On-line Flow Research Articles

Simultaneous analysis of several plasticizer classes in different matrices by on-line turbulent flow chromatography-LC-MS/MS.

The development of methodologies for the determination of plasticizers is essential for assessing the environmental and human impact resulting from the use of plastics. A fast analytical method with on-line purification based on turbulent flow chromatography (TFC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) has been developed for the analysis of ten phthalates, four alternative plasticizers (including adipates and citrates), and 20 organophosphate esters (OPEs). The method has been validated for the determination of plasticizers across different matrices. Analytical parameters showed acceptable recoveries ranging between 50 and 125%, RSDs lower than 20%, and mLODs of 0.001-2.08ngg-1 wet weight (ww), 0.002-0.30ngg-1, and 0.001-0.93ngm-3 for foodstuffs, face masks, and ambient air, respectively. These methodologies were applied to foodstuff samples purchased in grocery stores, reusable and self-filtering masks, and indoor air measured in different locations. Plasticizers were detected in all the analyzed samples, with values up to 22.0μgg-1 ww, 6.78μgg-1, and 572ngm-3 for foodstuffs, face masks, and indoor air, respectively. The contribution of each family to the total plasticizer content varied between 1.3 and 87%, 0.5 and 98%, and 0.5 and 65% for phthalates, alternative plasticizers, and OPEs, respectively. These findings highlighted the need for analytical methodologies capable of simultaneously assessing a wide number of plasticizers with minimal extractionsteps. This capability is crucial in order to obtain more conclusive insights into the impact of these pollutants on both the environment and human health, arising from different sources of exposure such as foodstuffs, plastic materials, and atmospheric air.

Tracing pesticide dynamics: High resolution offers new insights to karst groundwater quality

Generally, karst aquifers and springs are highly susceptible to contamination due to the high permeability and, therefore, groundwater flow velocities. The often thin soil cover, accompanied by dolines, can lead to fast infiltration of precipitation water loaded with mobilized contaminants such as pesticides and their transformation products. To date, continuous, temporally highly resolved in-situ monitoring to decipher concentration dynamics for a broad range of pesticides is missing. Therefore, a transportable HPLC-HRMS/MS system (MS2field) was positioned at two karst study sites in the Swiss Jura. Water samples were collected and analyzed for pesticides and their transformation products in-situ every 20 min for 6 weeks in 2021 and 8 weeks in 2022. During the spraying season in 2021, six rain events at site 1 and three at site 2 in 2022 were captured. Concurrently, the water quality parameters electrical conductivity, pH, nitrate, turbidity, and water level, were monitored continuously at high temporal resolution. Further, bacterial cell counts were monitored via online flow cytometry.In 2021, several pesticides and pesticide transformation products were detected in peak concentrations after rain events, of which metamitron showed the highest concentration of up to 1000 ng/L. In one rain event, the Swiss federal and EU drinking water limit of 100 ng/L was exceeded for up to 38 h. Compared with highly frequent MS2field samples collected every 20 min, 42-hours composite samples severely underestimated peak concentrations for all compounds, especially for labile ones. Therefore, it was demonstrated that exceedences of the regulatory limit would have been missed if just composite sampling would have been conducted. Peak concentrations of pesticides coincided with peaks in nitrate concentration and bacterial cell counts following rain events. The correlation analysis showed strong correlations between the three analyzed contaminants (pesticides, nitrate and bacteria), and the proxy parameters electrical conductivity, and pH. The investigation of a second spring revealed similar dynamics indicating that these can be expected in other karst aquifers as well.

Can’t Stop, Won’t Stop Online In-Game Purchase on Mobile Phone: The Role of Flow Experience and Gaming Addiction (2024)

This study investigates factors influencing compulsive in-game purchases among Indonesian internet users, particularly Generation Z, and their societal impacts. It explores competitive behavior and flow experience in online gaming addiction, compulsive in-game purchases, and the link between them. Using quota sampling, 206 participants completed tailored questionnaires assessing online game addiction, flow, compulsive buying, and competitiveness. Structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to analyze relationships between these constructs, revealing significant links between gaming addiction, flow experiences, and compulsive online purchasing. Competitive gaming may moderate the relationship between flow experience and compulsive buying.

Application of Online Flow Cytometry for Early Biofouling Detection in Reverse Osmosis Membrane Systems.

Biofouling poses a significant challenge to reverse osmosis (RO) membrane systems, necessitating timely detection for effective control. This study evaluated the efficacy of flow cytometry (FCM) for early biofilm detection in comparison to conventional system performance indicators. Feed channel pressure drop and total cell concentration in the Membrane Fouling Simulator (MFS) flowcell cross-flow outlet water were monitored over time as early biofouling indicators. The results demonstrated the potential of increased bacterial cell concentration in cross-flow outlet water as a reliable indicator of biofouling development on the membrane. Water outlet monitoring enabled faster biofouling detection compared to feed channel pressure drop. Membrane autopsy confirmed biofilm presence prior to the pressure drop increase, highlighting the advantage of early detection in implementing corrective measures. Timely intervention reduces operational costs and energy consumption in membrane-based processes.

The Impact of Promotion, Product Quality, and Trust toward Online Impulsive Buying Decisions: The Mediating Role of Flow Experience

Online purchasing has experienced significant growth, with approximately 40 percent of total online purchases classified as impulsive. However, there is a gap between the potential rise in online purchases and the proportion of impulsive purchases, which remains at 40 percent. To address this gap and boost short-term sales for producers, this study aims to evaluate the impact of promotion, product quality, and trust on online impulsive buying decisions, considering the role of flow experience as an intervening variable. The research employs a descriptive quantitative method, collecting data through questionnaires using a Likert scale. The study was conducted in the D.K.I Jakarta area, involving 246 respondents. Data analysis was performed using path analysis to examine the relationships between the independent variables (promotion, product quality, and trust), the intervening variable (flow experience), and the dependent variable (online impulsive buying decisions). The findings reveal that promotion has a positive and significant influence on online impulsive buying decisions. Moreover, promotion significantly impacts flow experience, which in turn mediates the effect of promotion on online impulsive buying decisions. On the contrary, product quality and trust do not significantly affect either online impulsive buying decisions or flow experience. This suggests that promotional activities are crucial for enhancing impulsive purchases online, while product quality and trust play a lesser role in this context.

Application of machine learning in on-line calibration of flow measurement errors

With the vigorous construction of an intelligent pipe network, an automatic flowmeter was the key to realize online flow measurement of oil and gas. Ensuring the accuracy of flow measurement was very important to achieve real-time feedback on oil–gas production status for adjusting the oil recovery technology. However, due to the changing flow state of the oil–gas in the pipe and the error of the flow-meter itself, there were some errors during flow measurement. Therefore, based on the machine learning method, this paper corrected the errors caused by the pulsating flow and the flowmeter itself in data drift. The results showed that the toy–LSTM model can measure the pulsating flow accurately. When the number of toy–LSTM model neurons was ranged between 10 and 50, both RMSE and R2 showed good performance. The average of multiple predicted results presented higher accuracy than that of single predicted results, and furthermore, the drop rate can significantly increase the robustness of the toy–LSTM model. It should be noted that the optimal case proposed in this paper was based on a specific condition in the field. In the actual application, it was necessary to comprehensively consider the number of branch pipes, the change in oil well production, the characteristics of the oil–gas–water mixture, and other factors to determine the specific values of the number of neurons, the drop rate, and other parameters. Aiming at the distortion caused by the data drift of the flowmeter itself, the program was designed and data were collected from the software platform, information collector, and base station. The data acquisition of temperature–pressure integrated sensor and flowmeter was carried out in the field. In 20 groups of experiments, the online corrected program based on the Mexican Hat wavelet transform can realize accurate identification and automatic corrected responses, and the corrected time was within 5 min.

Convergence of online flow and AI-enabled services: the impact on awe experience in e-tail customer journeys

ABSTRACT This study investigates how control, concentration, and enjoyment impact customers’ awe experience in e-tailing, and examines how AI-enabled services may alter online flow dynamics. The research employed cutting-edge data collection techniques using an AI-driven platform developed by an Indian online survey firm. Participants were recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk and snowball sampling. Variables were measured using a Likert-type scale, with survey credibility and validity ensured through rigorous measures, including feedback collection and analysis. Through a novel research model and the ‘broaden-and-build theory,’ the study reveals that customers’ awe experience can be significantly influenced by control and concentration. Surprisingly, AI-powered e-retail services negatively affected two flow dimensions and subsequent awe experience. However, customers’ awe experience positively correlated with AI service quality, indicating emotions’ criticality. These findings provide new insights for future research and e-tailers to design effective marketing strategies enhancing customer journeys. The study underscores the importance of fashion retailers embracing AI technology to meet dynamic customer expectations, yielding enhanced efficiency and cost-effectiveness through process automation and waste minimization. By integrating AI, the industry undergoes a significant transformation, effectively redefining the shopping experience.

Online Flow Measurement of Liquid Metal Solutions Based on Impact Force Sequences: Modeling Analysis, Simulation, and Validation of Experimental Results.

Aiming at the existing high-temperature liquid metal flow online accurate measurement by the metal melt characteristics, installation space, and high-temperature environment adaptability limitations, this paper innovatively puts forward a soft measurement method based on the impact force generated in the fluid flow process as an observational variable series. Fluid mechanics theory and simulation software are used to analyze and verify the feasibility of the impact force as an observable variable to measure the flow rate, followed by the construction of the CNN-LSTM-CNN-Double (CLCD) flow measurement model of impact force and flow rate based on the parameters of the learning rate and the number of training times, and finally the construction of a test platform for the flow measurement, and the validity of the method is verified through actual operation.

Fixed-bed adsorption of perfluorooctanoic acid from water by a polyamine-functionalized polychlorotrifluoroethylene-ethylene polymer coated on activated carbon

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has received extensive attention because of its ubiquitous presence in the aqueous environmental phase and concerns of its impact on human health. An economical and effective adsorption method is in demand to help resolve the issue. In this study, a polyamine-functionalized polychlorotrifluoroethylene-ethylene polymer coated activated carbon (AC) was synthesized via a two-step reaction. The fluoropolymer based on the repeating unit ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) was applied as the binding medium to connect activated carbon with polyethyleneimine (PEI). Hence a dual grafted activated carbon-based sorbent AC-ECTFE-PEI was generated. Through the adsorption evaluation of packed columns by on-line detection flow analysis, the optimum synthetic stoichiometry parameters to produce AC-ECTFE-PEI, based on the longest adsorption breakthroughs, were determined to be the 5:2 AC/ECTFE and 1:1 AC-ECTFE/PEI mass ratios. The new adsorbent has shown a strongly enhanced initial adsorption breakthrough to PFOA compared to AC, 270 min vs. 110 min, under the same adsorption conditions. AC-ECTFE-PEI was also characterized by attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, BET surface area analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The functional group alterations during the reactions and the morphology information of the sorbent have also been elucidated. The Thomas, Adams-Bohart, and Yoon-Nelson models respectively were used to describe the adsorption behavior, indicating an PFOA adsorption capacity of 380 mg/g sorbent, 120 mg/L sorbent column, and a 50% average breakthrough time of 350 min for 100 mg/L PFOA removal, under a 1 mL/min flow rate and a 2 cm bed height. The regeneration study of AC-ECTFE-PEI of more than five adsorption-desorption cycles indicates good sustainability and stability. Both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions of PFOA were justified using selective solvent compositon of the mobile phase as the two main adsorption mechanisms. The electrostatic forces of PFOA on AC-ECTFE-PEI, AC-ECTFE, and AC were also evaluated by their zeta-potential values.

Investigating the suitability of online flow cytometry for monitoring full-scale drinking water ozone system disinfection effectiveness

While online monitoring of physicochemical parameters has widely been incorporated into drinking water treatment systems, online microbial monitoring has lagged behind, resulting in the use of surrogate parameters (disinfectant residual, applied dose, concentration × time, CT) to assess disinfection system performance. Online flow cytometry (online FCM) allows for automated quantification of total and intact microbial cells. This study sought to investigate the feasibility of online FCM for full-scale drinking water ozone disinfection system performance monitoring. A water treatment plant with high lime solids turbidity in the ozone contactor influent was selected to evaluate the online FCM in challenging conditions. Total and intact cell counts were monitored for 40 days and compared to surrogate parameters (ozone residual, ozone dose, and CT) and grab sample assay results for cellular adenosine triphosphate (cATP), heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), impedance flow cytometry, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Online FCM provided insight into the dynamics of the full-scale ozone system, including offering early warning of increased contactor effluent cell concentrations, which was not observed using surrogate measures. Positive correlations were observed between online FCM intact cell counts and cATP levels (Kendall's tau=0.40), HPC (Kendall's tau=0.20), and impedance flow cytometry results (Kendall's tau=0.30). Though a strong correlation between log intact cell removal and CT was not observed, 16S rRNA gene sequencing results showed that passage through the ozone contactor significantly changed the microbial community (p < 0.05). Potential causes of the low overall cell inactivation in the contactor and the significant changes in the microbial community after ozonation include regrowth in the later chambers of the contactor and varied ozone resistance of drinking water microorganisms. This study demonstrates the suitability of direct, online microbial analysis for monitoring full-scale disinfection systems.

Future-proofing entertainment: Navigating market changes in television and internet video services through predictive modeling

This research investigates the further prospects of TV and internet video services in the dynamic Yemen market by analyzing the factors that influence their use and engagement. This research expands its framework by including the combined concept of absorption and employ of technologies, and the idea of technology disruptions and systems improvement adding an entertaining bend to the analysis. Its purpose is to investigate the connection between the intention to use and the behaviour of interacting with the material. The research subjects were answered by a group of 400 academic graduates. In contrast to previous studies, this study discovered that only the Perceived Ease of Use (PES) is effectively connected with the desire to use online video services. However, it also revealed a significant optimistic connection between customer quality Online Flow Experience (OFE), Perceived Behavioral Control (PBO), and Instrumental Orientation (IR), the purpose to employ internet video services. Findings indicate a decline in TV viewership, while the limited amount of available money may pose a significant obstacle to the expansion of video platforms. This study provides vital insights into the evolving consumer behavior inside Yeman's media network at a period of minimal investigation.

Tantangan dan Strategi Pengembangan Profesionalisme Tenaga Pendidik di Era Digital di SMKN 1 Surabaya

The challenges faced by teachers in maintaining and improving their professionalism in the digital era, especially at SMKN 1 Surabaya. The digital era has changed the role of teachers, and they must adapt to new methods in the teaching and learning process. One of the main challenges is the need for teachers to master digital technology in the learning process. Students are used to the digital world, and teachers must be able to use various digital platforms and media effectively. In addition, teachers must help students to distinguish and use information wisely amidst the overwhelming flow of information online. This paper also describes the strategies used by SMKN 1 Surabaya to develop the professionalism of its teachers, such as regular training and workshops on digital teaching tools and collaboration with external parties to provide resources and facilitators. The research method used is qualitative descriptive analysis, which focuses on an in-depth study of the subject, with a systematic and comprehensive explanation of the facts found in the field. The research was conducted on March 7, 2024, at SMKN 1 Surabaya, and data was collected through a structured questionnaire with the school accountant. The research findings show that SMKN 1 Surabaya faces considerable challenges in maintaining and improving the professionalism of its teachers in the digital era, but the school has implemented various strategies to overcome these challenges.

On-site extraction using a 3D printed device coated with Zn/Co-ZIF-derived carbon followed by an on-line SIA-HPLC-FL system for fluoroquinolones determination in wastewater

A 3D printed device covered with Zn/Co-ZIF-derived carbon allows the on-site extraction of fluoroquinolones (FQs) from wastewater, avoiding the sample transportation to the laboratory, and the subsequent elution, separation and determination using an on-line flow system based on sequential injection analysis (SIA) coupled to HPLC-FL. Several parameters that affect the extraction efficiency and desorption were optimized including the sorption phase immobilization technique on the 3D device, extraction time, pH effect, sample volume as well as the type of eluent, eluent volume, and flow rate. Under optimum conditions, detection limits of 3–9 ng L−1 were achieved for norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin and difloxacin. The precision expressed as relative standard deviation (%RSD, n = 3), showed intraday and interday ranges of 1.5–5.3% and 2.8–5.7%, respectively, demonstrating a good precision of the proposed methodology. To assess matrix effects and accuracy of the proposed method in real samples, recovery studies were performed without and with FQs spiked at different concentrations (0.5–10 μg L−1) to wastewater samples, showing good recoveries in the range of 91–104%. The results allow to confirm the applicability of MOF-derived carbons as adsorbents for on-site extraction, and the satisfactory separation and quantification of FQs by a SIA-HPLC-FL on-line system after their desorption with small eluent volumes.

Selected Filipino Faculty Members' Online Shopping Experience in Manila's Online Marketplace

&#x0D; This study is current and applicable to the new norm of comprehending the experiences of online consumers on online marketplace pages. This study concentrated on the online shopping experiences and reactions of selected faculty members by identifying key observations, and consumer experiences on the web that emphasize browsing, purchasing, and online flow. The researchers used phenomenology as a qualitative research method to collect responses from twenty buyers who varied in consumer experience, gender, and age. The interview was tailored to each participant based on online information and a guide question. Results of the interviews revealed that some faculty members at a local university in Manila find online businesses to be both popular and convenient, while they can readily access online marketplaces. In addition, they purchase frequently using this platform due to the low prices, which is advantageous for them as consumers, although they are wary of con artists and fake buyers/sellers. Meanwhile, the challenges encountered by buyers include product complexities and meet-up changes, as well as the central issues of online trust and social connection. Despite the fact that some product acquisitions are difficult, the study found that appropriateness, price setting, and seller connections kept customers purchasing on the online market. Despite offering valuable insights into the faculty members’ online purchasing experience, this research has a number of limitations. The study is predicated on a twenty-participant qualitative investigation that was conducted primarily in Manila. Consequently, future research should involve populations from different regions. Numerous opportunities exist for future research to build on these findings. The development of a typology of online encounters and circumstances is one of the suggested areas for future study. &#x0D;

Assessing water quality in a distribution network based on hydraulic conditions

Abnormalities in hydraulic conditions inside a water distribution network are strongly related to the deterioration of drinking water quality. Leaking pipes and valves cause changes to the hydraulic conditions and allow the entry of impurities into the distribution system. Sudden flow and pressure shocks can detach soft deposits and biofilms from the pipe surface, resulting in deterioration of water quality. Online water quality measurements in a distribution network are scarce, but more common online flow and pressure measurements reveal the changes in hydraulic conditions in a distribution network and can be utilized to assess the water quality continuously and near real-time via modelling. Here, a data-driven model based solely on the online flow and pressure measurements in a distribution network for assessing the water quality at the end of an urban district metered area is presented. With the accuracy of R2 0.77, the developed data-driven model is able to assess the level of and the changes in potable water quality in a non-laborious and cost-effective way, also enabling proactive operations to ensure the distribution of high-quality drinking water to the consumers.

Giving the cells what they need when they need it: Biosensor-based feeding control.

"Giving the cells exactly what they need, when they need it" is the core idea behind the proposed bioprocess control strategy: operating bioprocess based on the physiological behavior of the microbial population rather than exclusive monitoring of environmental parameters. We are envisioning to achieve this through the use of genetically encoded biosensors combined with online flow cytometry (FCM) to obtain a time-dependent "physiological fingerprint" of the population. We developed a biosensor based on the glnA promoter (glnAp) and applied it for monitoring the nitrogen-related nutritional state of Escherichia coli. The functionality of the biosensor was demonstrated through multiple cultivation runs performed at various scales-from microplate to 20 L bioreactor. We also developed a fully automated bioreactor-FCM interface for on-line monitoring of the microbial population. Finally, we validated the proposed strategy by performing a fed-batch experiment where the biosensor signal is used as the actuator for a nitrogen feeding feedback control. This new generation of process control, -based on the specific needs of the cells, -opens the possibility of improving process development on a short timescale and therewith, the robustness and performance of fermentation processes.

Virtual Event Experiences: Does the Virtual Event Platform Matter?

The goal of this research is to understand how online platforms for virtual events work to shape attendees’ flow experience and their behavioral intentions. To achieve this goal, our study tested relationships among the experience of using the online platforms, flow experience, and future behaviors. A national survey was administered online using Qualtrics, targeting participants who were at least 18 years old and had attended a virtual event in the past 12 months. Structural equation modeling analysis shows that two dimensions of online platform experience (i.e., informativeness and communication) significantly and positively affect the flow experience. Furthermore, the flow experience has significant positive effects on intentions to share information about the event and to recommend it to other people. Although the small sample size in this study may restrict statistical power and the ability to draw firm conclusions, these findings contribute to a better understanding of virtual event experiences.

Conspiracy Theories and Faith in Romania. What the Orthodox Bloggers Say?

"The last twenty years have seen a rapid development of religion and conspiracy theories amid the expansion of digital technologies. This study seeks to address the gap in the literature on conspiracies and digital religion by focusing on the perception of Ortho-bloggers as a new type of religious actor emerging online, towards Faith and conspiracy theories in the Romanian Ortho-sphere. The study uses Romania as a case due to its Orthodox majority, good internet infrastructure, constant flow of conspiracies online and its unique geopolitical features. The findings point tendency among Ortho-bloggers towards thinking and sharing conspiracies. Key words: Ortho-bloggers, conspiracy theories, Faith, Romania, perceptions."

Is tourism live streaming a double-edged sword? The paradoxical impact of online flow experience on travel intentions

ABSTRACT This study used a mixed method to investigate the dual effects of the flow experience provided by tourism live streaming (TLS) on tourists’ travel intentions and how such effects vary across different types of destinations. The results reveal that, in contrast to managers’ predictions, while flow experience from TLS may boost offline travel through inspiration, it can also increase tourists’ concern for substitutability and thereby reduce their travel intentions. Live streamers’ expertise positively moderates the positive effect of flow experience on inspiration. Furthermore, the negative impacts are more salient in highly reputable cultural destinations and natural destinations with limited reputation.

RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATION’S ONLINE COMMUNICATION DURING PANDEMIC (A CASE STUDY ON KRAMAT PULO SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH IN THE TIME OF COVID-19 OUTBREAK)

Religious organizations are now forced to change their form of communication into online communication because of government policies that urge religious organizations to postpone carrying out religious activities in places of worship in order to reduce the level of transmission of the Covid-19 outbreak. Organizational communication is the process of delivering information and building understanding from individual to individual, or individual to group within an organization. This study raises the issue of online communication as a new form of communication in religious organizations with a focus on knowing the type of online communication used, the flow of online communication of religious organizations, and barriers in online communication. With a qualitative approach used on this research, researchers also used a case study method. Collecting data using in-depth interview and observation techniques. The subject of this research is the administrator of the Kramat Pulo GMAHK organization. The results of the study show that online communication of religious organizations uses asynchronous communication social media such as Facebook, Youtube, and Whatsapp Group as a means of disseminating information, coordinating, and alternative means of religious deepening activities. Meanwhile, synchronous communication media such as Zoom is intended as a substitute for religious activities or worship services, and organizational meetings. The flow of organizational communication online in the process of disseminating information is vertical linear from the leader of the organization to the bottom. Technical barriers, such as internet network problems, are a major problem in online communication of religious organizations.