On-line Control Research Articles

Numerical study on a new adjustable multi-hole throttling device for natural gas flooding

Natural gas flooding represents a significant technique for the enhancement of oil recovery, thereby facilitating the efficient utilization of oil and gas resources. In the injection and production system, the throttling gas nozzle is a key component that adjust the injection pressure according to the reservoir’s pressure. However, current throttling gas nozzles utilize a fixed structure, which presents a challenge in achieving online control of flow rate and pressure drop. Therefore, a new adjustable multi-hole throttling device was proposed in this paper, allowing for the regulation of pressure loss by changing the number of flowing holes. In order to gain insight into the operational principles and pressure drop characteristics of this new throttling device, the SST k-ω turbulence model and the NIST physical property model were employed to simulate the supercritical natural gas flow in the nozzle. The results demonstrate that there is an uneven distribution of velocity between the channels of the downhole multi-hole throttling device. The velocity in a single nozzle channel exhibits a trend of initially increasing rapidly and then decreasing, while the pressure exhibits an initial decrease, which is then followed by a slight increase. The pressure drops of the nozzle under different flow rates and flowing hole numbers were acquired, revealing that the pressure drop of the multi-hole throttling device is inversely proportional to the number of holes. The adjustment accuracy of pressure drop and flow rate is higher when the number of holes is between 4 and 6. However, a significant increase in pressure drop occurs when the number of holes is less than 3, resulting in poorer regulation accuracy. Furthermore, a pressure drop prediction model was developed based on the numerical results, which provides guidance for the application and design of the throttling device. In this study, a new natural gas flooding throttling device is proposed, offering a new approach for downhole equipment development. Additionally, this research provides guidance for the practical application and iterative improvement of this throttling device in future use.

Machine learning for online control of particle accelerators

Machine learning for online control of particle accelerators

Precise regulating the specific oxygen consumption rate to strengthen the CoQ10 biosynthesis by Rhodobater sphaeroides

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is the most consumed dietary supplement and mainly biosynthesized by aerobic fermentation of Rhodobacter sphaeroides (R. sphaeroides). Oxygen supply was identified as a bottleneck for improving CoQ10 yield in R. sphaeroides. In this study, a precise regulation strategy based on dielectric spectroscopy (DS) was applied to further improve CoQ10 biosynthesis by R. sphaeroide. First, a quantitative response model among viable cells, cell morphology, and oxygen uptake rate (OUR) was established. DS could be used to detect viable R. sphaeroides cells, and the relationship among cell morphology, CoQ10 biosynthesis, and OUR was found to be significant. Based on this model, the online specific oxygen consumption rate (QO2) control strategy was successfully applied to the CoQ10 fermentation process. QO2 controlled at 0.07 ± 0.01 × 10− 7mmol/cell/h was most favorable for CoQ10 biosynthesis, resulting in a 28.3% increase in CoQ10 production. Based on the multi-parameters analysis and online QO2 control, a precise online nutrient feeding strategy was established using conductivity detected by DS. CoQ10 production was improved by 35%, reaching 3384 mg/L in 50 L bioreactors. This online control strategy would be effectively applied for improving industrial CoQ10 production, and the precise fermentation control strategy could also be applied to other fermentation process.

On-line and real-time controller tuning architecture based on Youla–Kucera controller parameterization

This paper presents an on-line and real-time controller tuning architecture based on Youla–Kucera controller parameterization. First, a coarse controller is designed to satisfy nominal performance of closed-loop system. Second, Youla parameter is used to construct an on-line and real-time fine tuning mechanism including a group of controller candidates under arbitrary switching strategy. The mechanism can adjust the control performance on-line to achieve the balance between dynamic and steady-state performance without resulting in any closed-loop stability problems.

A comparative analysis of intelligent energy modelling approaches for a grid-tied PVT system application

Renewable energy resources are a long-term answer to the current chronic energy dilemma. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are the most often used form of a practical solution for power supply and energy management in buildings. A PV-thermal (PVT) system is essential to lowering the demand for grid energy by capturing electrical and thermal energy from sunlight, optimising energy usage and encouraging sustainable energy practices. The most significant difficulty faced by developing countries, such as South Africa, is a lack of power supply to meet demand while limiting grid overload. An alternative source of energy is a critical component. This research compares two intelligent energy modelling methodologies: optimal control scheme-based open loop and model predictive control (MPC) in a PVT application. The primary goal of the modelling is to limit the electricity required from the grid while stressing the system’s energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The open loop approach uses mathematical optimisation techniques to establish the best control strategy for the PVT system. The ideal set-points for various system parameters are found by presenting the problem as an optimisation task to reduce grid power usage. The optimal control technique delivers a global optimisation solution based on the system dynamics and constraints. The MPC technique employs a predictive control technique of the PVT system to create optimal control actions in a receding horizon manner. The MPC algorithm anticipates future system behaviour and generates control actions that minimise grid power drawn by iteratively solving an optimisation problem at each time step. This robust online control scheme enables real-time modifications and responses to system disruptions that effectively and dynamically coordinate system behaviour.

Autonomous intelligent additive manufacturing of continuous fiber-reinforced composites: data-enhanced knowledgebase and multi-sensor fusion

ABSTRACT Additive manufacturing (AM) are an emerging technique to generate complex structures of composite. However, the instability of the AM process leads to adverse manufacturing effects, including dimensional inaccuracies and poor mechanical performance in CFRP composites. Online monitoring and adaptive control based on autonomous cognition are suggested to ensure the accuracy of as-fabricated parts and enhance their quality upon manufacturing. In this study, a method of online monitoring and self-adaptive control based on multi-sensor fusion is proposed to predict and adjust the process parameters during AM of CFRP. The force sensor, visual camera, and thermal camera are employed to obtain the multiple signals upon manufacturing and then realize the autonomous perception, cognition, and decision features. Herein, the quantitative correlations between local defects and multi-sensing features are established to guide the decision-making of closed-loop adjustment. Besides, an empirical surrogate model between the misalignment of fiber bundles and input parameters is built to predict the proper parameters. Moreover, the temperature difference and contact force are selected as the controlled features, which are acquired using a thermal camera and a force sensor. The proposed system offers a novel framework for bolstering both the stability of the AM process and the quality of fabricated components.

Online control of UV and UV/H2O2 processes targeted for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) by a fluorescence sensor

This study assessed the online and real-time monitoring of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) using a microbial/tryptophan-like fluorescence sensor in a quaternary AOP (advanced oxidation process) pilot plant installed downstream of a tertiary municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Real-time fluorescence measurements were validated with lab-scale tryptophan-like fluorescence. Changes in water quality induced by different UV or UV/H2O2 doses were detected by the fluorescence sensor allowing real-time control of processes. The removal of CEC was discussed considering their photo-susceptibility and reactivity with •OH and then classified into three groups based on their reactivity and removal efficiency (RE). Linear models of CEC removal developed using real-time fluorescence removal as a surrogate parameter resulted very accurate (overall R2≥0.90) for most of CEC. Furthermore, real-time fluorescence data were successfully used to predict i) pseudo-observed first-order degradation rate constants of CEC (R2=0.99), and ii) UV doses during both UV and UV/H2O2 processes (R2>0.90). The findings of this study demonstrated that fluorescence sensors can be employed in operational relevant environment to monitor a broad range of CEC and control UV doses during UV-AOPs. Therefore, the implementation of fluorescence sensors is expected for optimizing costs, energy consumption and efficiency of quaternary wastewater treatments.

Ergot alkaloid control in biotechnological processes and pharmaceuticals (a mini review).

The control of ergot alkaloids in biotechnological processes is important in the context of obtaining new strain producers and studying the mechanisms of the biosynthesis, accumulation and secretion of alkaloids and the manufacturing of alkaloids. In pharmaceuticals, it is important to analyze the purity of raw materials, especially those capable of racemization, quality control of dosage forms and bulk drugs, stability during storage, etc. This review describes the methods used for qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis of ergot alkaloids in tablets and pharmaceutic forms, liquid cultural media and mycelia from submerged cultures of ergot and other organisms producing ergoalkaloid, sclerotias of industrial Claviceps spp. parasitic strains. We reviewed analytical approaches for the determination of ergopeptines (including their dihydro- and bromine derivatives) and semisynthetic ergot-derived medicines such as cabergoline, necergoline and pergolide, including precursors for their synthesis. Over the last few decades, strategies and approaches for the analysis of ergoalkaloids for medical use have changed, but the general principles and objectives have remained the same as before. These changes are related to the development of new genetically improved strains producing ergoalkaloids and the development of technologies for the online control of biotechnological processes and pharmaceutical manufacturing ("process analytical technologies," PAT). Overall, the industry is moving toward "smart manufacturing." The development of approaches to production cost estimation and product quality management, manufacturing management, increasing profitability and reducing the negative impact on personnel and the environment are integral components of sustainable development. Analytical approaches for the analysis of ergot alkaloids in pharmaceutical raw materials should have high enough specificity for the separation of dihydro derivatives, enantiomers and R-S epimers of alkaloids, but low values of the quantitative detection limit are less frequently needed. In terms of methodology, detection methods based on mass spectrometry have become more developed and widespread, but NMR analysis remains in demand because of its high accuracy and specificity. Both rapid methods and liquid chromatography remain in demand in routine practice, with rapid analysis evolving toward higher accuracy owing to improved analytical performance and new equipment. New composite electrochemical sensors (including disposable sensors) have demonstrated potential for real-time process control.

A semi-empirical model for online real-time control of NOX generation in diesel engines

Diesel NOX emission control is the main control content of diesel engines. Real-time high-precision NOX emission prediction model is the basic guarantee for (1) Diesel combustion management, (2) SCR after-treatment control, (3) OBD system. Existing models that rely exclusively on physical processes or data-driven artificial intelligence models fail to meet real-time requirements, while MAP look-up table-based models are poorly adapted and require extensive experiments for calibration. In this study, a new semi-empirical model for NOX emission prediction was developed, and the variables of the model were identified as exhaust temperature, engine speed, injected fuel mass flow rate, air intake mass flow rate, and exhaust oxygen mass flow rate, taking into account the mechanism of NOX generation in diesel engines as well as the requirement of real-time and direct measurability of the variables for on-line control. The influence of each variable on NOX was analyzed, the model structure of the NOX prediction model was determined, and the parameters of the prediction model were identified by least squares. The model is applied to real operating vehicles for validation and compared with a previous semiempirical model taken from the literature, and the results show that the overall accuracy of the proposed model is improved. Finally, the effect of variable uncertainty on the proposed model was assessed and it was found that the relative uncertainty in predicting NOX emissions ranged between 0 and 8% for sensor accuracies of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for exhaust temperature and intake air mass flow, respectively, suggesting that the sensor accuracy has a significant effect on the uncertainty of the model.

Online control of educational results of the unit “Electricity” in the conditions of blended learning

Abstract The article describes the technology of online control of educational results of the unit “Electricity” in the conditions of blended learning. It was determined that during the online stages of studying unit “Electricity”, reverse communication is an urgent issue when receiving information in a distance format, and online control is designed to support the organization of a modern training session. Three topics have been singled out in the unit, in the context of which it is appropriate to develop control measures. Topic I “Electric Field in a Vacuum” focuses on the study of electric field strength, potential, the relationship between strength and potential, the electric dipole, and the circulation and flow of an electric field. Topic II “Electric Field in a Substance” involves the study of the electric field in dielectrics and conductors in an electric field. Topic III “Electric Current” includes general laws of electric current, electric circuit, current in a circuit with a capacitor, and current work and power. There are outlined the different types of tests: graphical, calculation, animated, audio that form the means of online control in the context of the outlined unit. The developed technology of online control of educational results of the unit “Electricity” provides for an organic combination of the presentation of educational materials with control measures. The research methodology involved the analysis and synthesis of scientific, pedagogical, methodological sources and empirical methods, as well as the analysis of the obtained results. Before the introduction of the developed technology and after the completion of the experimental work, a study was conducted, which included an analysis of the quality of knowledge when studying the specified topic. The obtained results before and after the experiment were tested using the Pearson statistical test χ 2.

Creating scalable health equity and quality improvement frameworks: Evaluating the impact of a cancer screening awareness campaign for reducing disparities in Black and Hispanic women.

75 Background: Cancer disparities persist for Black and Hispanic women. Quantifiable learnings from early detection efforts may help inform future health equity initiatives and improve patient outcomes. This study describes survey results measuring the effectiveness of Love Letters for Cancer Screening for Women of Color, an awareness campaign using representative artwork and letters created “for the community, by the community,” within a quality improvement framework. Methods: Genentech and IQVIA deployed a survey at community health events hosted by partner organizations Weill Cornell Medicine and the American Cancer Society. The survey (fielded in English and Spanish) evaluated the impact of this health equity campaign on perceptions of cultural representation, cancer screening awareness, and motivation to act. In-person responses were compared with responses from an online control group in the broader NY metro area. Participants gave informed consent, and modest compensation was provided upon survey completion. This study was not powered for statistical significance. Results: Responses from 317 participants (117 in person; 200 online) showed that this campaign successfully resonated with target demographics of Black and Hispanic women both in person and online, demonstrating the positive impact of this community-based campaign. The campaign was effective at motivating Black and Hispanic respondents to act, with 74% reporting they would schedule a cancer screening, and 75% reporting they would talk to friends or family. Among respondents with self-reported low health literacy, 85% reported feeling more knowledgeable. Overall, in-person engagement was more meaningful than online engagement, highlighting the importance of partnering with community organizations for live events. Conclusions: Partnerships across patient, community, industry,and provider organizations are key to advancing cancer health equity and overcoming health disparities in historically marginalized, underserved populations. These survey results support cocreation and co-implementation of culturally tailored awareness campaigns with measurement frameworks to achieve quality improvement and health equity goals. Respondents who “agreed” or “completely agreed”. The campaign respects/reflects my culture and community Felt inspired to act around cancer screening for myself/my loved ones Will share information and/or materials about campaign with others Will talk to family and/or friends about cancer screenings Will speak to my HCP about cancer screenings Will schedule a cancer screening appointment for myself Black In-person (n=64) 75% 89% 77% 80% 77% 75% Online (n=20) 65% 75% 50% 70% 60% 60% Hispanic In-person (n=28) 82% 86% 79% 82% 75% 82% Online (n=20) 70% 70% 60% 70% 60% 65%

Research and Application of Online Electromagnetic Heating System with Internal Penetration in Oil Pipeline at Well Site

Abstract In response to the current situation of heating crude oil in the oil pipeline of Changqing Oilfield, most of the well sites have no associated gas, gas heating furnaces have been discontinued, and coal-fired heating furnaces pollute the environment. A study was conducted on the online through type heating system for the oil pipeline in the well site, with a focus on the composition and function of the digital heating system for the through type oil pipeline in the well site. The through type online heating system for the oil pipeline in the well site is mainly composed of a variable frequency electromagnetic controller The online controller and internal heating cable are composed of three parts. The oil pipeline generates heat by itself, while preventing the crystallization of paraffin and scale in the oil pipeline under the action of alternating electromagnetic fields, which is not easy to form wax. In 2023, on-site application was carried out on two oil pipelines in the Tongzhai operation area of the Third Oil Production Plant in Changqing Oilfield, replacing the existing gas heating furnaces and coal-fired heating furnaces to heat and transport crude oil in the oil pipelines. It does not generate heat itself and has a long service life. Due to the high thermal efficiency of the heat source coming from the inside of the oil pipeline, the buried pipeline renovation can be installed without breaking the soil. The flexible internal cable reduces the difficulty of construction and is safe and environmentally friendly, At the same time, it can remotely monitor the temperature of crude oil in the oil pipeline and the wellhead backpressure online.

On-line Configuration Identification and Control of Modular Reconfigurable Flight Array

With the increasing complexity of the working environment and the diversification of mission requirements of UAVs, traditional UAVs have a fixed structure and single function. It is difficult to be applied in occasions with complex environments and changing load demands. The modular reconfigurable flight array (MRFA) is composed of no less than four isomorphic unit modules that are freely spliced together. By adding or removing flight unit modules and adjusting the arrangement of flight unit modules, the configuration of the MRFA can be changed, so that it can adapt to complex environments and then complete different flight missions. In the process of MRFA research and development, online configuration identification has become one of important problem to be solved. In this paper, a configuration recognition algorithm is designed based on the breadth-first searching method to identify the online structure of MRFA firstly. Then, the dynamic model of the aircraft is carried out according to the obtained configuration information. At the same time, the mathematical model and configuration information of the MRFA are combined to establish an optimization control allocation mechanism to allocate suitable rotational speed for multiple rotors. Finally, several examples are carried out to show that the proposed technology can recognize the configuration with 100% recognition rate and average online recognition time 569.4ms. Then a cascade PID controller is designed to realize the flight control of the irregular MRFA with faster tracking performance of no more than 40 seconds.

How optimal is the minimum-time manoeuvre of an artificial race driver?

Minimum-lap-time optimal control problems (MLT-OCPs) are a popular tool to assess the best lap time of a vehicle on a racetrack. However, MLT-OCPs with high-fidelity dynamic vehicle models are computationally expensive, which limits them to offline use. When using autonomous agents in place of an MLT-OCP for online trajectory planning and control, the question arises of how far the resulting manoeuvre is from the maximum performance. In this paper, we improve a recently proposed artificial race driver (ARD) for online trajectory planning and control, and we compare it with a benchmark MLT-OCP. The novel challenge of our study is that ARD controls the same high-fidelity vehicle model used by the benchmark MLT-OCP, which enables a direct comparison of ARD and MLT-OCP. Leveraging its physics-driven structure and a new formulation of the g-g-v performance constraint, ARD achieves lap times comparable to the offline MLT-OCP (few milliseconds difference). We analyse the different trajectories resulting from the ARD and MLT-OCP solutions, to understand how ARD minimises the effect of local execution errors in search of the minimum-lap-time. Finally, we show that ARD consistently maintains its performance when tested on unseen circuits, even with unmodelled changes in the vehicle's mass.

Understanding the Actuation Point Stiffness of Electromechanical Drum Brakes

<div>Electromechanically actuated drum brakes are one interesting option for the realization of brake-by-wire systems for future electric vehicles. A key characteristic for the design and control of electromechanical brake actuators is the actuation point stiffness, as this quantity relates the actuation force to the required actuator position. The various known approaches for the control of electromechanical brakes, which primarily focus on disc foundation brakes, typically rely on the stiffness curve at least to some extent. A transfer of these approaches to drum brakes is not straightforward, because the actuation point stiffness for drum brakes is much more complex compared to disc brakes. In particular, a strong hysteretic behavior is observed for the standing drum and a considerable change of the stiffness and hysteresis can be observed for the rotating drum. Although drum brakes have been used for decades these effects have not been thoroughly discussed in literature, yet. Hence, this article proposes a minimal model, which gives a fundamental understanding of the stiffness characteristics of drum brakes. The relation to measured stiffness curves is discussed in detail to provide an in-depth understanding of the drum brake behavior. Additionally, prospect is given to a reduced complexity model that is suitable for online identification and control.</div>

A deep learning-powered intelligent microdroplet analysis workflow for in-situ monitoring and evaluation of a dynamic emulsion

Accurately determining microdroplet size and uniformity in dispersed phase systems is key for assessing emulsion stability, and essential for quality monitoring and control of emulsion products. Microscopic imaging probes have provided intuitive and advanced insights for characterizing particle microscopic morphology and dispersion in multiphase flows. However, wide size distributions, edge-cutting, overlapping, and high-density target droplets can compromise the image processing accuracy, thereby affecting the precise assessment of emulsion status. In this study, we present a deep learning-based intelligent workflow for microdroplet characterization using an in-situ high-speed particle imaging probe combined with advanced image processing techniques. With the assistance of progressive automatic annotation, a droplet image database was constructed for training the Mask R-CNN model. By incorporating image patching and supervised data augmentation strategies, our well-trained model with accuracy of 95.5% can precisely detect, localize, and segment microscale droplets with various patterns. Additionally, the shape reconstruction module visualizes true shapes of overlapping and edge-cutting droplets, facilitating precise quantification of droplet size information. To validate the feasibility and generalizability of the proposed workflow, we obtained sufficient droplet images through offline sampling during emulsion processes while employing back and front illumination for in-situ monitoring. The automated method achieves precise droplet detection and size measurement, demonstrating its immense potential in online monitoring, evaluation, and control of emulsion quality.

Using the online version of the Trier Social Stress Test to investigate the effect of acute stress on functional lateralization

How stress affects functional hemispheric asymmetries is relevant because stress represents a risk factor for the development of mental disorders and various mental disorders are associated with atypical lateralization. Using three lateralization tasks, we investigated whether functional hemispheric asymmetries in the form of hemispheric dominance for language (verbal dichotic listening task), emotion processing (emotional dichotic listening task), and visuo-spatial attention (line bisection task) were affected by acute stress in healthy adults. One hundred twenty right-handed men and women performed these lateralization tasks in randomized order after exposure to a mild online stressor (i.e., an online variant of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), TSST-OL) and a non-stressful online control task (friendly TSST-OL, fTSST-OL) in a within-subjects design. Importantly, the verbal and the emotional dichotic listening tasks were presented online whereas the line bisection task was completed in paper–pencil form. During these tasks, we found the expected hemispheric asymmetries, indicating that online versions of both the verbal and the emotional dichotic listening task can be used to measure functional hemispheric asymmetries in language and emotion processing remotely. Even though subjective and physiological markers confirmed the success of the online stress manipulation, replicating previous studies, we found no stress-induced effect on functional hemispheric asymmetries. Thus, in healthy participants, functional hemispheric asymmetries do not seem to change flexibly in response to acute stress.

Visuomotor prediction during action planning in the human frontoparietal cortex and cerebellum.

The concept of forward models in the brain, classically applied to describing on-line motor control, can in principle be extended to action planning, i.e. assuming forward sensory predictions are issued during the mere preparation of movements. To test this idea, we combined a delayed movement task with a virtual reality based manipulation of visuomotor congruence during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants executed simple hand movements after a delay. During the delay, two aspects of the upcoming movement could be cued: the movement type and the visuomotor mapping (i.e. congruence of executed hand movements and visual movement feedback by a glove-controlled virtual hand). Frontoparietal areas showed increased delay period activity when preparing pre-specified movements (cued > uncued). The cerebellum showed increased activity during the preparation for incongruent > congruent visuomotor mappings. The left anterior intraparietal sulcus showed an interaction effect, responding most strongly when a pre-specified (cued) movement was prepared under expected visuomotor incongruence. These results suggest that motor planning entails a forward prediction of visual body movement feedback, which can be adjusted in anticipation of nonstandard visuomotor mappings, and which is likely computed by the cerebellum and integrated with state estimates for (planned) control in the anterior intraparietal sulcus.

Formulating iron ore pellet induration process in an industrial straight grate system: Real-time experimentation and validation

Understanding the complex process of iron ore pellet induration is crucial in a straight grate system in the steelmaking industry. There is no attempt made so far to predict the behavior of this unit considering the physiochemical processes (drying, carbon combustion and limestone calcination) along with the heat transfer within the pellet, and between the hot gas and pellet. Moreover, the reported models are validated mainly with the pot test data. To address these research gaps, in this contribution, a rigorous model framework is proposed for an industrial induration unit considering all these above-mentioned issues together with some other practical aspects, including the heat transfer from hot gas to grate bar and heat loss due to air leakage into the system. To validate this rigorous formulation, attempt is further made to perform the real-time experimentation with induration system equipped with a thermocar. It is shown first time that the predicted temperature profiles of the pellets, grate bar and exit gas associated with the running bed are consistent with the plant data. The fuel consumption data is further obtained to investigate the performance of the proposed formulation at different operating regimes. It is observed that the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) between the measured and predicted fuel rates is reasonably low (i.e., 4.2%). With this, it is recommended to use the proposed formulation for online property prediction, process design, optimization, troubleshooting, control and scale-up of the induration unit.

Online control parameter optimization design for multi-machine coordinated loading system of hazardous substances

To address the parameter instability issues in hazardous materials handling during multi-machine loading and unloading operations, we propose a Full-Scale Smart Parameter Optimization Control (FSPOC) system specifically designed for multi-machine coordination. This system leverages a novel fish scale prediction algorithm tailored for cooperative multi-machine environments. Initially, the fish scale prediction algorithm, inspired by bionic fish scales, is developed to predict future system behavior by analyzing historical data. Building on this algorithm, we introduce a disturbance cancellation control theorem and design a parameter optimization controller to enhance stability in high-dimensional nonlinear spaces. The FSPOC method is then applied to a multi-machine cooperative system, enabling online distributed parameter optimization for complex systems with multiple degrees of freedom. The effectiveness of the proposed method was validated through simulations, where it was compared with two other optimization techniques: Genetic Algorithm-based PID (GAPID) and Chaotic Atomic Search Algorithm-based PID (CHASO). The simulation results confirm the superiority of the FSPOC method.