Onset Of Ventilator-associated Pneumonia Research Articles

Clinical outcomes in ventilator-associated pneumonia patients with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A retrospective observational study.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide. Critically ill patients with COPD exacerbations may require invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) commonly occurs in the intensive care unit (ICU) and is usually associated with high mortality. Current studies on the relationship between COPD and VAP are limited. This work compares the etiology and clinical outcomes of VAP between patients with and without COPD in Taiwan. This retrospective observational study was conducted at the Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. Patients with VAP were enrolled between January 2015 and December 2019. The COPD diagnosis was based on post-bronchodilator pulmonary function tests. We compared the bacterial etiology, ICU and hospital stay length, IMV duration, and mortality. A total of 175 patients with VAP were enrolled, 44% of whom presented pre-existing COPD. The disease severity on the day of admission was similar in both groups. Microorganisms were identified in 83 (47%) patients, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp., and Klebsiella pneumoniae being the most common pathogens. The proportion of multi-drug resistant isolates showed no significant differences between groups. Most patients underwent antibiotic treatment before VAP onset. The length of ICU and hospital stays and IMV duration after VAP onset were similar between groups, as well as ICU mortality, in-hospital mortality and 14-day mortality. Our study revealed that COPD was not associated with worse clinical outcomes in patients with VAP. No significant differences in bacterial etiology were observed between the two groups.

Complete Closed-Loop Ventilatory Circuit Delays the Onset of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Mechanically Ventilated Neurological Patients in the ICU: A Single-Center Prospective Preliminary Study

Abstract Background Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is preventable yet its incidence remains high. We compared conventional ventilator circuit with open suction and dual heated wire circuit (DHWC) with closed suction on the incidence of VAP. Methods This is a single-center, prospective cohort study conducted at a tertiary care hospital in neurological patients admitted to the neuro-intensive care unit (neuro-ICU) and requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) for more than 48 hours. Patients were ventilated using either conventional ventilator circuit with open suction (open group) or DHWC with closed suction (closed group) and were observed for VAP during the first 14 days of MV. The incidence and day of onset of VAP, duration of MV, duration of neuro-ICU and hospital stay, and mortality was noted in each group. Results A total of 63 patients were included (32 in open and 31 in closed group). The incidence of VAP was 9.3% in the open group and 12.9% in the closed group (p = 0.8). All the patients developed late VAP, that is, > 96 hours after intubation. However, as compared to the open group, VAP was observed much later in the closed group (day 7 vs. day 11). Duration of MV, neuro-ICU stay, hospital stay, and mortality did not differ significantly. Conclusion In this study, VAP incidences are similar in both the groups. However, neurological patients requiring MV for a short period might benefit from the usage of DHWC with closed suction system as VAP was seen to occur later in this group. Further, a randomized controlled trial with larger sample size is desired to confirm our findings.

Assessment of the prognosis, frequency, and isolated bacteria in ventilator-associated pneumonia among patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia: A single-center retrospective observational study

IntroductionAcute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia is associated with a high incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). We aimed to evaluate the epidemiology of VAP associated with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. MethodsThis retrospective observational study recruited patients with COVID-19-associated ARDS admitted to our center from April 1, 2020, to September 30, 2021. The primary outcome was the survival-to-discharge rate. The secondary outcomes were the VAP rate, time to VAP, length of ICU stay, length of ventilator support, and isolated bacteria. ResultsSixty-eight patients were included in this study; 23 developed VAP. The survival-to-discharge rate was 60.9 % in the VAP group and 84.4 % in the non-VAP group. The median time to VAP onset was 16 days. The median duration of ventilator support and of ICU stay were higher in the VAP group than in the non-VAP group. The VAP rate was 33.8 %. The most common isolated species was Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. On admission, carbapenems were used in a maximum number of cases (75 %). Furthermore, the median body mass index (BMI) was lower and the median sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score on admission was higher in the VAP group than in the non-VAP group. ConclusionsThe survival-to-discharge rate in VAP patients was low. Moreover, VAP patients tended to have long ICU stays, low BMI, and high SOFA scores on admission. Unusually, S. maltophilia was the most common isolated bacteria, which may be related to the frequent use of carbapenems.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia in an academic intensive care unit in Johannesburg, South Africa

Background. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) has an estimated incidence of 10 - 41.5 events per 1 000 ventilator days in developing countries, and carries high mortality. Little is known about the incidence and outcomes of VAP in Johannesburg, South Africa. Objectives. To describe VAP in a tertiary public hospital in Johannesburg, assess the microbiological pathogens associated with VAP (both early and late), and outline the outcomes of these patients. Methods. The study was a retrospective record review of patients admitted to the Helen Joseph Hospital intensive care unit (ICU) between March 2013 and January 2016. Results. VAP developed in 24/842 ventilated patients (2.9%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8 - 4.2), with an incidence of 23 events per 1 000 ventilator days, during the study period. Of these patients, one-third (29.2%) died and 70.8% were discharged from the ICU. Late-onset VAP (onset ≥5 days after intubation, incidence 45.8%) was associated with higher mortality (54.6%) than early-onset VAP (onset within 4 days after intubation, incidence 54.2% and mortality 7.7%). Commonly isolated organisms were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. There was a trend towards an increased risk of multidrug-resistant organisms with late-onset VAP (adjusted relative risk 2.26; 95% CI 0.92 - 5.57; p=0.077) and airway access through a tracheostomy (relative risk 1.68; 95% CI 0.78 - 3.57). Conclusion. The study showed a low to moderate incidence of VAP of 23 events per 1 000 ventilator days. A tracheostomy and late-onset VAP were associated with infection by drug-resistant organisms. The mortality rate was 29.2% in this setting, with a seven-fold increase in mortality with late-onset VAP.

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of the Potential Pathogens of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in the Endotracheal Tubes of Critically Ill Patients

An endotracheal (ET) tube offers surface for potential pathogens to attach and produce biofilm. These potential pathogens are typically hospital flora with a broad range of antibiotic resistance. The study aimed to characterize the biofilm-producing flora in ET tube of critically ill patients. Following extubation, ET tubes were retrieved aseptically from 100 different patients and promptly transported in a sterile ziplock bag. Each ET tube was cut into three different sections; inner lumen was scraped out and inoculated on Blood agar, MacConkey agar, and Chocolate agar. Colonies produced on media were tested for antibiotic susceptibility testing by applying disc diffusion and Colistin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Out of 100 ET tubes, monomicrobial growth was observed in 62, polymicrobial growth in 14, and no growth in 24 specimens. A total of 93 potential pathogens were isolated including 25 (26.89%) Acinetobacter species, 23 (24.73%) Klebsiella species, 15(16.12%) Pseudomonas species, 13 (13.98%) E. coli, 6 (6.45%), Staphylococcus aureus, 4 (4.3%) Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus species (CoNS), 2 (2.15%) Proteus species, 1 (1.07%) Enterobacter species and 4 (4.3%) Candida species. Imipenem and Colistin proved to be among the most successful antibiotics against gram negative isolates. Only 1 out of 25 Acinetobacter species was resistant to Colistin. Methicillin resistance emerged in two S. aureus and three CoNS strains. Microorganisms usually adhere themselves to the surface of ET tubes. They may act as potential pathogens for the onset of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) and are resistant to commonly administered antibiotics in hospitals. A technique to reduce or prevent the risk of biofilm development is crucial.

CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND OUTCOME OF VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL FAILURE

Background: Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) causes significant morbidity and mortality. Data from patients with preexisting renal failure is limited. Our aim was to evaluate the clinical characteristics and outcome of VAP in patients with renal failure and/or on maintenance hemodialysis. Material and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from February 2022 to February 2023. Patients >18 years, on mechanical ventilation (MV) for >48 hours, having underlying deranged renal function and who developed VAP were included. Demographics, cause of intubation, day of onset of VAP, clinical features, laboratory parameters and tracheal cultures were noted. Patients were followed till day 14 of VAP for mortality. Results: Out of 165 MV patients, 67 (40.60%) developed VAP, 33 (49.25%) in ≤ 4 days. The cause of intubation was respiratory distress in 58(86.8%) patients. In 61(91%) patients tracheal cultures were positive with Acinetobacter species (64%) as the most common organism and 93% of which were carbapenem resistant. Carbapenem resistant organisms were more frequently in case of late onset VAP (91.2% versus 72.7% p=0.049). A total of 42 patients (62%) died, 76 % within 7 days of VAP and 13 patients (19.40%) recovered with successful extubation. There was no significant difference in 14 days mortality between early or late VAP. Conclusion: VAP rates in patients with preexisting renal failure were 40%. Half of them developed in <4 days. Acinetobacter spp. was the predominant causative agent. Attributed mortality was high at 63% where two thirds of patients died within 14 days. Keywords: Outcome, Renal failure, Ventilator associated pneumonia, Mechanical ventilator

Prevalence of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in endotracheal aspirate samples: Experience at a tertiary hospital

The emergence of resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents in pathogenic bacteria poses a significant public health threat because few or no effective antimicrobials are available for infectious diseases. is a major cause of device-associated infections that pose a serious threat to critically ill patients. Resistance patterns are thought to result in very limited treatment options and high mortality. We examined the prevalence of in endotracheal aspirates samples and explored their antibiotics susceptibility. To determine the value of routine endotracheal aspirate cultures performed prior to the onset of the likely onset of ventilator-associated pneumonia (PVAP) in predicting pathogenic microorganisms and susceptibility to their antibiotics Patients admitted to the ventilatory intensive care unit were tested daily, and endotracheal aspirated (ET) specimens from suspected patients were sent to a microbiology laboratory for culture and sensitivity measurements. Of the 52 patients, only twenty five (48%) developed PVAP. Endotracheal aspirate cultures were positive in all PVAP cases. The most commonly isolated bacteria was 14 (56%), followed by 6 (24%) and 4 (16%). Almost all isolates of are multidrug resistant (MDR). ICU stays greater than 16 days were observed for the pathogen . We believe that multidrug-resistant is a widespread epidemic, leading to high mortality, long ICU stays, and a difficult case for ICU physicians. Further prospective studies are needed to tackle this threat

Effectiveness of First-Line Therapy with Old and Novel Antibiotics in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Caused by Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: A Real Life, Prospective, Observational, Single-Center Study.

Evidence-based, standard antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) is a relevant unmet clinical need in the intensive care unit (ICU). We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of first-line therapy with old and novel CRAB active antibiotics in monomicrobial VAP caused by CRAB. A prospective, observational study was performed in a mixed non-COVID-19 ICU. The primary outcome measure was clinical failure upon first-line targeted therapy. Features independently influencing failure occurrence were also investigated via Cox proportional multivariable analysis. To account for the imbalance in antibiotic treatment allocation, a propensity score analysis with an inverse probability treatment weighting approach was adopted. Of the 90 enrolled patients, 34 (38%) experienced clinical failure. Compared to patients who experienced a clinical resolution of VAP, those who had clinical failure were of an older age (median age 71 (IQR 64-78) vs. 62 (IQR 52-69) years), and showed greater burden of comorbidities (median Charlson comorbidity index 8 (IQR 6-8) vs. 4 (IQR 2-6)), higher frequency of immunodepression (44% vs. 21%), and greater clinical severity at VAP onset (median SOFA score 10 (IQR 9-11) vs. 9 (IQR 7-11)). Lower rates of use of fast molecular diagnostics for nosocomial pneumonia (8.8% vs. 30.3%) and of timely CRAB active therapy administration (65% vs. 89%), and higher rates of colistin-based targeted therapy (71% vs. 46%) were also observed in patients who failed first-line therapy. Overall, CRAB active iv regimens were colistin-based in 50 patients and cefiderocol-based in 40 patients, both always combined with inhaled colistin. According to the backbone agent of first-line regimens, clinical failure was lower in the cefiderocol group, compared to that in the colistin group (25% vs. 48%, respectively). In multivariable Cox regression analysis, the burden of comorbid conditions independently predicted clinical failure occurrence (Charlson index aHR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.04-1.42, p = 0.01), while timely targeted antibiotic treatment (aHR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.19-0.84, p = 0.01) and cefiderocol-based first-line regimens (aHR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.17-0.85, p = 0.02) strongly reduced failure risk. In patients with VAP caused by CRAB, timely active therapy improves infection outcomes and cefiderocol holds promise as a first-line therapeutic option.

Efficacy of cefiderocol- vs colistin-containing regimen for treatment of bacteraemic ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in patients with COVID-19

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) in patients hospitalized in intensive care units (ICUs) is an important and challenging complication, including in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Considering the poor lung penetration of most antibiotics, including intravenous colistin due to the poor pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics at the infection site, the choice of the best antibiotic regimen is still being debated. This single-centre, observational study was conducted from March 2020 to August 2022, and included all patients hospitalized consecutively with VAP and concomitant bloodstream infection due to CRAB in the COVID-ICU. The main goal of the study was to evaluate risk factors associated with survival or death at 30 days from VAP onset. A propensity score for receiving therapy was added to the model. During the study period, 73 patients who developed VAP and concomitant positive blood cultures caused by CRAB were enrolled in the COVID-ICU. Of these patients, 67 (91.7%) developed septic shock, 42 (57.5%) had died at 14 days and 59 (80.8%) had died at 30 days. Overall, 54 (74%) patients were treated with a colistin-containing regimen and 19 (26%) were treated with a cefiderocol-containing regimen. Cox regression analysis showed that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and age were independently associated with 30-day mortality. Conversely, cefiderocol-containing regimens and cefiderocol+fosfomycin in combination were independently associated with 30-day survival, as confirmed by propensity score analysis. This real-life study in patients with bacteraemic VAP caused by CRAB provides useful suggestions for clinicians, showing a possible benefit of cefiderocol and its association with fosfomycin.

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in COVID-19 Patients Admitted in Intensive Care Units: Relapse, Therapeutic Failure and Attributable Mortality—A Multicentric Observational Study from the OutcomeRea Network

Introduction: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) incidence is high among critically ill COVID-19 patients. Its attributable mortality remains underestimated, especially for unresolved episodes. Indeed, the impact of therapeutic failures and the determinants that potentially affect mortality are poorly evaluated. We assessed the prognosis of VAP in severe COVID-19 cases and the impact of relapse, superinfection, and treatment failure on 60-day mortality. Methods: We evaluated the incidence of VAP in a multicenter prospective cohort that included adult patients with severe COVID-19, who required mechanical ventilation for ≥48 h between March 2020 and June 2021. We investigated the risk factors for 30-day and 60-day mortality, and the factors associated with relapse, superinfection, and treatment failure. Results: Among 1424 patients admitted to eleven centers, 540 were invasively ventilated for 48 h or more, and 231 had VAP episodes, which were caused by Enterobacterales (49.8%), P. aeruginosa (24.8%), and S. aureus (22%). The VAP incidence rate was 45.6/1000 ventilator days, and the cumulative incidence at Day 30 was 60%. VAP increased the duration of mechanical ventilation without modifying the crude 60-day death rate (47.6% vs. 44.7% without VAP) and resulted in a 36% increase in death hazard. Late-onset pneumonia represented 179 episodes (78.2%) and was responsible for a 56% increase in death hazard. The cumulative incidence rates of relapse and superinfection were 45% and 39.5%, respectively, but did not impact death hazard. Superinfection was more frequently related to ECMO and first episode of VAP caused by non-fermenting bacteria. The risk factors for treatment failure were an absence of highly susceptible microorganisms and vasopressor need at VAP onset. Conclusions: The incidence of VAP, mainly late-onset episodes, is high in COVID-19 patients and associated with an increased risk of death, similar to that observed in other mechanically ventilated patients. The high rate of VAP due to difficult-to-treat microorganisms, pharmacokinetic alterations induced by renal replacement therapy, shock, and ECMO likely explains the high cumulative risk of relapse, superinfection, and treatment failure.

Evaluation of Synbiotics in the Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most common nosocomial infections. The role of probiotics in preventing VAP is still questionable. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of synbiotic FamiLact 2plus on the prevention of VAP in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). A total of 80 mechanically ventilated patients were included and divided into two groups of 40. Group 1 received FamiLact 2plus, and group 2 received placebo. The outcome variables were compared, including the incidence of VAP, the time interval between the onset of ventilation and VAP, the duration of mechanical ventilation, and the length of stay in the ICU. VAP is documented in four patients (10%) in group 1 and 11 patients (27.5%) in group 2 (P = 0.045). The length of stay in the ICU in group 1 was significantly shorter than in group 2, and the time interval between the start of intubation and the onset of VAP in group 1 was longer than in the placebo group. During the intervention, 15 patients in group 1 (37.5%) and 26 patients in group 2 (65%) developed diarrhea, which was a significant difference (P = 0.02). Synbiotic is associated with a reduction in the incidence of VAP as well as a reduction in ICU stay and delayed VAP.

Targeted temperature management at 36°C is a risk factor for ventilator-associated pneumonia.

In contrast to the adult population, limited information is currently available on risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in children. Therapeutic hypothermia has been identified as a risk factor for the early onset of VAP in adults; however, the relationship between VAP and normothermia remains unclear. The present study investigated risk factors for VAP in children, with a focus on the deleterious effects of therapeutic normothermia on VAP. We retrospectively investigated the clinical characteristics of children treated with mechanical ventilation for more than 48 h and analyzed risk factors for VAP. The endpoint was the onset of VAP by the seventh day after the initiation of mechanical ventilation. Among the 288 patients enrolled, seven (2.4%) developed VAP. No significant differences were observed in clinical backgrounds between the VAP and non-VAP groups. A univariate analysis identified target temperature management (TTM) at 36°C (p < 0.0001) and methylprednisolone (mPSL) pulse therapy (p = 0.02) as risk factors for VAP. An analysis of the time to the onset of VAP by the Kaplan-Meier plot and log-rank test revealed a significantly higher incidence of VAP in the TTM group (p < 0.0001) and mPSL pulse group (p = 0.001). TTM at 36°C and mPSL pulse therapy may be risk factors for VAP in the pediatric population.

Effects of systemic antibiotics in early onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma patients: A single-centre retrospective cohort study

Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia is one of the commonest complications encountered in intubated patients: its incidence ranges from 20% to 60%, with higher incidences seen in patients with polytrauma. Ventilator-associated pneumonia can result in poor neurological outcomes upon discharge, longer duration of mechanical ventilation and prolonged intensive care unit stays. The use of systemic antibiotics has been proposed as one method to reduce this complication. However, its effectiveness remains to be determined, and concerns about bacterial resistance hinder its use. This study aims to evaluate the effects of systemic antibiotics on early ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention. Methods: This is a single-centred retrospective cohort study, using data in the local trauma registry from 2015 to 2020. Patients aged ⩾18 years who suffered from injury to the head or trunk and were intubated within 12 h of hospitalization were evaluated for early ventilator-associated pneumonia to determine the effectiveness of systemic antibiotics on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia and to identify other risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients suffering from trauma. Result: A total of 250 patients were recruited; 59 of them met the criteria for early onset ventilator-associated pneumonia. Early use of broad-spectrum antibiotics with potent anaerobic coverage was found to be protective for early onset ventilator-associated pneumonia (adjusted odds ratio = 0.228, p = 0.044). Increasing age and severe thoracic or abdominal injury were also found to be strong non-modifiable predictors for the development of early onset ventilator-associated pneumonia. Conclusion: Use of systemic antibiotics with potent anaerobic coverage within 3 h of injury was found to prevent early onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in those intubated within 12 h of injury. However, a large-scale randomized control trial may be needed to further evaluate its benefit and its potential side effects, most notably the risk of antibiotic resistance.

Too much tolerance for hyperoxemia in mechanically ventilated patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia? Report from an Italian intensive care unit.

BackgroundIn COVID-19 patients requiring mechanical ventilation, the administration of high oxygen (O2) doses for prolonged time periods may be necessary. Although life-saving in most cases, O2 may exert deleterious effects if administered in excessive concentrations. We aimed to describe the prevalence of hyperoxemia and excessive O2 administration in mechanically ventilated patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and determine whether hyperoxemia is associated with mortality in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or the onset of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).Materials and methodsRetrospective single-center study on adult patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia requiring invasive mechanical ventilation for ≥48 h. Patients undergoing extracorporeal respiratory support were excluded. We calculated the excess O2 administered based on the ideal arterial O2 tension (PaO2) target of 55–80 mmHg. We defined hyperoxemia as PaO2 > 100 mmHg and hyperoxia + hyperoxemia as an inspired O2 fraction (FiO2) > 60% + PaO2 > 100 mmHg. Risk factors for ICU-mortality and VAP were assessed through multivariate analyses.ResultsOne hundred thirty-four patients were included. For each day of mechanical ventilation, each patient received a median excess O2 of 1,121 [829–1,449] L. Hyperoxemia was found in 38 [27–55]% of arterial blood gases, hyperoxia + hyperoxemia in 11 [5–18]% of cases. The FiO2 was not reduced in 69 [62–76]% of cases of hyperoxemia. Adjustments were made more frequently with higher PaO2 or initial FiO2 levels. ICU-mortality was 32%. VAP was diagnosed in 48.5% of patients. Hyperoxemia (OR 1.300 95% CI [1.097–1.542]), time of exposure to hyperoxemia (OR 2.758 [1.406–5.411]), hyperoxia + hyperoxemia (OR 1.144 [1.008–1.298]), and daily excess O2 (OR 1.003 [1.001–1.005]) were associated with higher risk for ICU-mortality, independently of age, Sequential Organ failure Assessment score at ICU-admission and mean PaO2/FiO2. Hyperoxemia (OR 1.033 [1.006–1.061]), time of exposure to hyperoxemia (OR 1.108 [1.018–1.206]), hyperoxia + hyperoxemia (OR 1.038 [1.003–1.075]), and daily excess O2 (OR 1.001 [1.000–1.001]) were identified as risk factors for VAP, independently of body mass index, blood transfusions, days of neuromuscular blocking agents (before VAP), prolonged prone positioning and mean PaO2/FiO2 before VAP.ConclusionExcess O2 administration and hyperoxemia were common in mechanically ventilated patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. The exposure to hyperoxemia may be associated with ICU-mortality and greater risk for VAP.

A Review on The Causative Agents, Risk Factors and Management of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: South Asian Perspective

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is common hospital-acquired pneumonia in ICU patients. Patients with pneumonia after 48 hours of mechanical ventilation are VAP affected. INICC found that VAP rates between 2012 to 2017 are 14.1 per 1000 episodes. The most common pathogens include Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Developing countries seem to have a higher mortality rate compared to developed countries. Treatment protocol involves antibiotic therapy. For the early onset of VAP, cephalosporin (cefotaxime or ceftriaxone), fluoroquinolone, or piperacillin-tazobactam are found to be effective while for late-onset, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, meropenem, and piperacillin-tazobactam seems to have positive Results. Apart from antibiotics, other options like bacteriophage therapy can offer a good alternative to fight the rapid emergence of MDR pathogens. J MEDICINE 2022; 23: 151-161

Risk Factors and Protective Factors against Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia-A Single-Center Mixed Prospective and Retrospective Cohort Study.

Introduction: Understanding the factors associated with the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) will allow for better prevention and control of VAP. The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of VAP, as well as to determine risk factors and protective factors against VAP. Design: Mixed prospective and retrospective cohort study. Methods: The cohort involved 371 critically ill patients who received standard interventions to prevent VAP. Additionally, patients in the prospective cohort were provided with continuous automatic pressure control in tapered cuffs of endotracheal or tracheostomy tubes and continuous automatic subglottic secretion suction. Logistic regression was used to assess factors affecting VAP. Results: 52 (14%) patients developed VAP, and the incidence density of VAP per 1000 ventilator days was 9.7. The median days to onset of VAP was 7 [4; 13]. Early and late onset VAP was 6.2% and 7.8%, respectively. According to multivariable logistic regression analysis, tracheotomy (OR = 1.6; CI 95%: 1.1 to 2.31), multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated in the culture of lower respiratory secretions (OR = 2.73; Cl 95%: 1.83 to 4.07) and ICU length of stay >5 days (OR = 3.32; Cl 95%: 1.53 to 7.19) were positively correlated with VAP, while continuous control of cuff pressure and subglottic secretion suction used together were negatively correlated with VAP (OR = 0.61; Cl 95%: 0.43 to 0.87). Conclusions: Tracheotomy, multidrug-resistant bacteria, and ICU length of stay >5 days were independent risk factors of VAP, whereas continuous control of cuff pressure and subglottic secretion suction used together were protective factors against VAP.

Epidemiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia in ICU COVID-19 patients: an alarming high rate of multidrug-resistant bacteria

BackgroundCOVID‑19 is a novel cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that leads patients to intensive care unit (ICU) admission requiring invasive ventilation, who consequently are at risk of developing of ventilator‑associated pneumonia (VAP). The aim of this study was to assess the incidence, antimicrobial resistance, risk factors, and outcome of VAP in ICU COVID-19 patients in invasive mechanical ventilation (MV).MethodsObservational prospective study including adult ICU admissions between January 1, 2021, and June 31, 2021, with confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis were recorded daily, including demographics, medical history, ICU clinical data, etiology of VAPs, and the outcome. The diagnosis of VAP was based on multi-criteria decision analysis which included a combination of radiological, clinical, and microbiological criteria in ICU patients in MV for at least 48 h.ResultsTwo hundred eighty-four COVID-19 patients in MV were admitted in ICU. Ninety-four patients (33%) had VAP during the ICU stay, of which 85 had a single episode of VAP and 9 multiple episodes. The median time of onset of VAP from intubation were 8 days (IQR, 5–13). The overall incidence of VAP was of 13.48 episodes per 1000 days in MV. The main etiological agent was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (39.8% of all VAPs) followed by Klebsiella spp. (16.5%); of them, 41.4% and 17.6% were carbapenem resistant, respectively. Patients during the mechanical ventilation in orotracheal intubation (OTI) had a higher incidence than those in tracheostomy, 16.46 and 9.8 episodes per 1000-MV day, respectively. An increased risk of VAP was reported in patients receiving blood transfusion (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.26–3.59, p = 0.005) or therapy with Tocilizumab/Sarilumab (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.12–3.84, p = 0.02). The pronation and PaO2/FiO2 ratio at ICU admission were not significantly associated with the development of VAPs. Furthermore, VAP episodes did not increase the risk of death in ICU COVID-19 patients.ConclusionsCOVID-19 patients have a higher incidence of VAP compared to the general ICU population, but it is similar to that of ICU ARDS patients in the pre-COVID-19 period. Interleukin-6 inhibitors and blood transfusions may increase the risk of VAP. The widespread use of empirical antibiotics in these patients should be avoided to reduce the selecting pressure on the growth of multidrug-resistant bacteria by implementing infection control measures and antimicrobial stewardship programs even before ICU admission.

Automatic Continuous Control of Cuff Pressure and Subglottic Secretion Suction Used Together to Prevent Pneumonia in Ventilated Patients-A Retrospective and Prospective Cohort Study.

The ventilator bundle consists of multiple methods to reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) rates in Intensive Care Units (ICU). The aim of the study was to evaluate how the continuous automatic pressure control in tapered cuffs of endotracheal/tracheostomy tubes applied along with continuous automatic subglottic secretion suction affect the incidence of VAP. In the prospective cohort (n = 198), the standard VAP bundle was modified by continuous automatic pressure control in taper-shaped cuff of endotracheal/tracheostomy tubes and subglottic secretion suction. VAP incidence, time to VAP onset, invasive mechanical ventilation days/free days, length of ICU stay, ICU mortality, and multidrug-resistant bacteria were assessed and compared to the retrospective cohort (n = 173) with the standard bundle (intermittent cuff pressure of standard cuff, lack of subglottic secretion suction). A smaller incidence of VAP (9.6% vs. 19.1%) and early onset VAP (1.5% vs. 8.1%) was found in the prospective compared to the retrospective cohort (p < 0.01). Patients in the prospective cohort were less likely to develop VAP (RR = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.85) and early-onset VAP (RR = 0.19; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.64) and had longer time to onset VAP (median 9 vs. 5 days; p = 0.03). There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between both cohorts in terms of invasive mechanical ventilation days/free days, length of ICU stay, ICU mortality and multidrug-resistant bacteria. Modification of the bundle for prevention of VAP can reduce early-onset VAP and total incidence of VAP and delay the time of VAP occurrence.

Evaluation of Bacteria Causing Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Patients Admitted to Internal ICUs and Internal Wards at Shiraz Teaching Hospitals, 2017 - 2018

Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), a subset of hospital infections, occurs in patients who have been mechanically ventilated for at least 48 hours. Objectives: Our study aimed at determining the frequency and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteria causing VAP in teaching hospitals of Shiraz. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in Shiraz for eight months (November 2017 to June 2018). Samples were detected according to diagnostic bacteriologic tests, and antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed by the disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) method based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results: A total of 51 patients with VAP were examined, of whom 10 and eight patients had a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute respiratory distress syndrome, respectively. The late-onset VAP rate (61.7%) was higher than the early-onset VAP rate (38.3%). In our study, 45.2% of patients with VAP received antibiotics before the incidence of pneumonia, of whom 31.6% died. Of the remaining 54.8%, only 8.7% died. In other words, patients who received antibiotics before the incidence of pneumonia had higher mortality. The most frequently used antibiotics were meropenem (76.6%) and vancomycin (78.7%). Among 59 bacteria isolated, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas were the most prevalent organisms. Conclusions: Our results showed that most of the isolates (40%) belonged to multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens. Probably, antimicrobial treatment before the onset of VAP led to the selection of these MDR pathogens.

Incidence and Prognosis of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: A Multicenter Study.

The primary objective of this multicenter, observational, retrospective study was to assess the incidence rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in intensive care units (ICU). The secondary objective was to assess predictors of 30-day case-fatality of VAP. From 15 February to 15 May 2020, 586 COVID-19 patients were admitted to the participating ICU. Of them, 171 developed VAP (29%) and were included in the study. The incidence rate of VAP was of 18 events per 1000 ventilator days (95% confidence intervals [CI] 16–21). Deep respiratory cultures were available and positive in 77/171 patients (45%). The most frequent organisms were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27/77, 35%) and Staphylococcus aureus (18/77, 23%). The 30-day case-fatality of VAP was 46% (78/171). In multivariable analysis, septic shock at VAP onset (odds ratio [OR] 3.30, 95% CI 1.43–7.61, p = 0.005) and acute respiratory distress syndrome at VAP onset (OR 13.21, 95% CI 3.05–57.26, p < 0.001) were associated with fatality. In conclusion, VAP is frequent in critically ill COVID-19 patients. The related high fatality is likely the sum of the unfavorable prognostic impacts of the underlying viral and the superimposed bacterial diseases.