considers the problem of the subject’s personal identity. The analysis of this concept seems to be very relevant, since in today’s public space the concept of identity is used, firstly, as non-problematic, and, secondly, as completely politicized. The analysis of the concept of identity is important because philosophy can look at the subject’s identity without prejudice and thereby depoliticize its concept. And ontology as a branch of philosophy is able to carry out a truly fundamental and comprehensive research of the concept of the subject’s identity. Personal identity turns out to be an ontological concept because the subject exists as identical to itself, and consistent reflection on the modes of existence of the subject inevitably leads us to discover the concept of its identity. The subject of the article is the subject’s personal identity. On the basis of philosophical methodology and on the method of historical analysis, the author of the study considers personal identity as something non-self-evident, placing it in the conceptual framework of subjectivity proposed by Levinas. The personal identity of the subject is endowed with the status of a mediator, smoothing out the collision of the same and the other. In this research, human identity appears as both a space and the result of a collision of familiar experience and new impressions – in the terminology of Levinas – identical and different. The temporal structure of the subject’s identity is revealed. The concept of an ontological criterion of personal identity is put forward and four historical concepts that offer such a criterion are considered: Locke, Hume, Kant and Parfit. Thus, four ontological criteria are found – consciousness, memory, transcendental criterion and psychological continuity. Each criterion is analyzed, integrated into the ontology of the subject’s personal identity and the role of each criterion is traced in the organization of its temporal structure. The results of the research are the reconstruction of the discovered concepts in the status of ontological criteria of personal identity, their comparative analysis is carried out. It is concluded that Parfit’s psychological continuity is the most consistent of all the analyzed criteria because it simultaneously affirms the possibility of the subject’s personal identity and outlines the boundaries of the application of this concept. Though psychological continuity doesn’t fit in Levinas’ conceptual frame because it doesn’t solve existential and ontological problems, that exist around concept of personal identity.

Textbooks on the international relations theory: What they talk about, what they keep silent about, and what to do about it

Theory represents the highest form of scientific knowledge in any discipline, a sort of certificate of maturity of the latter, and, at the same time, the key to its systematic teaching and understanding. From this point of view, international studies show a somewhat paradoxical picture. On the one hand, at the moment there is no shortage of either theoretical studies of international political issues or textbooks on the theory of international relations. On the other hand, their common leitmotif remains the idea that international studies either have not yet acquired a full-f ledged theory, or, due to their inherent complexity, dynamism and inconsistency are not subject to systematic generalization in principle. As a result, teaching of the IR theory turns out to be equally inconvenient for the lecturers, if they want to not just bombard students with terms and personalities, but teach them to effectively use different concepts and approaches, and for students. The author argues that these difficulties stem not only from the objective complexity of international processes and problems, but also from the subjective theoretical, methodological and philosophical specifics of the textbooks on the IR theory. To substantiate this claim this paper examines a selection of modern Russian and foreign textbooks on IR theory. The first section summarizes their key advantages, which include, first of all, the fact that they all successfully perform an educational function, introducing the reader to the key approaches, schools and theories that form the ‘body’ of modern IR theory. In this regard, one can easily find both textbooks specially designed for an unprepared audience which provide an introduction to the discipline, and publications containing an in-depth analysis of the driving forces and internal logic of the IR theory development. At the same time, as shown in the second section, all modern textbooks on IR theory share a number of common short-comings, which can be divided into methodological and philosophical ones. The former include not sufficiently substantiated logic of presentation, the lack of clear criteria for structuring the material and explicitly formulated principles for selecting approaches to be considered. The latter imply reliance on extremely shaky philosophical assumptions, which, consciously or not, reproduce post-modernist views on the problems of ontology and epistemology of international relations and international studies. And it is in a critical revision of these basic philosophical principles where, according to the author, lies the key to addressing the problems in both teaching the IR theory and formulating the theory of international relations in the strict sense.

Alternative Solutions to the Problems of Islamic Education (Ontological Problems of Islamic Education)

Education is part of an investment in the future, a societal investment as well as a national investment aimed at advancing and enlightening the nation's life. Therefore, to achieve these goals, education is continually directed towards addressing several issues related to national and communal matters. Problem Formulation: What are the ontological problems in Islamic education and what are the alternative solutions to these ontological problems in Islamic education. Problem Objectives: To understand the ontological problems in Islamic education and explore alternative solutions to these issues. The research method employed is literature review. Results and Discussion: This paper discusses the ontological issues in Islamic education. Ontology is a branch of philosophy that deals with the essence of life. The problems in Islamic education that concern ontology necessitate the establishment of foundations, life principles, and a pattern of human thinking in the administration of Islamic education.

ProFun-SOM: Protein Function Prediction for Specific Ontology Based on Multiple Sequence Alignment Reconstruction.

Protein function prediction is crucial for understanding species evolution, including viral mutations. Gene ontology (GO) is a standardized representation framework for describing protein functions with annotated terms. Each ontology is a specific functional category containing multiple child ontologies, and the relationships of parent and child ontologies create a directed acyclic graph. Protein functions are categorized using GO, which divides them into three main groups: cellular component ontology, molecular function ontology, and biological process ontology. Therefore, the GO annotation of protein is a hierarchical multilabel classification problem. This hierarchical relationship introduces complexities such as mixed ontology problem, leading to performance bottlenecks in existing computational methods due to label dependency and data sparsity. To overcome bottleneck issues brought by mixed ontology problem, we propose ProFun-SOM, an innovative multilabel classifier that utilizes multiple sequence alignments (MSAs) to accurately annotate gene ontologies. ProFun-SOM enhances the initial MSAs through a reconstruction process and integrates them into a deep learning architecture. It then predicts annotations within the cellular component, molecular function, biological process, and mixed ontologies. Our evaluation results on three datasets (CAFA3, SwissProt, and NetGO2) demonstrate that ProFun-SOM surpasses state-of-the-art methods. This study confirmed that utilizing MSAs of proteins can effectively overcome the two main bottlenecks issues, label dependency and data sparsity, thereby alleviating the root problem, mixed ontology. A freely accessible web server is available at http://bliulab.net/ ProFun-SOM/.

The dialectic between knowledge, knowing, and concept in the theory of objectification

The theory of objectification (TO) is a theory of learning that seeks to foster conceptually rich, and critical, inclusive, and democratic pedagogical practices. The conception of these practices is based on a new understanding of learning as a cultural-historical process. In turn, the theoretical formulation of learning is anchored in a conception of knowledge that departs from the accounts of rationalists and (new and old) empiricists. The purpose of this article is to offer an overview of knowledge and learning as conceived in the TO. This overview is, of necessity, philosophical, as it addresses a problem that has often been overlooked in educational research: the ontological problem of the nature of knowledge – such as mathematical and scientific knowledge. The philosophical overview presented here is based on a specific philosophy that inspires the theory of objectification: dialectical materialism. Drawing on this philosophy, I theorize learning as a social, embodied, affective, semiotic, and material process where individuals encounter knowledge. In this encounter knowledge manifests itself in sensible practical and material activity through what it is called here knowing and concept. As argued in this article, knowledge, knowing, and concept are three modes of existence of a same entity that is invoked in the movement of learning.

The experience of foreignness in The Double Book by Dimitris Hatzis

Dimitris Hatzis’ novel, The Double Book (1976), a work of migrant literature, is an interweave of paradigmatic stories of Greeks who emigrate and reshape their identity, after leaving behind their life in their native land. The experience of foreignness is experienced both by characters in the book who consciously choose to uproot themselves from their homeland and struggle to adapt to the unfamiliar cultural environments of foreign lands, while battling against nostalgia, alienation and loneliness, and also by others who are forced to leave their provincial birthplace and end up feeling alien to themselves. The present study attempts to view these stories as the axes of a modern narrative about the “romeiko” and its lost generations, which presents different but equally painful experiences of expatriation and the aspects of the hard struggle for survival in an unwelcoming land. Taking into account postmodern theoretical approaches to migrant writing which describe it as “writing between the two” (“écriture de l’entre-deux”), it examines both the nostalgic recollections of a fragmented individual and collective memory of the recent or distant past, linked to the longing to return, and the ideological and ontological problems created by experiencing “déterritorialisation” and a sense of not belonging (“désappartenance”). The study also contemplates the marginal psychological states that arise during the process of acculturation, which are caused by difficulties in communication or by the subjective and national identity crisis of the immigrants. Nevertheless, hope of an interdependent multi-ethnic world emerges at the end of the novel, and gives rise to a humanist reflection on the need to form intercultural consciences and open “rhizomatic identities” (“identités rhizomatiques”) in contemporary multicultural communities.

A few remarks on the interpretation of Niels Bohr's philosophy-physics in Karen Barad's agential realism

The article deals with the approach to understanding science and technology as well as natural and cultural practices developed by the American philosopher Karen Barad in the concept of agential realism. The peculiarity of her approach consists in referring as a starting point to quantum mechanics in its interpretation, which was proposed by Niels Bohr. Barad proposes a reinterpretation of Bohr's propositions through revealing their ontological content. In this regard, the article addresses the epistemological and ontological problems that quantum physics has faced, such as the conditions for the possibility of an objective description of the world, the nature of measurement, and the relationship between language and the material world. Discussed is the shift that Barad argues is asserted in Bohr's philosophy-physics, which consists of quantum mechanics moving from the linguistic concepts in which the world of classical science was represented to what Barad calls material-discursive practices through which the world is articulated and explained. The possibilities of a different interpretation of Niels Bohr's philosophy-physics are considered.

Typology and specificity of biology philosophical problems

The article examines a new complexity problem of ontology brought to life by technical interventions in living systems. The object is the philosophical problems of biology, the subject of the research is to identify the specifics and typology of the philosophical problems of biology.The development of experimental technology predetermined the transition of biology to the molecular (genomic) level, which made it one of the leaders among the natural sciences. Biology is changing the scientific picture of the world within the framework of cybernetic ontology, a new paradigm, wherein molecules are used as vehicles for transmitting information, and life sciences are transformed into “technobiological art.” The nature of scientific knowledge transforms subject-object relations, knowledge is determined by techno-scientific methods and techniques in the field of biomedical and information technologies. Practical and theoretical schemes of biology act as a special model of experimental measurement practice and as a project of technical action.Technology raises many socio-ethical issues that go beyond the purview of natural scientists and engineers. Both philosophers and natural scientists are disturbed by the idea that the development of natural science has changed or will change in the nearest future civilization and the destinies of mankind.

Ontological Relations of the 1945 Basic Act as the Constitution with Pancasila as the State Ideology

This article discusses the relationship between Pancasila and the UUD 1945 as a constitution and laws, implementing regulations and policies to see its ontological gaps. The discussion focused on the constitutional phenomenon, which must elaborate on constructing the 1945 Basic Act and Pancasila. This article aims to see the dimensions of legal ontology related to the understanding and practice of justice in the country and state. The method used is to apply a content analysis approach, which identifies patterns, themes, or meanings that arise from the concept material contained in Pancasila and the 1945 Basic Act. Hail from this research is found ontological problems that need deeper attention. Given the overly broad ontological nature, further research is needed to identify deeper problems. This research has significant significance because it can be a marker of problems at the philosophical level that need attention. Empowerment.

Kazakh superstitions between humans and nature as a system of compatibility in theology

The unity of man and nature is associated in many philosophical currents with different levels of world unity. This is especially true of al-Farabi's concept of the world under the moon. Although ontological problems are posed at a high level in the concepts of space and time in modern philosophy and classical physics, they become functions of infinity, which are absolutely separate from man. Of course, there is a mutual creative activity and inseparable unity of man and the world, which should not come as a surprise after the concepts of "light world" and the twin of man and the world in Kazakh culture. Here we can talk about the correctness and falsity of the world around the ancient man of the East, about the "maya" of his world, but the path to man - the real Tao - becomes clear from the moon, and the external being - the landscape in motion. only. It is possible to say that cognition in these cultures is whole, specially reflected; it does not divide the world into parts, it does not study it in detail, it does not lose the "colors" of the world, it is not rationalized; where attempts to blindly conquer nature are irrational, and so on.