One-way Influence Research Articles

Tourism, economy, and carbon emissions in emerging South Asian economies: A dynamic causal analysis

This study analyzes the dynamic relationships between tourism, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, exports, imports, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in five South Asian countries. A VAR-based Granger causality test is performed with time series data from Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. According to the results, both bidirectional and unidirectional relationships among tourism, economic growth, and carbon emissions are investigated. Specifically, tourism significantly impacts GDP per capita in Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal, yet it has no effect in Bangladesh or India. However, the GDP per capita shows a unidirectional relationship with tourism in Bangladesh and India. The unidirectional causal relationship from exports and imports to tourism in the context of India and a bidirectional relationship in the case of Nepal. In Pakistan, it is observed that exports have a one-way influence on tourism. The result of the panel Granger test shows a significant causal association between tourism, economic growth, and trade (import and export) in five South Asian economies. Particularly, there is a bidirectional causal relationship between GDP per capita and tourism, and a significant unidirectional causal relationship from CO2 emissions, exports, and imports to tourism is explored. The findings of this study are helpful for tourism stakeholders and policymakers in the region to formulate more sustainable and effective tourism strategies.

Czy ziołolecznictwo ludowe jest ludowe? Na marginesie dziewiętnasto- i dwudziestowiecznych debat wokół korzeni fitoterapii

Is folk herbalism truly folk? Exploring 19th- and 20thcentury debates on the roots of phytotherapy The question of the direction of information fl ow related to herbal treatment has been a topic of interest for researchers for centuries. However, “infl uenceology,” which involves identifying mutual relationships and dependencies, can be misleading, especially when seeking one-way solutions as a desirable form of response to issues related to broadly defi ned cultural phenomena. The term “infl uence-ology” was coined by literary scholars criticizing the positivist methodology derived from evolutionism. This methodology focused on fi nding all possible infl uences between literary works, resulting in often unwarranted and even ridiculous conclusions, and above all, leading to the squandering of what is the essence of literature. It seems that an ethnologist tracing infl uence in the context of herbal medicine loses sight of what is the essence of folk culture. The question “Is folk herbalism folk?” assumes a historical and source nature and contains an evolutionary desire to determine a one-way infl uence. Although poorly posed, it opens up the fi eld for presenting arguments that the parties used in the discussion. These considerations are the subject of this article.

Teahouse or Not? Meng Jinghui’s Avant-garde Version of Lao She’s Classic Play

Lao She’s Teahouse is considered a masterpiece of Chinese theatre, a classic crystallized in the Beijing People’s Art Theatre’s production by Jiao Juyin from 1958, which has been regularly staged up to the present day. In 2018 a production by the well-known “pop avant-garde” director Meng Jinghui premiered at the Wuzhen Theatre Festival, giving rise to a heated debate about the concept of “classics.” This so-called “Teahouse incident” was one of the hot topics of the Chinese theatre scene in 2019, and this article explores the production’s polarized reception and debate. Meng Jinghui’s Teahouse is not examined as a one-way influence between Lao She’s source text and the new text/performance but from the perspective of a network relationship that sets the performance in a web that includes several other texts (plays, novellas, poems, etc.) by Chinese and foreign writers. This perspective shows how Meng Jinghui’s hybridization and his selection of intertexts and stage reminders aim to erase time and space coordinates in order to amplify the main themes of the play and, ultimately, reflect on the human condition. Based on this analysis, the polarized reception of the play and the reactions of the general public, critics, and academics are investigated, illuminating the reasons behind the controversy.

Effects of Oil Consumption, Urbanization, Economic Growth on Greenhouse Gas Emissions: India via Quantile Approach

Although low-carbon economic growth has been emphasized in both the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals, this is the first study to examine the interplay between oil consumption, urbanization, and economic growth in India's GHG emissions from 1965 to 2021. A quantile regression analysis found that a one percent rise in greenhouse gas emissions is linked to a 0.34 percent rise in economic growth, a 0.599 percent rise in oil consumption, and a 0.28 percent drop in urbanization. Using the Granger causality technique, researchers found that CO2 emissions cause economic development and urbanization in only one direction. On the other hand, oil consumption only has a one-way influence on carbon emissions and urbanization, and economic expansion only has a one-way effect on urbanization.

How Much Does That Hideous Strength Owe to Charles Williams?

do not intend here anything so ambitious as a comprehensive study of the question posed by my title. My purpose in this essay is threefold: in the first section, to augment the case that has been made for one debt to Williams; in the second, to narrow down the demonstrable range of Williams’ influence in another area, that of the Arthurian material in That Hideous Strength; and finally, to point out a commonality in their theory of history that can probably not, however, be considered an instance of oneway influence, but rather an agreement that reflects their shared Christian worldview. That third study will lead to observations on the genre of fantasy in which they both worked.

Do uncertainties affect clean energy markets? Comparisons from a multi-frequency and multi-quantile framework

Clean energy market has great potential to promote the balance between economic development and environmental protection, and has gradually become one of the vital energy markets. This paper investigates the real effects of external uncertainties from oil price shocks (supply, demand, and risk shocks) and political factors on the clean energy market based on a multi-frequency and multi-quantile framework. The empirical results show that both oil price shocks significantly impact the clean energy market, especially the oil demand shock. Two political factors, economic policy uncertainty and geopolitical risk, also have a one-way influence on the clean energy market. Additionally, the impact of most external uncertainties on the clean energy market is more prominent in the long term than in the short and medium term. Finally, the clean energy market with different market conditions also has different abilities to resist external uncertainties. Our research analyses all the joint distributions between each external uncertainty and the clean energy index in identical time frames. It is helpful for investors to construct more rational investment strategies and for policymakers to make appropriate policy arrangements.

The bi-directional relationship between community-oriented factors and residents’ emotional solidarity with tourists

PropósitoEste estudio pretende comprender la relación bidireccional entre los factores orientados a la comunidad percibidos por los residentes y la solidaridad emocional de éstos con los turistas. Compara las influencias mutuas entre la relación persona-lugar y la relación residente-turista.Diseño/metodología/enfoqueSe construyó un modelo de investigación con dos flechas, que presenta dos conjuntos de hipótesis de investigación. La hipótesis A formaliza el efecto de los factores orientados a la comunidad sobre la solidaridad emocional, mientras que la hipótesis B formaliza el efecto de la solidaridad emocional sobre los factores orientados a la comunidad. Mediante un muestreo sistemático, este estudio recibió 462 cuestionarios válidos en Macao. Estas muestras se utilizaron en el análisis factorial de confirmación y en el análisis de regresión múltiple por pasos.Conclusionesen la influencia unidireccional de los factores orientados a la comunidad sobre la solidaridad emocional, el apego a la comunidad, el compromiso y la implicación de los residentes tienen el mayor efecto, respectivamente, sobre su carácter acogedor, su comprensión y su cercanía emocional a los turistas. En la influencia unidireccional de la solidaridad emocional sobre los factores orientados a la comunidad, el carácter acogedor de los residentes hacia los turistas tiene el mayor impacto sobre el apego y el compromiso comunitarios, mientras que la cercanía emocional de los residentes tiene el mayor impacto sobre la implicación comunitaria. Además, el impacto de los factores orientados a la comunidad en la solidaridad emocional tiene mayor poder explicativo que el impacto de la solidaridad emocional en los factores orientados a la comunidad.Originalidad/valorA diferencia de la mayoría de los estudios turísticos sobre las perspectivas de los residentes que sólo se centran en la influencia unidireccional, este estudio sugiere un enfoque bidireccional que ayuda a los investigadores a seguir construyendo modelos complejos para explicar mejor las complejas relaciones entre lugares, residentes y turistas. Además, este estudio contribuye a la investigación turística sobre la solidaridad emocional aclarando el papel flexible de los factores orientados a la comunidad en la solidaridad emocional de los residentes.

Technocentrism

Technocentrism is the tendency to view technology as a central component for addressing complex social issues and driving transformative changes. In the context of education, technocentrism manifests as an excessive focus on the use of technology in teaching, learning, and assessment processes through prioritising the adoption of technological tools, platforms, and digital resources to enhance educational outcomes without adequately considering the broader educational context. According to Papert (1987), technocentric thinking leads to questions that investigate the impact of technology on human interaction and development, such as learning, without considering the complexity of the context in which the technology is situated. Technocentric thinking separates digital technologies from their social and cultural context and suggests a one-way influence of technology on educational policies and practices, including pedagogy, teacher roles, and education objectives. Researchers in the digital education field have proposed several approaches to address technocentrism in education by acknowledging the role of technology and the complexity of the relationships between different social and material components in the educational setting (cf., Brennan, 2015; O’Donoghue et.al, 2001; Papert, 1988).

COVID-19: Exercise Behavior of College Students Communicating at Home

Objectives: During the outbreak and spread of COVID-19, the extension of college students' time spent studying at home changed their physical exercise behavior and affected the physical activity behavior of the whole family. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted among 1,582 college students using a specific measurement scale. A total of 305 urban college students were selected as research subjects. SPSS24.0 and AMOS24.0 were used for statistical analysis. Results: During the COVID-19 transmission period, the pair correlation coefficients of exercise behavior, exercise attitude, and family exercise conditions were 0.63, 0.36, and 0.25, respectively. The influence on family exercise behavior is as follows: college students' exercise behavior (0.403), family exercise support (0.329), and college students' exercise attitude (0.257). The most significant influence on family exercise support is college students' exercise attitude (0.509). The regression model of family exercise behavior standardization had 0.74 and 0.44 explanatory power to family exercise behavior and family exercise support, respectively. Conclusion: The individual-level interventions were assessed by considering the interaction between individual exercise behavior and individual factors. In addition, the exercise environment exhibited a regulatory role and should be controlled. At the interpersonal level, the communication of the college students regarding exercise behavior was bidirectional. Exercise support for family members is an important factor affecting two-way communication and has a significant effect. With the development of the exercise behavior theory, the interaction between individuals is the origin of the spread of group behavior. The data suggest that instead of one-way influence two-way influence mechanisms should be proposed to assess the transformation from the individual to group exercise behavior. Strengths and Limitations of this Study: Citation impact metrics, WeChat and QQ followers can be measured with relatively high accuracy. Structural equation model analysis can effectively estimate hypotheses and test causality. The analysis focused mainly on cities in the major signatories and did not cover rural areas.

Edogā-aran-pō and Edogawa Rampo: Repetition, Reversal, and Rewriting of Poe in Rampo

Abstract Japanese modernist writer Taro Hirai (1894–1965) admired Poe so much that he crafted a pseudonym, Edogawa Rampo, based on Poe’s name. I contend that Rampo’s reimaginings of “The Masque of the Red Death” in “The Red Chamber” and of “The Man That Was Used Up” in “The Caterpillar” correspond closely with the aesthetic principles of 1920s and ’30s Japan. One might say that by the age of modernism in Japan, Poe’s grotesque and arabesque had (d)evolved into erotic grotesque nonsense. What Rampo’s deliberate misreadings and his inventive rewritings teach us is that Poe is endlessly contemporary. The relationship between the two writers is not so much a one-way influence as a reverberation or an oscillation between Poe and Rampo. Rampo’s work offers a creative retelling that is modern and Japanese and maybe even changes the way we look at Poe.

Dual strategy process in open strategizing

This paper inductively unravels the dual process of open strategy by delving into the relationships between transparency and inclusion from a longitudinal case study. Drawing on these data, we theorize that strategy transparency affects inclusion instead of shaping the success of platform match-making services directly. By disentangling transparency into transparency of procedures and of the participants' assets/resources, and inclusion into the range of participants, participant entitlement and participant commitment, we map how sub-dimensions of open strategy influences one another. Specifically, procedural transparency influences the range of participants and participant entitlement, while transparency of the participants' assets/resources affects participant commitment. In return, inclusion influences the development of three attributes of participants' assets/resources: variety, density and usability, which are key to platform match-making success. Our findings also suggest that open strategy does not exert a one-way influence on the development of participants' assets/resources. Instead, strategy and the attributes of participants’ assets/resources are both the medium and the outcome of recursive interactions, suggesting that experimentation and reflective learning help refine open strategizing.

A Bidirectional View of Migraine and Diet Relationship

Migraine is a common headache with a large negative impact on health. Several endogenous and exogenous factors can influence the severity and frequency of migraine, for example, lifestyle factors including dietary factors. Consequently, lifestyle modifications and dietary considerations have been reported beneficial to moderate clinical features of migraine. Much effort has been invested in determining the lifestyle factors (eg, stress, exercise, sleep, and diet) that trigger migraine to develop recommendations and guidelines for prevention. Diet has also been investigated with a major focus on the content of the diet and to a lesser extent on the amount, pattern, and quality of diet. Identification of dietary factors in migraine has led to nutritional interventions with a major focus on elimination of triggers, and weight control strategies. Several so-called migraine diets have consequently been proposed, for example, the ketogenic diet. Some theories have considered epigenetic diets or functional food to help in altering components of migraine pathogenesis; however, these theories are less investigated. In contrast, evidence is being accumulated to support that some mechanisms underlying migraine may alter dietary choices, for example type, amount, or patterns. Since a causative relationship is not yet established in migraine-diet relationship as to which comes first, this concept is equally valuable and interesting to investigate. Only limited epidemiological data are available to demonstrate that dietary choices are different among patients with migraine compared with individuals without migraine. Differences are reflected on quality, composition, pattern, and the amount of consumption of dietary components. This view emphasizes a potential bidirectional relationship between migraine and diet rather than a one-way influence of one on the other. This targeted review presents examples from current literature on the effects of diet on migraine features and effects of migraine on dietary choices to draw a perspective for future studies.

The heat dissipation, transport and reuse management for hypersonic vehicles based on regenerative cooling and thermoelectric conversion

The thermal energy management (TM) of a hypersonic vehicle should concern the full process of the heat dissipation, transport and reuse. In this paper, the aerodynamic heat of a hypersonic cruiser is dissipated by passive thermal protection system (TPS), transported by regenerative cooling (RC) network, and reused by RC network and thermoelectric (TE) conversion component. The TM system accordingly includes three subsystems of TPS, RC network and TE component. An equivalent thermal equilibrium model and an overall equivalent heat transfer coefficient are developed to build up the mutual correlation between the aerodynamic heating and TM system instead of the one-way influence, and account for the coupling design rationale of the TM subsystems. For passive TPS, the distribution, area and weight of relevant concepts are obtained; for RC network, the determination method of the heat capacity and coolant mass-flow-rate is developed, and the heat transport performance at specific vehicle regions is numerically analyzed by using hydrocarbon and liquid hydrogen fuel as coolants; for TE component, a TE-AFRSI concept is established by integrating mid- and low-temperature TE stages into the advanced flexible reusable surface insulation (AFRSI), and the concept is optimized by considering the thermal protection, weight increment and heat reuse performance. The design roadmap of TM system is finally proposed and the influence of the overall equivalent heat transfer coefficient is clarified. The results show that the aerodynamic heat and the transported or reused heat proportion will increase, while the scale of passive TPS will be reduced by the increase of overall equivalent heat transfer coefficient.

The business alchemist: a study of the performative economics of an esoteric community

ABSTRACT This article analyses, from a sociological point of view, the relationship between the religious and economic dimensions of one of the most long-lived spiritual communities in Europe, the Damanhur Federation. It investigates this nexus, starting from the criticism of one of the most recent theoretical-analytical models in the study of the economics of intentional communities, that of the ‘good’ or ‘ethical’ economy. This model fuels the rhetoric according to which the economics of religious communities are ‘good’ to the extent to which they seek—inspired by the principles of reciprocity, sociability, solidarity and ideal, ethical, religious and/or ecological values—solutions to economic problems based on spiritual values. However, this thesis presupposes a one-way influence of religion on the economy in the sense that the latter is only a mere reflection of adherence to the proclaimed principles of a religious doctrine. I propose an antithesis which I consider sociologically more far-seeing: that of the ‘performative’ economy. In line with Victor Turner’s idea of ‘performance’, I argue that economic activity is not only driven or influenced by the ethical, moral, and spiritual values of the community, but it retroacts on, and modifies, them. I show not only that Damanhurians’ working life is guided by ethical and spiritual principles derived from their doctrine, but also that economic activity offers them learning opportunities which induce them to modify, re-adapt, and confer new meanings upon the community’s rules, including those concerning spirituality.

Zero Determinant Strategy to Enhance Environmental Protection Cooperation of Enterprises

Industrial enterprises are the main source of environmental pollution in our country, which has caused great damage to the ecological environment. The government has been paying more attention to environmental protection, but previous studies have focused on the one-way influence of the government on industrial enterprises, ignoring the two-way relationship between the government and industrial enterprises, and the interaction between enterprises and enterprises. Enterprise is designed to maximize their own interests, which damages system performance. In this paper, we simulate the interaction between government and enterprises, enterprises and enterprises as a repeated game to guide enterprises in their efforts to reduce pollution. We apply a zero determinant (ZD) strategy for the government and enterprises. No matter what their opponents do, they are able to defend their interests with their ideal values and find the conditions for their best. Numerical results demonstrate the performance of the two zero determinant strategies that are recommended.

Understanding the Process Analysis Method of the Grounded Theory: Application to Analysis of Counseling Cases

본 연구의 목적은 상호작용을 분석할 때에 문제지향성과 맥락적 민감성을 촉진시키는 데에 효과적인 근거이론의 과정분석 방법을 심층적으로 탐색하고 이를 상담사례 개념화에 적용해 보는데에 있다. 이를 위해 근거이론의 패러다임의 각 요소에서 모호한 가이드라인은 무엇이며 이를 어떻게 분명하게 정의할 수 있는가, 근거이론의 과정분석을 상담사례분석에서 어떻게 적용할 수 있는가를 연구문제로 설정하였다. 연구결과의 첫 번째로, 중심현상이 전략(작용/상호작용)과 상호 영향을 주고받는다는 것과 인과적 조건에 대한 명칭을 원인적 조건으로 명료화해야 함을 제시하였다. 더불어, 중재적 조건은 중심현상과 관련한 조건들의 영향을 완화하는 것만이 아니라 단순히 영향을 미치는 것도 포함한다는 명료화된 가이드라인을 제시하였다. 또한 맥락적 조건이 패러다임 요소 전반에 폭넓게 영향을 미친다는 가이드라인을 제시하며, 가족적·사회문화적·교육적·종교적 맥락이 여기에 해당한다는 것을 분명히 하였다. 연구결과의 두 번째로, 이러한 패러다임 요소의 명료화된 가이드라인을 토대로, 과정분석의 틀을 상담사례개념화에 적용하는 예를 제시하였다. 이를 통해 내담자의 주호소문제, 문제의 원인, 원인에 영향을 주는 심리적 역동, 내담자의 자원, 상담자와의 상호작용을 통한 변화 등을 분석하는 데에 근거이론의 과정분석이 실제적으로 도움이 될 수 있음을 밝혔다. 또한 상담 현장에서 내담자와 상담 과정을 다각적, 다층적, 맥락적으로 이해하고자 할 때에 근거이론의 과정분석이 도움이 될 수 있음을 증명하였다.The purpose of this study was to explore the process analysis method of grounded theory, effective to promote problem-orientation and contextual sensitivity when analyzing interactions, and apply it to the conceptualization of counseling cases. This study set up the following research questions: “What are the ambiguous guidelines in each element of the paradigm of grounded theory, and how can it be clearly defined?”, and “How can the process analysis of grounded theory be applied to the counseling case analysis?” As the first study result, it was concluded that the central phenomenon does not have one-way influence on strategy(action/interaction) but also is affected by it, and the term, casual condition which means cause and effect condition should be simplified into causal condition. A clarified guideline also suggested that the intervening condition not only means bearing down the effect of the conditions related to the central phenomenon, but also includes simply affecting them. In addition, a clear guideline suggested that contextual condition such as family, sociocultural, educational and religious context has the wide influence on the overall paradigm elements. Second, based on clear guidelines for these paradigm elements, this study suggested an example of applying the framework of process analysis to the conceptualization of an counseling case. This showed that the process analysis of the grounded theory can be helpful in analyzing the client’s chief complaint, the cause of the complaint, the psychological dynamics affecting the cause, the client’s resources, and the changes through interaction with the counselor. This study proved that the process analysis of the grounded theory can be helpful in understanding the client and the counseling process in counseling fields in various, multi-layered, and contextual ways.

Numerical Analysis on the Effects of Binary Interaction between Typhoons Tembin and Bolaven in 2012

The binary interaction is one of the most challenging factors to improve the forecast accuracy of multiple tropical cyclones (TCs) in close vicinity. The effect of binary interaction usually results in anomalous track and variable intensity of TCs. A typical interaction type, one-way influence mode, has been investigated by many studies which mainly focused on the anomalous track and record-breaking precipitation, such as typhoons Morakot and Goni. In this paper, a typical case of this type, typhoons Tembin and Bolaven, occurred in the western North Pacific in August 2012, was selected to study how one typhoon impacts the track and intensity of the other one. The vortex of Tembin or Bolaven and the monsoon circulation were removed by a TC bogus scheme and a low-pass Lanczos filter, respectively, to carry out the numerical experiments. The results show that the presence of monsoon made the binary interaction more complex by affecting the tracks and the translation speeds of the TCs. The influence of Bolaven on the track of Tembin was more significant than the influence of Tembin on the track of Bolaven, and the looping track of Tembin was also affected by the external surrounding circulation associated with Bolaven. The absence of Tembin was not conducive to the development of Bolaven due to stronger vertical wind shear condition and the less kinetic energy being transported to upper troposphere. Note that the above analysis demonstrates the interacting processes between TCs and sheds some light on the prediction of binary TCs.

William Blake and the Age of Aquarius, Block Museum of Art, Northwestern University, September 2017–March 2018; Stephen F. Eisenman, ed., <i>William Blake and the Age of Aquarius</i>

“Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive, / But to be young was very heaven!” Thus Wordsworth looked back at the heady days of Paris in 1789 from the vantage point of 1805. Such nostalgia, of course, is a hallmark of Romanticism. Nor is it a simple recollection, but a multilayered process of memory: in this case, Wordsworth looks back at a time of looking forward, much as Blake writes in 1793 a “prophecy” of America in 1776. Then there is the memory of memory, as in Wordsworth’s “Tintern Abbey,” where the speaker remembers how a remembered scene has sustained him in the intervening five years. In the 1799 Prelude, he turns back to his earliest memories—“Was it for this?”—in an attempt to resolve his writer’s block. Looking backward in order to move forward is a quintessentially Romantic exercise, one complicated further by the uncertainty of imagining what “might will have been,” as Emily Rohrbach has shown (2). Such was the case when I visited William Blake and the Age of Aquarius at the Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art at Northwestern University, curated by Stephen F. Eisenman. The exhibition explored how and why Blake became a role model for artistic revolutionaries in postwar America, building up to the countercultural upheaval of the 1960s. But this was not a straightforward study of one-way influence in which Blake served as background. In the catalogue, Lisa G. Corrin, director of the Block Museum, expresses “hope that seeing Blake against the backdrop of the ‘Age of Aquarius’ will enable us to reconnect to the radicalism of this iconic figure and to find in his multidimensional contributions meaning for our own tumultuous times” (vii). As Eisenman adds, “the products of both periods are potentially valuable resources for social movements still to come” (6). In a Romantic act of meta-recall, this exhibition recalls the recollection of Blake. Back in 1995, Morris Eaves referred to Blake’s perennial status as “the sign of something new about to happen” (414). That “something new” begins, as ever, with a Romantic glance backward.

Analysis of influencing factors of civil aviation passenger volume in multi airport area: case study on Yangtze River Delta

In order to analyse the main influencing factors of civil aviation passenger transport volume in multi Airport area. Correlation analysis, stepwise linear regression analysis and Grainger causality test were used to analyse the influence factors of civil aviation passenger traffic volume, to eliminate the invalid factors, a regression model is established to analyse the causal relationship between the various factors and air passenger volume. Through the analysis of the Yangtze River Delta region, it is concluded that the number of inbound tourists, the railway mileage and the volume of railway passenger transport are the main factors affecting the Yangtze River Delta region. Through the Grainger causality test, the air passenger volume of the Yangtze River Delta has one-way influence on the railway passenger traffic volume.

Emergence of Leadership in Communication.

We study a neuro-inspired model that mimics a discussion (or information dissemination) process in a network of agents. During their interaction, agents redistribute activity and network weights, resulting in emergence of leader(s). The model is able to reproduce the basic scenarios of leadership known in nature and society: laissez-faire (irregular activity, weak leadership, sizable inter-follower interaction, autonomous sub-leaders); participative or democratic (strong leadership, but with feedback from followers); and autocratic (no feedback, one-way influence). Several pertinent aspects of these scenarios are found as well—e.g., hidden leadership (a hidden clique of agents driving the official autocratic leader), and successive leadership (two leaders influence followers by turns). We study how these scenarios emerge from inter-agent dynamics and how they depend on behavior rules of agents—in particular, on their inertia against state changes.