One-week Test-retest Reliability Research Articles

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the rapid assessment of physical activity questionnaire (RAPA) in Hungarian elderly over 50 years

BackgroundReliable and valid instruments are needed to estimate physical activity levels. The aim was to culturally adapt the “Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity” (RAPA) into Hungarian and to investigate the validity and reliability of this adapted version in the elderly over 50 years.MethodsIn our cross-sectional study 222 subjects were recruited in Hungary between December 2020 and January 2021(age 61.1 ± 7.9 years, 28% male). Criterion validity of RAPA and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)—Hungarian long version was tested by Spearman’s rank correlation. The examination of repeatability was based on a group of 32 people, and on the one-week test–retest reliability approach, and in addition to this during the statistical analysis intra-class correlation coefficient was calculated. To examine the sensitivity and specificity of the RAPA, negative and positive physical activity values were calculated from the results of the long version of the IPAQ and the RAPA. We tested 4 hypotheses (3 validity, 1 reliability). We considered acceptable validity and reliability if > 75% of hypotheses were confirmed. Results: All of the hypotheses (100%) were confirmed. Based on results of the validity testing of the newly adapted questionnaire was showed a moderate correlation between the examined measurement tools (R = 0.542, p < 0.001). The test–retest results of the questionnaire (N = 32, R = 0.988, p < 0.001) showed strong association.ConclusionRAPA showed fair to moderate validity and strong test–retest reliability similar to other studies. Based on our study’s results the RAPA is a valid and reliable questionnaire to measure the elderly Hungarian population’s physical activity.

Test-Retest Reliability and Translation of the Musculoskeletal Screening Protocol Questionnaire Used in the Swedish Armed Forces.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in military personnel are common, and it is important to identify those at risk so that appropriate preventive and rehabilitative strategies can be undertaken. The Musculoskeletal Screening Protocol (MSP) questionnaire is part of the implemented prevention strategy to reduce MSDs in the Swedish Armed Forces. The aims of this study were to evaluate the questionnaire's reliability and to translate it into English. One-week test-retest reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated in a sample of 35 Swedish military personnel. Reliability was evaluated by calculations of Cohen's kappa or quadratic-weighted kappa. Percent agreement was used as a parameter for measurement error. Translation into English included forward and backward translations and expert committee discussions. Kappa values relating to physical complaints/injuries were excellent (>0.75) except for knee and lower leg MSDs and for the intensity ratings, where Kappa values were mostly interpreted as fair-to-good (0.4-0.75). Kappa values of items pertaining physical performance, physical activity and exercise, eating and tobacco habits, sleep, and perceived health ranged between 0.72 and 1. Kappa values for feeling mentally or physical prepared were 0.47 and 0.65, respectively. Most percentage agreement values ranged between 90% and 100%. The English version was found to be satisfactorily equivalent to the Swedish MSP questionnaire. The Swedish MSP questionnaire was found to be highly reliable and was satisfactorily translated into English. This provides support for the questionnaire's ability to trustworthily capture the prevalence of MSDs and perceived health in military personnel. Future research is warranted on the psychometric properties of the English MSP questionnaire.

Psychometric evaluation of the NORC diagnostic screen for gambling problems (NODS) for the assessment of DSM-5 gambling disorder

The National Opinion Research Center (NORC) Diagnostic Screen for Gambling Problems (NODS) is one of the most used outcome measures in gambling intervention trials. However, a screen based on DSM-5 gambling disorder criteria has yet to be developed or validated since the DSM-5 release in 2013. This omission is possibly because the criteria for gambling disorder only underwent minor changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5: the diagnostic threshold was reduced from 5 to 4 criteria, and the illegal activity criterion was removed. Validation of a measure that captures these changes is still warranted. The current study examined the psychometric properties of an online self-report past-year adaptation of the NODS based on DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder (i.e., NODS-GD). A diverse sample of participants (N = 959) was crowdsourced via Amazon’s TurkPrime. Internal consistency and one-week test–retest reliability were good. High correlations (r = 0.74–0.77) with other measures of gambling problem severity were observed in addition to moderate correlations (r = 0.21–0.36) with related but distinct constructs (e.g., gambling expenditures, time spent gambling, other addictive behaviors). All nine of the DSM-5 criteria loaded positively on one principal component, which accounted for 40% of the variance. Classification accuracy (i.e., sensitivity, specificity, predictive power) was generally very good with respect to the PGSI and ICD-10 diagnostic criteria. Future studies are encouraged to establish a gold standard self-report measure of gambling problems and develop agreed-upon recommendations for the use and interpretation of crowdsourced addiction data.

Reliability and validity of the sense of humor scale

Abstract This study examined the reliability, validity, and factor structure of the sense of humor scale (SHS; McGhee, Paul E. 1999. Health, healing and the amuse system: Humor as survival training, 3rd edn. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt), a 24-item questionnaire developed to measure overall sense of humor. Participants included 99 adults, 105 undergraduates, and 111 comedians. One-week test-retest reliability was good (r = 0.75). Internal consistency of the overall scale was excellent, and acceptable-to-excellent for the six subscales. Item-total correlations were generally strong. Comedians scored higher than undergraduates and adults, supporting the construct validity of the SHS. Convergent validity was strong as the SHS was positively correlated with the Humor Styles Questionnaire total and its subscales. Our analyses of SHS’s associations with the Big Five personality dimensions led to findings that are consistent with prior research, as the SHS was positively correlated with extraversion and openness to experience, but uncorrelated with neuroticism, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Factor analyses found a bifactor model to be the best fitting model for the SHS. Ancillary bifactor fit indices provided additional support for the notion that the SHS may not be best described as unidimensional. Thus, it can be argued that the subscales are relevant for both research and applied work as they offer unique contributions.

Reliability and Validity of the Traditional Chinese Version of the Advance Care Planning Engagement Survey: A Pilot Evaluation in Taiwanese Outpatients.

Objective: The Advance Care Planning Engagement Survey (ACP-ES) has proven effective in evaluating individuals’ engagement in advance care planning (ACP). However, a Traditional Chinese version of ACP-ES (ACPES-TC) has not yet been developed. Therefore, this study aimed to translate and preliminarily validate the ACPES-TC in the Taiwanese context. Material and Methods: A forward and backward translation process was conducted. The translated questionnaire was confirmed by clinical and academic experts. The ACPES-TC was then evaluated for its reliability and validity with participants in the community and from an outpatient clinic in a medical center in Northern Taiwan. The participants comprised healthy people aged 20 to 30 years and patients ≥55 years old, recruited from September 17 to October 28, 2019. Results: Seventy people were recruited, including 20 people aged 20 to 30 years in the community and 50 patients ≥ 55 years old from clinics. The ACPES-TC scores are significantly higher among those of older age, having financial independence, and under long-term medication (p < .05). The patients’ preference for health-related decision-making is significantly correlated with the ACPES-TC score; the point-biserial correlation coefficient is 0.46 (p < .001). The discriminant and criterion-related validities are verified. The ACPES-TC demonstrated a good internal consistency (Cronbach's α .97), acceptable one-week test-retest reliability (overall intraclass correlation coefficient 0.86), and low practice effect between the test and retest (Cohen's d .43). Conclusion: The overall reliability and validity of the ACPES-TC are fair, which could be used to evaluate the patients’ engagement in ACP in Taiwan. However, further studies with a full-scale psychometric evaluation are needed.

Test-Retest Reliabilities of Four Tactic-first Sexual Violence History Questionnaires.

The present study documented, compared, and contrasted the test-retest reliabilities of the victimization and perpetration forms of a Tactic-first Sexual Experiences Survey (T-SESs) and the Post-Refusal Sexual Persistence Scales (PRSPSs). 243 Mechanical Turk workers (116 women, 124 men) completed four questionnaires in a randomized order via anonymous web survey at Time 1 and approximately one week later at Time 2. There were consistent gender differences in test-retest estimates. When assessing a history of victimization in women, both the T-SES and the PRSPS demonstrated evidence of minimal to good reliability (κ > .61, ICC = .86-92) while for men the PRSPS (κ = .64) was more consistent than the T-SES (κ = .59). When assessing a history of perpetration, there were fewer gender differences although post-hoc analyses suggest potential gender differences in assessing substance use facilitated perpetration (κ .48-.83) but were limited by few cases. Continuous scoring approaches were the most reliable, dichotomous scores were mostly reliable, and categorical scores generally did not meet minimal acceptable standards. For the rape victimization acknowledgment items, we found strong evidence of reliability for women (κ = .89, n = 31) and suggestive evidence of reliability for men (n = 7). There were few differences in reliability between standard and extended versions of the questionnaires. All four questionnaires exhibited good evidence of one-week test-retest reliability when scored continuously. Evidence of reliability was strongest with the populations and constructs most well studied - victimization history among women and perpetration history among men.

Reliability, validity and acceptability of the traditional Chinese version of the carer support needs assessment tool in Hong Kong palliative care settings

BackgroundAmong the few existing needs assessment tools for family carers, the 14-item Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool (CSNAT) is the only brief and holistic needs screening tool designed for everyday use in palliative care practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability, validity, and acceptability of the traditional Chinese version of the CSNAT in palliative care settings in Hong Kong.MethodsThis adopted a cross-sectional and correlation design with repeated measures. The participants were 125 family carers of palliative cancer patients and 10 healthcare providers (HCPs) that were recruited from two local hospitals. The evaluation of psychometric properties included the following: (1) content validity through HCPs including frontline physicians, nurses, social workers, and clinical psychologists; (2) construct validity between the CSNAT items and those of the validated tools that measured caregiver burden, social support, and caregiving self-efficacy; and (3) one-week test-retest reliability in a sub-sample of 81 caregivers. The acceptability of the tool was assessed by the carers using several closed-ended questions.ResultsThe content validity index of the CSNAT at the scale level was 0.98. Each item of the CSNAT was significantly and moderately correlated with caregiver burden (Spearman’s r = 0.24 to 0.50) and caregiving self-efficacy (r = − 0.21 to − 0.52), but not for social support. All CSNAT items had fair to moderate test-retest reliability (weighted kappa = 0.21 to 0.48), with the exception of two items “managing your relatives’ symptoms, including giving medicines” and “having time for yourself in the day”.Regarding the acceptability of the CSNAT, almost all HCPs were willing to use the CSNAT for carer assessment and support. 89.6% of the carers demonstrated a comprehensibility of the CSNAT tool and 92.9% felt comfortable answering the questions. Around 90% of the carers agreed to use the tool for screening, discussing needs, and making referrals.ConclusionThe traditional Chinese version of the CSNAT is a tool with high validity and acceptability and adequate reliability that measures family carers’ support needs, which should be considered for wide application in local palliative care practices.

An Italian Validation of ABILHAND-Kids for Children With Cerebral Palsy.

Limitations in hand function are common among children with cerebral palsy (CP), with almost 50% presenting an arm-hand dysfunction. However, there is no standardized assessment tool available in Italian for evaluating bimanual performance for this population. Our objective in this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of an Italian translation of the ABILHAND-Kids (ABILHAND-Kids-IT) among children with CP. We examined internal consistency using Cronbach's Alpha and Omega coefficients, and we investigated test-retest reliability with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). We performed explorative factor analysis (EFA) to investigate structural validity. We calculated Pearson's correlation coefficients between the ABILAND-Kids IT and the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) to assess criterion validity; and, to demonstrate the score variability of the ABILHAND-Kids-IT, we used analyses of variance (ANOVAs) to compare the 181 children with CP in this sample with their levels on the MACS. We enrolled 181 children with CP in the study. EFA confirmed a uni-dimensional scale. We obtained internal consistency on both Cronbach's Alpha and Omega coefficient of 0.98, and a one-week test-retest reliability analysis revealed an ICC with 95% of confidence interval of .992. The ANOVA revealed significant score variability (p < 0.01) and the Pearson correlation coefficient comparing the ABILHAND-Kids-It score with the MACS was -0.929 (p < 0.01). We conclude that the ABILHAND-Kids-IT is valid and reliable for use with Italian children with CP.

The German Version of the State Adult Attachment Measure (SAAM)

Abstract. This study examined the structure, reliability, and validity of a German version of the State Adult Attachment Measure (SAAM) by Gillath and colleagues ( Gillath et al., 2009 ). A satisfactory fit was found for the hypothesized three-factor model (comparative fit index = .840; RMSEA = .071 with 95% CI = .063, .079). The German SAAM subscales showed high internal consistency. Convergent and discriminant validity supported the state interpretation of the subscale scores. Furthermore, German SAAM scores explained variance in outcomes of mental health and well-being over and beyond trait attachment with the Security subscale accounting for most of the variance. One-week test–retest reliability did not differ from a trait attachment measure (Experiences in Close Relationship Scale). The DE-SAAM could capture fluctuations in Security scores induced by a security prime ( p = .007, d = 0.49). No effect of the prime condition (security vs. neutral) was found on Anxiety and Avoidance. Further research is needed to examine the validity of the state interpretation of all DE-SAAM subscale scores.

Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Wayfinding Effectiveness Scale

Being unable to find one’s way is a terrifying experience accompanied by feelings of fear or frustration. Persons with cognitive impairment (PWCIs) are apt to get lost and show difficulty in wayfinding effectiveness. Therefore, it is important to develop an instrument to measure the wayfinding effectiveness in PWCIs in northern Taiwan. This was a cross-sectional design with 180 PWCIs to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese Wayfinding Efficient Scale (CWE) developed by Algase. An exploratory Factor Analysis with varimax rotation was computed to explore the underline conceptual structure of the CWE. The results derived 6 factors: FDPFE = Finding a destination and a path in familiar environments; FDPUFE=Finding a destination and a path in unfamiliar environments; SDAS = Sense of direction and analytic strategies; SDGS = Sense of direction and global strategies; LMD = Landmark and distance in familiar/unfamiliar environments; MAP = Using a map in familiar/unfamiliar environments. This solution explained 66.50% of variance. The internal consistency values for the total and subscales were excellent. Item 25 was single loaded, therefore, deleted. One-week test-retest reliability of the CWE total scale and subscales were estimated using a subset of data (n = 15) by calculating ICC. One subscale, Finding a distance and a path in familiar environments (FDPFE), did not have significant test-retest reliability but the rest of the subscales and total scale had excellent test-retest reliability (.81-1.00). The initial psychometric properties of the CWE were acceptable. Further research should explore the possible associate factors.

Is Engagement in Physical Activity and Creative Activity Mutually Exclusive? An Evaluation of General and Domain- Specific Relationships

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between physical activity and creative behaviors. A random sample of 612 college students, ages 18-35, enrolled at a large Southeastern university, were recruited via an anonymous email invitation. Creative behaviors were assessed via two self-report questionnaires, includingthe Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale (K-DOCS) and the Biographical Inventory of Creative Behaviors (BICB). Self-reported physical activity habits were assessed with the Physical Activity Vital Sign (PAVS) questionnaire. One-week test–retest reliability was established on 10% of the participants.Of the multiple regression analyses that were conducted to examine the hypothesized relation-ship, between physical activity and creative activities, physical activity participation did not meaningfully influence domain-general or domain-specific creative activities. Additional selected independent variables, such as degree of exercise enjoyment and academic major were statistically significantly associated with self-reported creative activities. This study serves to identify more inclusive, yet parsimonious research hypotheses to further scientific knowledge in this under-investigated area.

Validity and reliability of smartphone use in assessing balance in patients with chronic ankle instability and healthy volunteers: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundChronic ankle instability (CAI) is associated with defective posture control and balance; thus, a proper assessment of these impairments is necessary for effective clinical decision-making. There is a need for portable, valid, and reliable methods to facilitate the easy collection of real-world data, such as mobile phones.Research question: Is the smartphone “MyAnkle” application valid and reliable in assessing balance in patients with CAI and healthy volunteers? MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study. Sixty-five participants completed two assessment sessions, including 31 patients (n = 41 ankles with CAI and 21 asymptomatic ankles) and 34 healthy volunteers (n = 68 ankles). In each session, dynamic single-leg stance balance was measured simultaneously using the "MyAnkle" application and the Biodex balance system (BBS) version 3. Testing was conducted at three levels of BBS difficulty—4 (D4, hard, loose platform), 6 (D6, moderate), and 8 (D8, easy, stiffer platform)—and repeated with opened and closed eyes. Both limbs were tested in a random order by two independent blinded assessors. ResultsThe two devices showed significant poor-to-moderate correlations when eyes were closed (p < 0.05). For discriminant validity, the application did not distinguish the two study groups in all tested conditions (p > 0.05), whereas the BBS weakly to moderately distinguished the dominant limbs in the two groups at all difficulty levels with eyes-open and at D8 with eyes-closed regardless to limb dominance. For reliability, a significantly poor to moderate inter-session reliability was noted for the two devices. Significance"MyAnkle" application is valid in assessing balance in patients with CAI when the eyes are closed. However, similarly to BBS, its one-week test-retest reliability may be insufficient for accurate follow-up of balance changes and need to be interpreted with caution. Future studies need to establish its inter-tester reliability and its usefulness in telerehabilitation.

A-241 Five Point Test: Reliability, Validity, and Test Performance in Cognitively Intact Adults

Abstract Objective Reliability and validity evidence related to the Five Point Test (FPT) scores is severely limited. The primary purpose of this study was to examine psychometric evidence related to two commonly used FPT scores (number of unique designs (UD), percentage of repetitions (PR)) using one-week test–retest reliability, correlations with demographic and neuropsychological variables, and convergent validity in line with a regression-based explanation-focused view of validity. Methods The sample consisted of 86 cognitively intact, non-depressed adult men and women ages 21–82 years (M = 52.7, SD = 17.7) with 7–21 years of education (M = 14.2, SD = 3.13) recruited from the general community and tested individually. Results UD ranged from 8–60 (M = 35.4) and PR ranged from 0–45% (M = 6.9%). Test–retest coefficients were .83 for UD but only .43 for PR. Age was significantly correlated with UD (r = −.59) and PR (r = .23). Education was significantly correlated with UD (r = .26) but not PR (r = −.10). There were no gender differences. UD showed significant bivariate correlations with WAIS-III Block Design, Trail-Making Test (TMT) A, TMT-B, Bicycle Drawing Test, and FAS Verbal Fluency but, together in a regression, only age and TMT-B remained significant. PR scores did not correlate significantly with any neuropsychological variables. Conclusion UD showed strong test–retest reliability. UD performance tends to be poorer with older age and less education. The meaning and interpretation of UD performance using a regression-based explanation-focused view of validity will be discussed. PR reliability is poor even over a short interval and attenuates subsequent statistical findings. Use of PR is not recommended in research or practice.

Measuring Self-Efficacy and Readiness for Advance Care Planning in Chinese Older Adults

ContextSelf-efficacy and readiness for advance care planning (ACP) is underresearched in the Chinese population given that these are novel concepts in the culture. ObjectivesTo translate the self-efficacy and readiness subscales of the ACP Engagement Scale into Chinese using the Brislin's Model and test its psychometric properties in Chinese older adults. MethodsContent validity and face validity were established based on the views of a group of experts and older adults. Then, a survey was conducted with a convenience sample of 204 community-dwelling older adults. Convergent validity was evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficients with the SURE test, a decisional conflict scale. The scores between older adults who had hospitalization experience in the previous year and those who did not have were compared to examine discriminant validity. ResultsThe findings showed that the Chinese subscales had good internal consistency (Cronbach's α 0.94–0.97) and acceptable one-week test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.66–0.70). There was a significantly high correlation between the self-efficacy and the readiness subscales (r = 0.809; P < 0.01) and moderate correlation between the two subscales and the SURE test (r = 0.509–0.587; P < 0.01). Discriminant validity was supported by significant differences between older adults who had hospitalization experience in the last year and those who did not have (P < 0.05). ConclusionThe Chinese readiness and self-efficacy subscales of the ACP Engagement Survey are valid and reliable tools for assessing the preparedness of the Chinese older adults for ACP.

Evaluation of reliability and validity of the patient health questionnaire-9 in patients with acne

Objective To evaluate the reliability and validity of the patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in patients with acne. Methods A total of 300 patients with acne were enrolled from the Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwestern Medical University from January 2017 to June 2018. Questionnaire survey was conducted among these patients to evaluate their depression status with the PHQ-9 and Hamilton depression scale (HAMD) , and the questionnaire completion time was recorded. The structured clinical interview (SCID) for American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Version) (DSM-Ⅳ) served as the for diagnosis of depression. Reliability analysis of the PHQ-9 was performed using the Cronbach′s α coefficient and one-week test-retest reliability. Factor analysis, Spearman correlation analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used for validity analysis of the PHQ-9, and the screening validity was also analyzed in different subgroups. Results A total of 258 patients with acne completed all the survey, and 47 were diagnosed with depressive disorder according to the diagnostic gold standard SCID. An optimal cutoff score of 9 was determined for the diagnosis of depression using the PHQ-9, with a sensitivity of 95.7%, a specificity of 88.6%, and an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.973 (95% CI: 0.956-0.990) . In different groups of people, the AUC ranged from 0.886 to 0.955. Validity analysis showed that the correlation coefficient between the total score of PHQ-9 and HAMD was 0.766, and the kappa value was 0.530. Factor analysis revealed that there were two common factors (cognitive-emotion factor and somatic symptom factor) , which explained 65.52% of the total variances. As reliability analysis showed, the Cronbach′s α coefficient of the PHQ-9 was 0.851, the correlation coefficients of the 9 items with the total scale score ranged from 0.550 to 0.709, the inter-item correlation coefficients ranged from 0.224 to 0.654, and the test-retest reliability value of the PHQ-9 was 0.824. The time to complete the PHQ-9 (4.9 ± 1.2 minutes) was significantly less than the time to complete HAMD (44.2 ± 5.9 minutes; t=108.787, P < 0.001) . Conclusions The PHQ-9 shows good reliability and validity for the diagnosis of depression in patients with acne, and can be used for preliminary screening of depression in patients with acne. Compared with the HAMD, the PHQ-9 has obvious advantages of being more timesaving and manpower-saving to make it easier to implement in clinic. Key words: Acne vulgaris; Depression; Questionnaires; Evaluation studies; Patient health questionnaire-9; Reliability; Validity

Psychometric Properties of the Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System in The Netherlands

The current study explored the psychometric properties of a parent-child interaction observation system, the Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System (DPICS) in the Netherlands. Participants included 31 Dutch mother-child dyads and 86 U.S. mother-child dyads for a community sample (2–7 years; 50% boys). Good one-week test-retest reliability was demonstrated among the Dutch sample. Similarities were found between Dutch and U.S. samples on most interaction codes, but mothers in the U.S. sample used more directive behaviors (e.g., commands) in some situations. Findings suggest that the DPICS is a reliable measure of mother-child interactions in the Dutch population. Cultural issues regarding the use of the DPICS are discussed.

A study validating the Italian version of the Level of Sitting Scale in children with cerebral palsy

Objectives: To assess measurement properties of the Italian version of the Level of Sitting Scale when classifying sitting ability of children with cerebral palsy. Design: Methodological study. Setting: Children’s hospital (inpatients and outpatients). Subjects: Children 18 years of age or younger with cerebral palsy. Methods: The original English version of the Level of Sitting Scale was translated and culturally adapted for the Italian culture following international guidelines. Examination of reliability and validity of the Italian Level of Sitting Scale was then undertaken. Inter-rater and one-week test–retest reliability were estimated using both intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) with 95% confidence intervals and Bland–Altman plots. Construct validity of the Italian Level of Sitting was evaluated using three approaches examining Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) and Mann–Whitney U test (P-value < 0.05). Main measures: Italian Level of Sitting Scale and Gross Motor Function Classification System. Results: The Italian Level of Sitting Scale was administered to 109 subjects. Inter-rater reliability and one-week test–retest showed excellent value with ICCs of 0.99 for both. (1) The Pearson correlation coefficient comparing Italian Level of Sitting Scale with Gross Motor Function Classification System was −0.91 and (2) correlation with total amount of adaptive seating components was −0.90. Differences in sitting abilities and use/non-use of wheelchair were found. All reported a statistical significance of P < 0.01. Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence of reliability and validity when using the Italian Level of Sitting Scale to classify seated postural abilities in a sample of Italian children with cerebral palsy.

Development of the eTAP: A brief measure of attitudes and process in e-interventions for mental health

BackgroundConsiderable evidence supports the efficacy of e-interventions for mental health treatment and support. However, client engagement and adherence to these interventions are less than optimal and remain poorly understood. ObjectiveThe aim of the current study was to develop and investigate the psychometric properties of the e-Therapy Attitudes and Process questionnaire (eTAP). Based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), the eTAP was designed to measure factors related to client engagement in e-interventions for mental health. MethodsParticipants were 220 adults who reported current use of an e-intervention for mental health support. Participants completed the eTAP and related measures, with a subsample of 49 participants completing a one-week follow up assessment. ResultsA 16-item version of the eTAP produced a clear four-factor structure, explaining 70.25% of variance. The factors were consistent with the TPB, namely, Intention, Subjective Norm, Attitudes, and Perceived Behavioural Control. Internal consistency of the total and subscales was high, and adequate to good one-week test retest reliability was found. Convergent and divergent validity of the total and subscales was supported, as was the predictive validity. Specifically, eTAP Intentions correctly predicted engagement in e-interventions with 84% accuracy and non-engagement with 74% accuracy. ConclusionsThe eTAP was developed as a measure of factors related to engagement and adherence with e-interventions for mental health. Psychometric investigation supported the validity and reliability of the eTAP. The eTAP may be a valuable tool to understand, predict, and guide interventions to increase engagement and adherence to e-interventions for mental health.

806-P: Quantifying Carbohydrate Intake: A Reliable, Valid, Sensitive Alternative to 24-Hour Dietary Recall

Carbohydrate (carb) ingestion strongly influences postprandial glucose (PPG). With recent interest in the role PPG plays in A1c and diabetic complications, there are research and clinical needs to quantify routine carb consumption. The 24-hour dietary recall is the gold standard for estimating carbs eaten, but it is tedious and narrowly focused. We developed a simple self-report to measure carbs routinely consumed (CRC). We hypothesized that the CRC would: 1) be reliable, 2) correlate with the 24-hour dietary recall, 3) be sensitive to a PPG-lowering intervention, and 4) reflect changes in A1c. Adults with type 2 diabetes (n = 116; mean age: 56 ± 11.6 years; mean disease duration: 5.3 ± 3 years; mean A1c: 8.2 ± 1.0) participated in a clinical trial comparing weight reduction to PPG reduction. At baseline and 3-month follow-up, participants completed the CRC, 3 days of ASA24 dietary recall, and A1c. The CRC score was the sum of the number of servings of 16 different high-carb food classes eaten (e.g., dried fruits) in an average week. The CRC mean was 35.9 ± 16.1. One-week test-retest reliability (r) was .96 (p = .02). Validity: At baseline, carbs eaten by CRC and ASA24 dietary recall were correlated (r = .43, p &amp;lt; .001). Change in CRC from baseline to follow-up was significantly lower for the PPG group (36.8 to 20.3, p &amp;lt;.001) but not for the weight-lowering group (33.0 to 34.4, p = .7). Correlation of pre-post change in A1c with CRC and ASA24 were r = .39 (p = .002) and r = -.03 (p = .8) respectively. Regression analysis indicated only the change in CRC predicted change in A1c. These data indicate the CRC is reliable and shows concurrent, discriminant and predictive validity - only changes in CRC reflected changes in A1c. The CRC may be useful to researchers in evaluating programs designed to lower carb intake. Clinicians might use it to evaluate a patient’s routine consumption of carbs and responsiveness to lifestyle interventions. Limitation: the CRC is not a comprehensive nutritional analysis. Disclosure D. Cox: None. M.A. Moncrief: None. T. Banton: None. V.M. Ngo: None. H. Singh: None. A.M. Diamond: None. A.L. McCall: None. Funding National Institutes of Health (R01DK108957); Dexcom, Inc. (IIS-2016-047)

Validity of the Hungarian version of the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS-HU)

Validated in several languages, the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) is a popular and reliable instrument used in the assessment of perceived happiness. The aims of two current studies were to determine the psychometric properties of the Hungarian version in volunteer adults (N = 252) and non-volunteer university students (N = 142). Exploratory factor analysis of the data gathered from volunteers confirmed the unidimensional structure of the Hungarian SHS (SHS-HU). One component explained 53.69% of the variance. The internal reliability in this sample was .80. Confirmatory factor analyses on the non-volunteer university students’ data yielded excellent model fit (SRMR = .0208; NFI = . 990; GFI = .995; RMSEA &lt; .001; CFI = 1.00) and acceptable internal reliability (.75). The one-week test-retest reliability of the SHS-HU was 0.83. In both studies, the SHS-HU revealed positive correlations with life satisfaction and optimism, while it was inversely related to pessimism (p &lt; .001). The more optimistic individuals scored higher on SHS-HU in both studies (p &lt; .001) which confirmed the scale's divergent validity. Further, when controlling for life satisfaction, optimism and pessimism, there were no gender differences in the SHS-HU scores. These results lend support for the adequate psychometric properties of SHS-HU. Therefore, preliminary evidence suggests that the SHS-HU is appropriate for the assessment of perceived happiness in the Hungarian population.